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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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International Law
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- Two major sources: Treaties/Conventions/Agreements (Written agreement) and Customary International Law (Practices accepted as law)
-- Sovereign states are legally equal -- States assume legal obligations only by affirmatively agreeing to do so -- An activity is allowed, unless specifically prohibited by law -- Treaty obligations are generally suspended during armed conflict |
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UN Charter
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- Article 2(Line 4): Prohibits countries from using force or threatening to use force against other countries unless authorized in accordance with the UN Charter
- Article 42: UN Security Council has authority to authorize the use of force to respond to threats to, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression - Article 51: Recognizes inherent right of individual/collective self-defense; triggered by an “armed attack” |
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Air Sovereignty
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- Does not apply to space
- Every power has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the air space above its territory - The territory of a state shall be understood as including the national territory … and the territorial waters adjacent thereto |
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Identify facts about the Outer Space Treaty - 1967
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- Article 1: Principle of freedom of use of outer space; exploration and use shall be carried out “for the benefit of all countries” and shall be the “province of all mankind”
- Article 2: Space and celestial bodies are not subject to national appropriation; also implies that all nations may put satellites into orbits which over fly other states - Article 3: Space activities are subject to international law - Article 4: Moon and other celestial bodies are to be used “exclusively for peaceful purposes” but does not preclude military personnel or activities on those bodies; no weapons - Article 5: Astronauts landing in another Nation’s territory due to accident/distress shall be returned to home nation - Article 6: Launching state is responsible for all activities that occur in space; civilians too - Article 7: Launching nations are liable for damage caused due to space activities - Article 8: All parities shall retain jurisdiction over their registered space objects including debris and shall be returned if found |
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Identify facts about the Rescue and Return Agreement - 1968
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- Take all possible steps to render assistance to astronauts in distress, and if rescued returned to launching state
- Return vehicle/objects at request |
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Identify facts about the Liability Convention – 1972
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- Lays out procedures for processing claims for damages caused by the launching state; launch states are liable
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Identify facts about the Registration Convention – 1975
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- A launching state must register its space object by means of an entry into an appropriate registry maintained for that purpose with UN
- Secretary General maintains a register too and must be furnished with information |
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Identify facts about the Limited Test Ban Treaty – 1963
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- Prohibits all nuclear explosions in the atmosphere including the atmosphere, outer space, or underwater; more environmental agreement than military
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Identify facts about the Risk Reduction Agreement – 1971 (Russia and US)
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- Parties will notify each other immediately if a missile warning system detects an unidentified object or signs of interference
- Notify each other in advance of any planned missile launches if it extends beyond national territory |
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Identify facts about the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty – 1972 (Russia and US)
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- Prohibit deployment of ABM systems for defense of a country’s territory by limiting ABMs; restrict ability to counter strategic ballistic missile; ABM radars will be placed on the periphery of the country pointing outward to avoid battle management
- First treaty to use space-based monitoring as a way of enforcement - Bush announced withdrawal from treaty on 13 Dec 01; effective Jun 02 -- A new cooperative relationship with Russia -- More state and non-state entities acquiring WMD -- More states developing missile to deliver WMD |
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Identify facts about “National Technical Means”
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- Interference with intelligence gathering capabilities known as NTM is prohibited; applies to space and terrestrial assets
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Intelligence Laws & Regulations
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- Limitations on aiming US satellites as US persons
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Shutter Control Laws, Regulation & Policy
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- US reserves right to restrict the distribution and resolution of imagery produced by US commercial satellite; OPSEC reasons
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Commercial Space Launch Act (CSLA) of 1984 (Amended)
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- Commercial Space Transportation under DoT lead agency for commercial launches; AF provides support on a cost-reimbursable basis
- The 1988 amendment specifically targeted the areas of insurance and preemption - AF and DoT set amount, but not to exceed set limits - To prevent unwarranted preemption, a lunch could now only be bumped in case if imperative national need - 1994 amendment allow commercial space to lease surplus assets - Requires the following: -- License for LV, payload, and LF -- Proof of insurance -- Mission and safety reviews |
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Presidential War Powers
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- President can authorize DoD to take over civilian telecommunications system for military purposes; military would have to pay
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Identify facts about Frequency Management
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- Regulates radio frequency
- ITU has jurisdiction over registration and assignment of orbits and frequencies on GSO - For military, Frequency Management Center coordinates with National Telecommunications Information Agency (NTIA) on orbital assignments |
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Identify facts about the Bogota Declaration
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- Equatorial nations claim “sovereignty” over the GEO orbits above them; rest of world rejected claim
- Tonga awarded 6 slots, not 16 originally desired - Initiated “The Great Space ‘Land Grab’” |
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Define policy
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- A plan or course of action pursued by a government or organization for a specific purpose
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Identify the goals of US space policy
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- Enhance knowledge of Earth/Solar System
- Strengthen National Security - Enhance economic competitiveness - Encourage US Private Sector investment in Space - Promote international cooperative activity in Space - Implement human/robotic program to explore the solar system - Extend human presence across the solar system - Develop technology to support human exploration - Promote international and commercial participation in exploration |
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Define doctrine
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- Body of accepted principles within a branch of knowledge
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AFDD 1
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AFDD 1 - Doctrine Levels
- Basic Doctrine -- The most fundamental and enduring beliefs; AFDD 1 - Operational Doctrine -- Guides the proper organization and employment of air and space forces; AFDD 2 -- Describes more detailed organization - Tactical Doctrine -- Proper employment of specific AF assets AFDD 1 - Types of Doctrine - Service Doctrine -- Outlines services capabilities and guides the application of service forces - Joint Doctrine -- Describes the best way to integrate and employ air and space forces with land and maritime forces - Multinational Doctrine -- Best way to employ our air and space forces with the forces of our allies |
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AFDD 2
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AFDD 2 (Space Operations doctrine)
- Describes our shared beliefs about the contributions of space capabilities in achieving desired effects - Underscores the importance of the synergy created through the integrated employment of space, air, and information |
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Objectives of US NMS
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- Protect the US
-- Requires more than passive defense measures; need active defense-in-depth - Prevent conflict and surprise attacks -- Overseas presence ; demonstrate US will react forcefully should a threat develop - Prevail against adversaries |
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Principles of US NMS
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- Agility
-- Ability to rapidly deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy capabilities - Decisiveness -- Allows COCOMS to overwhelm adversaries, control situations, and achieve definitive outcomes; tailored package of joint capabilities - Integration -- Focuses on fusing and synchronizing military operations among the services; maximizes the contribution of partners |
