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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many chromosomes do 'HUMANS' have? How many pairs does this equal out to?
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46 CHROMOSOMES
23 PAIRS |
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How many pairs of the '23 PAIRS' of chromosomes determines the 'SEX' of the offspring?
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ONLY 1 PAIR
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What are the 'GONADS?
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TISSUE THAT CAN GO IN EITHER DIRECTION DEPENDING ON THE 'SEX CHROMOSOME PAIR'
TESTES IN MALES OVARIES IN FEMALES |
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The development of 'SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES' depends on the 'PRESENCE'/'ABSENCE' of what hormone?
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TESTOSTERONE
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TRUE or FALSE
Ovaries CAN secrete androgens. |
FALSE
Ovaries canNOT secret androgens Testes CAN secrete androgens |
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What are 'WULFFIAN DUCTS'. What do they determine and how are they determined?
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WOLLFIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL MALE STRUCTURE FORMATION
MALES TESTOSTERONE |
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What are 'MULLERIAN DUCTS'. What do they determine and how are they determined?
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MULLERIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL FEMALE STRUCTURES
FEMALES LACK OF TESTOSTERONE |
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Sexual Dimorphism:
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Differences in structure, function or behavior between males and females.
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At what point do the 'MALE'/'FEMALE' reproductive organs look the same?
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UP TO 8 WEEKS
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The lowering of the age at 'MENARCHE' (First Menstruation Period) may be caused by what? (*MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE)
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NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
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What is 'PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY'?
What are the causes for this to occur? |
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS W/OUT GAMETOGENESIS
CAUSES: - FEMALES = ABNORMAL EXPOSURE TO ESTROGEN - MALES = ABNORMAL EXPOSURE TO ANDROGENS |
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TRUE or FALSE
'SPERMATOGENSIS' canNOT occur at normal body temperature |
TRUE
Must occur at a LOWER temperature |
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Where is sperm produced?
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Seminiferous Tubules
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What do Leydig cells do?
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Produce Testosterone
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'TESTICULAR LOBULES' contain 2 things. What are the 2 things and do they produce?
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1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES = SPERM PRODUCTION
2. LEYDIG CELLS = TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION |
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Major characteristic of the 'EPIDIDYMIS'?
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SITE OF SPERM MATURATION (secretes sperm forward-mobility protein) and stored until released from testes.
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What do the 'VAS DEFERENS' (Ductus Deferens) do?
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TUBES THAT CARRY SPERM FROM 'EPIDIDYMIS' to EJACULATORY DUCT NEAR BLADDER.
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What is a 'VASECTOMY'?
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SEGMENTS BETWEEN THE 'VAS DEFERENS' (2 PLACES) ARE REMOVED AND TIED OFF.
*INCISION MADE IN SCROTUM |
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What is the purpose of the 'EJACULATORY DUCTS'?
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CARRY SPERM FROM 'VAS DEFERENS' TO 'URETHRA'
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'MALES' have 3 'SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS'. What are they?
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1. SEMINAL VESICLES
2. PROSTATE GLAND 3. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS |
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What is the purpose of the 'SEMINAL VESICLES'?
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1. SECRETE VISCOUS LIQUID which contains FRUCTOSE which gives energy to the sperm.
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Which two glands produce alkaline fluid to neutralize acidity for sperm?
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Prostate Gland and Bulbourethral Gland
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What is the process of 'SPERM' travel?
(*6 Steps) |
1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
2. EPIDIDYMIS 3. VAS DEFERENS 4. EJACULATORY DUCT 5. URETHRA 6. PENIS (*MNEMONIC - SEVE(N) UP |
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New 'SPERM' are continously produced by the 'TESTES'. How many are made each 'DAY'?
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ABOUT 200 MILLION/DAY
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What are the two main components of the Uterus wall?
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Endometrium: shed in menstruation.
Myometrium: smooth muscle, contraction of the uterine wall resulting in expulsion of the fetus in birth. |
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Where does 'FERTILIZATION' usually occur?
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FALLOPIAN TUBES
(UNION OF SPERM AND OVUM) |
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In the beginning of menstruation FSH stimulates what?
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The development of the follicle (the egg inside the follicle).
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Ovarian Follicles secrete what?
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Estrogen
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TRUE or FALSE
'FOLLICLES' begin to 'DEGENERATE' after birth. |
TRUE
FOLLICLES DO DEGENERATE of the 6 that started to develop only one continues. |
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Due to an increase in Estrogen what is released from the Anterior pituitary.
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LH
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High levels of LH stimulate what?
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Ovulation (Expulsion of the egg from the mature follicle)
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What is the biggest indication of Ovulation?
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Rise in basal body temp. (remains higher the last half of the cycle than during the first half).
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What is the 'LARGE MATURE FOLLICLE' that develops during the cycle called?
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GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE
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There are 2 main 'HORMONES' that are are released from the 'OVARIES'. What are they?
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1. ESTROGENS
2. PROGESTERONE |
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How many days into menstruation does the LH surge take place?
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Day 14
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What happens on Day 23?
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Pregnancy or Non pregnancy
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'ESTROGEN' is produced in 'FEMALES' from 3 different places. What are the 3 places?
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1. FOLLICLE
2. CORPUS LUTEUM 3. PLACENTA |
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LH surge transforms follicle cells into what?
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Corpus Luteum (yellow body)
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What does HCG do during pregnancy?
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Maintains the corpus luteum, which in turn maintains the levels of estrogen and progesterone.
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If there is no pregnancy than what happens on day 23?
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Corpus luteum begins toe degenerate and the levels of estrogen and progesterone drop. Low levels then initiate the next cycle.
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Progesterone starts to regulate at what point?
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Ovulation.
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The 'CESSATION' of 'menses' or 'MENARCHE' (mensturation) is also called what two things?
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1. MENOPAUSE
2. CLIMACTERIC |
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What is the 'AVERAGE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE' length?
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29.5 DAYS
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TRUE or FALSE:
Younger women tend to have SHORTER cycles than do older women |
FALSE
Younger Women = LONGER CYCLES Older Women = SHORTER CYCLES |
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What will happen if there is NO 'LH SURGE'?
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OVULATION WILL 'NOT' OCCUR
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'LH' stimulates the transformation of 'FOLLICLE CELLS' into what?
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'CORPUS LUTEUM'
(YELLOW BODY) |
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Cells of the 'CORPUS LUTEUM' secrete 2 hormones. What are they?
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1. ESTROGENS
2. PROGESTERONE |
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What hormone is only present in a pregnant woman, which indicates a 'SUCCESSFUL' fertilization?
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(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
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What does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN do?
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MAINTAINS 'CORPUS LUTEUM' DURING PREGNANCY
MAINTAINS LEVELS OF ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE |
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What is the average birth weight of a newborn baby?
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7-7.5 POUNDS
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What is the 'DEVELOPING ORGANISM' referred to as 2 weeks after contraception?
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PRE-EMBRYO
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How long is the baby referred to as an 'EMBRYO'?
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WEEKS 3-8 OF DEVELOPMENT
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After week at, the 'EMBRYO' is reffered to as what?
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FETUS
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After how many weeks is a 'developing organism' referred to as a 'FETUS'?
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8 WEEKS+
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Forceful contractions of the uterus are stimulated by what four things?
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1. High estrogen secretion
2. Contractions of the uterus stimulate the secretion of Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. 3. oxytocin stimulates stronger uterine contractions. 4. Labor may be artificially induced by administration of oxytocin. |
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What are the levels of 'ESTROGEN'/'PROGESTERONE' like during pregnancy?
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HIGH
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During dilation how large does the cervix dilate?
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10 cm.
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What are the 3 stages of Labor?
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1. Dilation of cervix
2. Parturition: actual delivery 3. Placental Discharge: expelled within 10 minutes in the "after birth" |
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Teratogen:
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Anything that will harm the fetus during development.
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