Pdbio Rhees Final Part 3

Front 1

What does Angiotensin II do to your blood vessels?

Back 1

Vasoconstriction

Front 2

What does Angiotensin II do with ADH?

Back 2

Increases release of ADH -> leads to more water retention in the kidneys -> increased blood volume -> increased blood pressure.

Front 3

What does angiotensin II do to the adrenal cortex?

Back 3

Releases aldosterone, which increases salt and water retention in kidneys, which increases blood volume, which increases Blood pressure.

Front 4

What is Primary Aldosteronism? (Conns Syndrome)

Back 4

Hypersecretion of Aldosterone - leads to hypertension, usually caused by a tumor in the adrenal cortex

Front 5

What does aldosterone do?

Back 5

causes Na reabsorption, and K secretion out into the urine.

Front 6

What are the two short term regulation centers of the nervous system?

Back 6

Cardioinhibitory and Vasomotor, both part of the medulla.

Front 7

What does the Cardioinhibitory center do?

Back 7

inhibits your heart. Stimulates vasodilation. Lowers BP

Front 8

What does the Vasomotor do?

Back 8

Raises BP via sympathetic nervous system.

Front 9

If there is a decrease in Carbon Dioxide, which regulatory center will be stimulated?

Back 9

Cardioinhibitory

Front 10

Anaphylactic shock is a result of...

Back 10

allergic rxn. Causes secretion of histamine which leads to a rapid drop in BP.

Front 11

What are the two types of hypertension, and which is more common?

Back 11

Essential or Primary (more common)
Secondary

Front 12

What are some defining characteristics of Primary hypertension?

Back 12

They don't know the cause of it.
about 90% of all hypertensive patients are Primary type.

Front 13

What are some of the definable causes of Secondary Hypertension?

Back 13

Renal Artery disease, excessive catecholamines, which cause increased cardiac output.

Front 14

What begins to be digested in the mouth? What digests it?

Back 14

Carbohydrates begin to be digested by amylase.

Front 15

Saliva has an antibacterial thingy called...

Back 15

lysozyme

Front 16

Which glad makes the most saliva?

Back 16

The submandibular

Front 17

Whats the difference between heartburn and achlasia?

Back 17

Heartburn is caused by the esophageal sphincter being too relaxed, allowing stuff to come back up. Achlasia is the opposite. Too tight, so food cant go down easily.

Front 18

In the stomach, mucus cells secrete

Back 18

Mucus, dummy. It protects the stomach lining from acid.

Front 19

Zymogenic cells secrete...

Back 19

pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl.

Front 20

Where does the HCl in the stomach come from?

Back 20

the parietal cells

Front 21

What are two possible causes of stomach ulcers?

Back 21

Not enough mucus to protect,
too much HCl or pepsin.

Front 22

What is the name of the bacteria associated with ulcers?

Back 22

Heliobacter pylori

Front 23

Which bodily fluid is basic?

Back 23

Pancreatic Juice (7.5-9)

Front 24

What is digested in the small intestine

Back 24

Pretty much everything that is absorbed there.

Front 25

Whats absorbed in the stomach?

Back 25

a little water, alcohol, and drugs like aspirin.

Front 26

What are the enzymes in the small intestines and what do they digest?

Back 26

Peptidase - proteins
Carbohydrase - carbohydrates
Lipase - Fats or lipids

Front 27

What is the livers main digestive function?

Back 27

It produces bile.

Front 28

Where is bile stored?

Back 28

In the gallbladder. The Gallbladder does not make bile.

Front 29

What does bile do?

Back 29

Emulsifies fats (breaks them down enough so that enzymes can come in and digest them)

Front 30

What does your liver do with glucose?

Back 30

Stores it by turning it into glycogen.

Front 31

What is cirrhosis?

Back 31

When the epithelial cells of the liver are converted into connective tissue so they cant really function.

Front 32

What is hepatitis?

Back 32

Inflammation of the liver

Front 33

What makes up the bulk of a gallstone?

Back 33

Cholesterol and billirubin

Front 34

What three things causes gallstones?

Back 34

1) Stasis of Bile
2) High levels of cholesterol in blood
3) inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 35

What are the three peptidases found in your pancreatic juice?

Back 35

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

Front 36

Which cells give the release of gastrin?

Back 36

G-cells

Front 37

Which cells give the release of secretin?

Back 37

S-cells

Front 38

What does secretin do?

Back 38

releases the pancreatic juice

Front 39

What else (besides secretin) stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?

Back 39

the presence of CCK in the small intestines

Front 40

How do you get glucose from the blood to the cell?

Back 40

Insulin

Front 41

What is glycogenesis?

Back 41

The storage of glucose, being converted into glycogen.

Front 42

What is the breakdown of glycogen?

Back 42

glycogenolysis

Front 43

How do you send glucose back into the blood?

Back 43

glucagon

Front 44

What is breaking down glucose into energy?

Back 44

Glycolysis?

Front 45

What are the products of glycolysis?

Back 45

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate

Front 46

Glycolysis and Kerbs Cycle: Which is anaerobic, and which is aerobic?

Back 46

Glycolysis is anaerobic
Kerbs is aerobic

Front 47

How many ATP can you produce with one molecule of glucose with glycolysis, krebs, and electron transport chain?

Back 47

36

Front 48

What two hormones stimulate glycogenolysis?

Back 48

Epinepherine and glucagon

Front 49

Going from lungs to the blood

Back 49

external respiration

Front 50

Internal Respiration is

Back 50

gas exchange between blood and the cells

Front 51

Cellular respiration is

Back 51

cells use O2 for metabolism

Front 52

Two types of alveolar cells

Back 52

Type 1: forms the cell wall of the alveoli
Type 2: produces a surfactant that decreases surface tension

Front 53

inspiration is caused by

Back 53

diaphragm contract and external intercostal muscles contract

Front 54

hypoxia=

Back 54

lack of oxygen

Front 55

normal respiration rate

Back 55

12-15 breathes per minute