Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
483 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The 'NERVOUS SYSTEM' is separated into 2 'MAJOR SYSTEMS'. What are they?
|
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) |
|
|
The 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' contains what 2 major organs?
|
1. BRAIN
2. SPINAL CORD |
|
|
The 'BRAIN' is separated into 2 different types of 'MATTER'.
What are the they? |
1. GRAY MATTER
2. WHITE MATTER |
|
|
'GRAY MATTER' in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
|
GRAY MATTER = NERVE CELL BODIES
|
|
|
'WHITE MATTER' in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
|
WHITE MATTER = MYELINATED AXONS
|
|
|
Where is the 'NERVE TRACT' located? In what 'MAJOR NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPONENT'?
|
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
|
|
|
The 'NERVE TRACT' which is located in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM'. Is defined as what?
|
GROUP OF NERVE FIBERS WITHIN THE 'CNS' THAT HAVE A COMMON ORIGIN/DESTINATION.
(ASCENDING/DESCENDING) |
|
|
Where is the 'NERVE TRACT' located?
|
ONLY IN THE 'CNS'
|
|
|
The 'NUCLEUS' in regards to the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
|
NUCLEUS = CLUSTER OF 'NERVE CELL BODIES'
*ONLY IN THE 'CNS' |
|
|
What is the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' (PNS) defined as?
(*2 Things) |
NERVOUS TISSUE OUTSIDE THE:
1. 'BRAIN' 2. 'SPINAL CORD' |
|
|
How many pairs of 'CRANIAL NERVES' are there in the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
12 PAIRS
|
|
|
How many pairs of 'SPINAL NERVES' are there in the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
31 PAIRS
|
|
|
In the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM', what is a 'NERVE' defined as?
|
GROUP OF NERVE FIBERS WITH COMMON ORIGIN/DESTINATION.
1. AFFERENT (SENSORY) 2. EFFERENT (MOTOR) |
|
|
'PERIPHERAL SYSTEM NERVES' are separated into 2 types. What are they?
|
1. AFFERENT (SENSORY)
2. EFFERENT (MOTOR) |
|
|
What is a 'GANGLION' defined as? Where is it located?
|
CLUSTER OF NERVE CELL BODIES
ONLY IN THE 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' |
|
|
What is the 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' composed of?
What 2 divisions is it separated into? |
COMPOSED OF SPECIFIC STRUCTURES IN THE 'CNS' and 'PNS'.
1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION 2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION |
|
|
What are the 2 'STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS' of the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) |
|
|
What are the 2 'FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS' of the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
2. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SKELETAL SYSTEM) |
|
|
What are the 4 'PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS' of the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
1. ORIENTATION
2. COORDINATION 3. ASSIMILATION 4. PROGRAMMING |
|
|
What is 'CEREBRAL PALSY' and what are the 4 symptoms of it?
|
ABNORMAL PATHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN
1. PARALYSIS 2. LACK OF COORDINATION 3. MOTOR/SENSORY DYSFUNCTIONS |
|
|
What is a 'COMA' defined as?
|
DEGREE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
RESULT MAY BE FROM A MANY NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CAUSES. |
|
|
There are 5 steps taking during a 'NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION'. What are they?
|
1. MENTAL STATUS/SPEECH
2. CRANIAL NERVES 3. THE MOTOR SYSTEM 4. THE SENSORY SYSTEM 5. REFLEXES |
|
|
Someone diagnosed with 'PARAPLEGIA' has what?
|
PERMANENT PARALYSIS OF 'BOTH' LEGS DUE TO INJURY OR DISEASE OF THE 'SPINAL CORD'
|
|
|
Someone diagnosed with 'QUADRIPLEGIA' has what?
|
PERMANENT PARALYSIS OF ARMS 'AND' LEGS DUE TO 'SPINAL CORD' INJURY OR DISEASE.
|
|
|
What is a 'NEURON' also known as in the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM' terminology?
(*There are 2 names) |
1. NERVE CELL
2. NERVE FIBER |
|
|
What is a 'NEURON' defined as in the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
STRUCTURAL/FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'
|
|
|
What is the main function of a 'NEURON'?
|
CONDUCT IMPULSES TOWARD/AWAY FROM THE 'CELL BODY'
|
|
|
What are the 3 components to a 'NEURON'?
|
1. CELL BODY
2. DENDRITES 3. AXONS |
|
|
What is the 'CELL BODY' of a 'NEURON' defined as?
What does it contain? (5 things) |
ENLARGED PORTION OF THE NEURON
CONTAINS: 1. NUCLEUS 2. NISSL BODIES (ROUGH ER) 3. NEUROFIBRILS (PROTEIN) 4. OTHER ORGANELLES |
|
|
What are 'DENDRITES' defined as?
What is their main function? |
CYTOPLASMIC EXTENSIONS
RECEIVE STIMULI AND CONDUCT 'IMPULSES' TO THE 'CELL BODY' (*TOWARD NERVE BODY!) |
|
|
What are 'AXONS' defined as?
What 2 types are there and where are each of these types generally located? |
CYLINDRICAL PROCESSES THAT CONDUCT IMPULSES 'AWAY' FROM THE CELL BODY.
1. SHORT AXONS (CNS) 2. LONG AXONS (PNS) |
|
|
Which type of 'AXONS' are usually 'MYELINATED'?
Why? |
LONG AXONS
MYELIN SHEATH HELPS CONDUCT IMPULSES FASTER |
|
|
What are 'SCHWANN CELLS', and in what system are they located?
|
ANOTHER NAME FOR 'MYELINATED 'LONG' AXONS'
ONLY IN THE 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' (PNS) |
|
|
What are 'OLIGODENDROCYTES', and in what system are they located?
|
ANOTHER NAME FOR 'MYELINATED 'LONG' AXONS'
ONLY IN THE 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' (CNS) |
|
|
What are 'NODES OF RANVIER'?
|
SEGMENTS IN THE 'MYELIN SHEATH'
(*LOCATED BETWEEN SCHWANN CELLS/OLIGODENDROCYTES) |
|
|
Where do 'AXONS' terminate?
|
AT THE 'PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL' OF THE 'NEURON'
|
|
|
Because there are many 'NEURONS' in the body, how are they classified?
(*3 THINGS) |
1. DIRECTION OF 'IMPULSE CONDUCTION'
2. NUMBER OF 'CYTOPLASMIC PROCESSES' 3. AREA OF 'INNERVATION' |
|
|
There are 3 types of 'NEURONS' defined by 'IMPULSE CONDUCTION'. What are they?
|
1. SENSORY (AFFERENT)
2. INTERNEURONS 3. MOTOR (EFFERENT) |
|
|
What is the function of a 'SENSORY' neuron?
Is it 'AFFERENT' or 'EFFERENT'? |
TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSE 'TO' THE 'CNS' (BRAIN)
(e.g. PAIN RESPONSE) 'AFFERENT' (*HINT - (A)FFERENT (A)RRIVES TO THE BRAIN) |
|
|
What is the function of a 'MOTOR' neuron?
Is it 'AFFERENT' or 'EFFERENT'? |
TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSE 'AWAY' FROM THE 'CNS' (BRAIN).
(e.g. MUSCULAR RESPONSE) 'EFFERENT' (*HINT - (E)FFERENT (E)XITS THE BRAIN) |
|
|
What is the function of 'INTERNEURONS' and what are they also known as?
(*2 other names) |
CONDUCT THE 'IMPULSES' BETWEEN BOTH SENSORY 'AND' MOTOR' NEURONS.
[*HINT - (INTER)states bridge the gap between states. (INTER)neurons bridge the gap between SENSORY/MOTOR neurons.] ALSO KNOWN AS: 1. INTERNUNCIAL NEURONS 2. ASSOCIATION NEURONS |
|
|
'NEURONS' that have only '1 AXON' and '2+ DENDRITES' are known as what kind of neurons?
|
'MULTI'POLAR
|
|
|
'NEURONS' that have only '1 AXON' and '1 DENDRITE' are known as what kind of neurons?
|
'BI'POLAR
|
|
|
'NEURONS' that have only '1 SINGLE PROCESS' (aka - DENDRITE/AXON connected together) are known as what kind of neurons?
|
'UNI'POLAR
|
|
|
There are 4 specific types of 'NEURON INNERVATION'. What are they?
|
1. SOMATIC (A)FFERENT (SKELETAL)
2. SOMATIC (E)FFERENT (SKELETAL) 3. VISCERAL (A)FFERENT (ORGANS) 4. VISCERAL (E)FFERENT (ORGANS) [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).] |
|
|
What is the definition of a 'SOMATIC AFFERENT' neuron?
What is its functions? |
NEURONS WITHIN SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS.
(SOMATIC SYSTEM = SKELETAL) FUNCTION: RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (TO) THE BRAIN (CNS). [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).] |
|
|
What is the definition of a 'SOMATIC EFFERENT' neuron?
What is its functions? |
NEURONS WITHIN SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS.
(SOMATIC SYSTEM = SKELETAL) FUNCTION: RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (FROM) THE BRAIN (CNS) -> SKELETAL MUSCLES [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).] |
|
|
What is the definition of a 'VISCERAL AFFERENT' neuron?
What is its functions? |
NEURONS LOCATED ON/IN 'INTERNAL ORGANS'
(VISCERAL SYSTEM = INTERNAL ORGANS) FUNCTION: RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (TO) THE BRAIN (CNS) 'FROM' INTERNAL MUSCLES [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).] |
|
|
What is the definition of a 'VISCERAL EFFERENT' neuron?
What is its functions? |
NEURONS LOCATED ON/IN 'INTERNAL ORGANS'
(VISCERAL SYSTEM = INTERNAL ORGANS) FUNCTION: RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (FROM) THE BRAIN (CNS) 'TO' INTERNAL MUSCLES [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).] |
|
|
What is 'RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL' defined as?
|
WHEN A NEURON IS 'NOT' CONDUCTING AN 'IMPULSE'
|
|
|
What components of a 'NEURON' constitute the ability to create an 'IMPULSE'?
|
THE 'DIFFERENCE' IN THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE BETWEEN THE INSIDE/OUTSIDE OF THE 'CELL MEMBRANE'
|
|
|
When a 'NEURON' is 'UN-STIMULATED', how is there a difference in electrical charge inside and outside the cell membrane?
|
DUE TO THE 'IMBALANCE' OF CHARGED PARTICLES (IONS/PROTEINS) BETWEEN THE 'INTRACELLULAR' AND 'EXTRACELLULAR' FLUIDS.
|
|
|
What is the 'OVERALL' charge of 'NEURON' when it is at 'REST' or 'UN-STIMULATED'?
Why is it like this? |
OVERALL NEGATIVE (-) CHARGE
BECAUSE OF 'LARGE' NEGATIVELY (-) CHARGED PROTEINS THAT ARE 'NOT' PERMEABLE TO THE CELL MEMBRANE |
|
|
When the membrane of the 'NEURON' is said to be 'POLARIZED', what does this mean?
|
MORE (+) POSITIVE IONS 'OUTSIDE'
MORE (-) NEGATIVE IONS 'INSIDE' *MEMBRANE IS AT 'REST' OR 'UN-STIMULATED' AND AT 'EQUILIBRIUM' |
|
|
What are 'POSITIVE (+) IONS' also called?
|
CATIONS (+)
|
|
|
What are 'NEGATIVE (-) IONS' also called?
|
ANIONS (-)
|
|
|
There are 3 mechanisms that are responsible for the 'IMBALANCE' in particles (charge) across the 'NEURON CELL MEMBRANE'. What are they?
|
1. SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
2. PERMEABILITY OF K+ TO Na+ 3. PROTEIN IMPERMEABILITY |
|
|
Which 'IONS' are more favorable with cell permeability in the 'CELL MEMBRANE' of a 'NEURON'?
|
MORE PERMEABLE TO 'K+ IONS'
(*K+ IONS MOVE 'OUTWARD' AND FASTER THAN Na+ IONS MOVE 'INWARD') |
|
|
Which 'IONS' are 'LESS' favorable with cell permeability in the 'CELL MEMBRANE' of a 'NEURON'?
|
LESS PERMEABLE TO 'Na+ IONS'
(*Na+ IONS MOVE 'INWARD' AND SLOWER THAN K+ IONS MOVE 'OUTWARD') |
|
|
How does the 'SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP' function with respect to 'NEURONS'?
What type of 'TRANSPORT' is this? Why? |
MOVES 'Na+' IONS TO 'OUTSIDE'
MOVES 'K+' IONS TO 'INSIDE' 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT'. REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) TO FACILITATE TRANSPORT. |
|
|
What is the 'NORMAL' charge inside of the 'NEURON' when it is at 'REST' or 'UN-STIMULATED'?
|
-65 to -85mV
|
|
|
The 'CELL MEMBRANE' is ______ permeable to 'K+ IONS' and _____ permeable to 'Na+ IONS'.
This makes it so that '____ IONS' move outward faster than the '____ IONS' move inward. |
1. MORE PERMEABLE TO 'K+ IONS'
2. LESS PERMEABLE TO 'Na+ IONS' 3. 'K+ IONS' MOVE OUTWARD FASTER 4. 'Na+ IONS' MOVE INWARD SLOWER |
|
|
What characteristic of the 'CELL MEMBRANE' holds a 'NEGATIVE (-) CHARGE' over a positive charge?
|
THE 'IMPERMEABILITY' OF THE CELL MEMBRANE TO LARGE NEGATIVELY (-) CHARGED 'PROTEINS' INSIDE THE 'NEURON'.
'FEWER' (-) CHARGED PARTICLES MOVE OUT WHEREAS 'MORE' (+) CHARGED PARTICLES MOVE OUT |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'ALL' CELLS OF THE BODY HAVE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS ACROSS THEIR CELL MEMBRANES? |
TRUE
'ALL' CELLS HAVE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS |
|
|
Which 2 types of cells have the ability to 'ALTER/ADAPT' their 'RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL' in response to appropriate stimuli?
How does this work? |
1. NERVE CELLS
2. MUSCLE CELLS VARYING MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO DIFFERENT 'IONS'. |
|
|
An 'ACTION POTENTIAL' can be separated into 3 points. What are they?
|
1. SPIKE
2. NERVE IMPULSE 3. DISCHARGE |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'ACTION POTENTIALS' ARE 'NOT' SIMILAR IN SIZE/DURATION. THEY 'DIMINISH' AS THEY ARE CONDUCTED DOWN AN 'AXON'. |
FALSE
THEY ARE 'SIMILAR' IN 'SIZE/DURATION'. THEY DO 'NOT' DIMINISH AS THEY ARE CONDUCTED DOWN AN 'AXON' |
|
|
What 2 characteristics of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' constitute the 'CODE' as well as the 'DESTINATION' of the 'IMPULSE'?
|
1. FREQUENCY
2. PATTERN |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
ACTION POTENTIALS 'ARE' SIMILAR IN 'ALL' ORGANISMS. |
TRUE
'ACTION POTENTIALS' ARE SIMILAR IN ALL ORGANISMS. (FROM A SQUID TO A COLLEGE STUDENT) |
|
|
How can an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' be recorded?
(*Name of the instrument used) |
VIA AN 'OSCILLOSCOPE' OR 'VOLTMETER'
|
|
|
How often does/can an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' occur?
|
VERY RAPIDLY
(Every 2 msec) or 1000/second |
|
|
What happens to inside of the 'CELL MEMBRANE' during an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
What is the state of the 'MEMBRANE' referred to as? |
BECOMES POSITIVE (+) INSIDE
STATE OF BEING 'DEPOLARIZED' |
|
|
During an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' there are 5 characteristics (phases) that occur. What are they?
|
1. RISING PHASE
2. OVERSHOOT 3. FALLING PHASE 4. UNDERSHOOT/HYPERPOLARIZATION 5. RESTORATION OF RESTING POTENTIAL |
|
|
What is the 'RISING PHASE' of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
When does this phase occur? |
RAPID 'DEPOLARIZATION' OF THE 'MEMBRANE' (Na+ IONS MOVE INTO CELL TO MAKE OVERALL CHARGE MORE (+) POSITIVE)
1st PHASE DURING 'ACTION POTENTIAL' |
|
|
What is the 'OVERSHOOT' phase of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
When does this phase occur? |
INSIDE OF MEMBRANE BECOMES 'POSITIVE (+)' (+40mV)
2nd PHASE DURING 'ACTION POTENTIAL' |
|
|
What is the 'FALLING PHASE' of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
When does this phase occur? |
MEMBRANE IS RAPIDLY 'REPOLARIZED' (K+ IONS MOVE OUT OF CELL TO MAKE OVER ALL CHARGE MORE (-) NEGATIVE)
|
|
|
What is the 'UNDERSHOOT' or 'HYPERPOLARIZATION' phase of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
|
WHERE THE 'ACTION POTENTIAL' GOES DOWN TO A MORE (-) NEGATIVE CHARGE THAN ITS NORMAL RESTING POTENTIAL. (UNDERSHOOT)
|
|
|
What is an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' defined as? What causes this to occur?
|
'STIMULUS' APPLIED TO A NEURON'S MEMBRANE. CREATES A 'WAVE OF DEPOLARIZATION' ALONG THE FIBER.
|
|
|
When an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' is created, there are 10 standard steps that occur. What are they 10 steps?
|
1. STIMULATION OF MEMBRANE
2. SODIUM CHANNELS OPEN 3. SODIUM IONS MOVE 'INWARD' 4. THRESHOLD (-55mV) REACHED 5. DEPOLARIZATION OF MEMBRANE 6. REVERSE POLARIZATION 7. *STEP 6 ACTS AS STIMULUS TO ADJACENT REGIONS 8. POTASSIUM CHANNEL 'OPEN' 9. PUMPS TRANSPORT SODIUM BACK OUT OF 'NEURON' AND POTASSIUM 'INTO' 'NEURON'. |
|
|
What are 3 factors that can be considered 'adequate stimulation' of a membrane to create an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
|
1. PHYSICAL
2. CHEMICAL 3. TEMPERATURE (DIFFERENT NEURONS = DIFFERENT STIMULI) |
|
|
When 'Na+ IONS' move inward, what happens to the cell membrane?
|
BECOMES 'LESS' NEGATIVE
|
|
|
What is the 'THRESHOLD LEVEL'?
What does 'ALL or NONE' mean with regards to this? |
THRESHOLD LEVEL = -55mV
LEVEL THAT MUST BE CROSSED IN ORDER TO TRIGGER AN 'ACTION POTENTIAL'. 'ALL or NONE' = Unless a 'STIMULUS' makes cell membrane reach -55 mV, an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' will 'NOT' be created. |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
The 'GREATER' the stimulus, the larger the 'ACTION POTENTIAL'. |
FALSE
'ALL or NONE' MEANS THAT ONLY THRESHOLD LEVEL HAS TO BE REACHED FOR AN 'ACTION POTENTIAL' TO BE CREATED. (-55mV) |
|
|
What happens when nerve/muscle fibers receive a 'SUB-THRESHOLD' stimulus?
|
NO RESPONSE / NO 'ACTION POTENTIAL'
|
|
|
What is the 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD' defined as?
|
INTERVAL DURING AN ACTIVE 'ACTION POTENTIAL' WHERE ANOTHER STIMULUS 'CANNOT' CREATE ANOTHER 'ACTION POTENTIAL' RESPONSE BECAUSE THE CHANNELS ARE ALREADY OPEN.
(*HINT - 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD' = 'ABSOLUTELY [NOT] GOING TO HAPPEN') |
|
|
What is the 'RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD' defined as?
|
INTERVAL WHERE NEURON WILL 'NOT' RESPOND TO A NORMAL STIMULUS.
A VERY 'STRONG' STIMULUS WILL PRODUCE A 'SECOND' 'ACTION POTENTIAL'. (*HINT - '2nd ACTION POTENTIAL CREATION IS 'RELATIVE' TO STRENGTH OF STIMULUS') |
|
|
Until the 'RE-POLARIZATION' is ____ completed, a 2nd 'ACTION POTENTIAL' cannot be produced.
What is this referred to as? |
'1/3 COMPLETED'
'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD' (*HINT - 'ABSOLUTELY [NOT] GOING TO HAPPEN') |
|
|
Which molecules act as 'CHAPERONES' for the 'Na+ IONS'?
Why is this important? |
WATER (H2O)
THIS 'ION-WATER' COMPLEX ALLOWS 'Na+' TO MOVE THROUGH PORES AND EXCLUDE 'K+ IONS'. |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
Na+ CHANNELS OPEN RELATIVELY 'SLOW' |
FALSE
Na+ CHANNELS OPEN 'RAPIDLY |
|
|
What are 3 characteristics about the 'Na + CHANNELS' in a 'NEURON CELL'?
|
1. OPEN VERY RAPIDLY/FIRST
2. STAY OPEN FOR ~1msec 3. CANNOT OPEN AGAIN UNTIL 'AFTER' 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD' IS OVER. |
|
|
What is 'TTX' and what does it do?
Where is it found? |
TETRODOTOXIN (TTX)
PHYSICALLY BLOCKS 'Na+' PORES FOUND IN 'JAPANESE PUFFER FISH' |
|
|
What does 'SAXITOXIN' do?
Where is it found? |
BLOCKS 'Na+' PORES
FOUND IN CLAMS, MUSSELS AND OTHER SHELL FISH. |
|
|
What is 'BATRACHOTOXIN' do?
|
CAUSES THE 'Na+ CHANNELS' TO OPEN AND STAY OPEN MUCH LONGER
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of 'K+ CHANNELS'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. DO NOT IMMEDIATELY OPEN UPON 'DEPOLARIZATION'
2. OPEN WHEN 'Na+ CHANNELS' CLOSE 3. MOVE OF K+ DURING 'RE-POLARIZATION' REFERRED TO AS 'DELAYER RECTIFIER' |
|
|
What is the 'DELAYER RECTIFIER' defined as?
|
THE MOVEMENT OF 'K+ IONS' DURING THE 'RE-POLARIZATION' OF AN 'ACTION POTENTIAL'
|
|
|
Why does an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' most of the time only move in 'ONE-DIRECTION'?
What is this known as? |
BECAUSE THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL BEHIND IT IS IN 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY' PHASE THUS NO IMPULSE CAN BE CREATED FROM ANY STIMULUS.
KNOWN AS 'ORTHODROMIC CONDUCTION' |
|
|
What is 'ORTHODROMIC CONDUCTION'
Is this common/uncommon? |
'ONE-WAY' CONDUCTION OF 'NERVE IMPULSES'
*MOST COMMON UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS |
|
|
What is 'ANTIDROMIC CONDUCTION'?
Is this common/uncommon? |
'TWO-WAY' (BACKWARD PROPAGATION) CONDUCTION OF 'NERVE IMPULSES'
*VERY UNCOMMON - UNDER 'EXPERIMENTAL' CONDITIONS |
|
|
What is 'CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION'?
In what type of 'NEURON' does this occur in? |
IMPULSE TRAVELS ALONG THE 'ENTIRE' SURFCE OF THE MEMBRANE SURFCAE
OCCURS IN 'UNMYELINATED NEURONS' |
|
|
An 'UNMYELINATED NEURON' travels approximately how fast?
What type of 'CONDUCTION' do these types of 'NEURONS' use? |
1m/sec
'CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION' |
|
|
A 'MYELINATED NEURON' travels approximately how fast?
What type of 'CONDUCTION' do these types of 'NEURONS' use? |
100m/sec
'SALTATORY CONDUCTION' |
|
|
Why do 'MYELINATED NEURONS' travel faster than 'UNMYELINATED NEURONS'?
(*2 MAIN FACTORS) |
1. 'MYELIN SHEATH' CREATES INSULATION TO THE 'AXON'
2. 'NODES OF RANVIER' ALLOW ACTION POTENTIALS TO 'LEAP' WHERE 'MYELIN SHEATH' COVERS AXON. |
|
|
What are the characteristics/benefits of 'SALTATORY CONDUCTION'?
|
1. INCREASE VELOCITY OF IMPULSE CONDUCTION
2. CONSERVES ENERGY (BECAUSE Na+ AND K+ PUMPS ONLY HAVE TO RE-ESTABLISH CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES AT 'NODES OF RANVIER'. |
|
|
What is 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
|
2nd MOST COMMON 'CNS DISEASE'
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WHERE BODY ATTACKS THE 'MYELIN SHEATH' (OLIGODENDROGLIA) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM WHICH CAUSES NERVE CONDUCTION INTERRUPTED. |
|
|
What are the 10 symptoms of 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
|
1. DISTURBANCES IN SPEECH
2. DISTURBANCES IN VISION 3. NUMBNESS 4. FATIGUE 5. DEPRESSION 6. LOSS OF COORDINATION 7. UNCONTROLLABLE TREMORS 8. LOSS OF BLADDER CONTROL 9. MEMORY PROBLEMS 10. PARALYSIS |
|
|
What are some of the possible treatments for 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
|
1. ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) TREATMENT
2. EXERCISE 3. PHYSICAL THERAPY |
|
|
What is 'TAY-SACHS DISEASE'?
|
INHERITED DISEASE IN WHICH THE 'MYELIN SHEATHS' ARE DESTROYED.
EXCESSIVE LIPID ACCUMULATION OCCURS IN THE MEMBRANE LAYERS. |
|
|
How does 'LOCAL ANESTHESIA' work?
What are 2 examples of drugs of this type? |
BLOCK THE INITIATION OF 'ACTION POTENTIALS' IN NEURONS.
PHYSICALLY BLOCK SODIUM CHANNELS LIDOCAINE AND COCAINE ARE ARE EXAMPLES OF DRUGS THAT ARE LOCAL ANESTHETICS. |
|
|
What is the 'SYNAPSE' defined as?
|
JUNCTION BETWEEN '2 NEURONS'
WHERE THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSE OF ONE NEURON INITIATES A SERIES OF EVENTS |
|
|
What are the 3 parts of a 'SYNAPSE'?
|
1. AXONS TERMINALS
2. SYNAPTIC CLEFT 3. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE |
|
|
What are 'AXON TERMINALS' defined as?
|
SMALL ROUNDED/OVAL KNOBS, BOUTONS, END FEET OR 'PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS'.
SITE WHERE 'SYNAPTIC VESICLES' CONTAINING 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' ARE LOCATED. |
|
|
What are the 3 main 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'?
What do they do? |
1. ACETYL CHOLINE (ACh)
2. NOREPINEPHRINE (NorEPI) 3. EPINEPHRINE (EPI) *STIMULATE MUSCLES |
|
|
What is the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT' defined as?
|
MICROSCOPIC SPACE BETWEEN THE '2 NEURONS'
|
|
|
What is the 'POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE' defined as?
|
CELL MEMBRANE THAT CONTAINS 'SPECIFIC RECEPTORS' FOR THE 'NEUROTRANSMITTER'
|
|
|
There are 5 events that take place each time a 'SYNAPSE' is made. What are they?
|
1. IMPULSE TO AXON TERMINAL (PRESYNAPTIC NEURON)
2. Ca+ CAUSES RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER INTO SYNAPTIC CLEFT 3. NEUROTRANSMITTER DIFFUSES ACROSS SYNAPTIC CLEFT/DETECTED BY RECEPTORS ON POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON 4. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE = STIMULATED/INHIBITED DEPENDING ON NEUROTRANSMITTER 5. NEUROTRANSMITTER IS DIFFUSED OUT OF CLEFT OR METABOLIZED |
|
|
What are the 2 enzymes that metabolize the excess 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' left in the synaptic cleft?
|
1.CHOLINESTERASE (ACh)
2. MONOAMINE OXIDASE (NorEPI) |
|
|
What 'ENZYME' metabolizes excess 'ACETYLCHOLINE' in the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT'?
|
CHOLINESTERASE
|
|
|
What 'ENZYME' metabolizes excess 'NOREPINEPHRINE' in the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT'?
|
MONOAMINE OXIDASE
|
|
|
What are the 3 characteristics of a 'SYNAPSE'?
|
1. SYNAPTIC DELAY
2. SYNAPTIC FATIGUE (DEPLETION OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER) 3. ONE-WAY CONDUCTION |
|
|
Drugs may influence/alter 'SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION' in what 4 different ways?
|
1. 'SYNTHESIS' OF NEUROTRANSMITTER
2. 'RELEASE' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER 3. 'BINDING' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER WITH THE RECEPTOR 4. 'DESTRUCTION' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER |
|
|
How does 'NERVE GAS' function?
|
ACTS AS AN 'ANTI-CHOLINESTERASE'
*MUSCLES STAY CLINCHED AND ACETYL CHOLINE (ACh) IS NOT BROKEN DOWN. |
|
|
What 3 disease affect 'SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION'?
|
1. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
2. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 3. BOTULISM |
|
|
What is 'PARKINSON'S DISEASE' defined as?
|
LACK OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER 'DOPAMINE'
|
|
|
What is 'MYASTHENIA GRAVIS' defined as?
|
BLOCKS 'ACETYLCHOLINE' (ACh) NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS.
|
|
|
What is 'BOTULISM' defined as?
|
'INHIBITION' OF 'ACETYL CHOLINE' (ACh) RELEASE
|
|
|
There are 2 types of transmissions in 'NEURONS'. What are they?
|
1. EXCITATORY
2. INHIBITORY |
|
|
What is 'SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION' defined as?
|
ABILITY FOR A SINGLE 'NEURON' TO BY STIMULATED BY:
1. EXCITATORY TRANSMISSIONS 2. INHIBITORY TRANSMISSIONS FROM 'DIFFERENT' 'PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS' |
|
|
What to 'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' do?
|
CAUSE THE 'POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON' TO BECOME 'ACTIVE'.
|
|
|
What to 'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' do?
|
CAUSE THE 'POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON' TO BECOME 'INHIBITORY'.
|
|
|
What is 'SYNAPTIC EXCITATION'?
What is it also referred as when this occurs? |
'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE'S PERMEABILITY TO SODIUM (Na+) IONS
KNOWN AS 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP) |
|
|
What is 'EPSP'?
What is the 'MEMBRANE' said to be in this state? |
'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL'
'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO Na+ IONS. MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE 'HYPOPOLARIZED' |
|
|
During an 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP), the membrane is said to be what?
|
HYPOPOLARIZED
|
|
|
What are the 2 different ways in order to get 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP) to reach an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
(*HINT - SUMMATIONS) |
1. SPATIAL SUMMATION
2. TEMPORAL SUMMATION |
|
|
What is 'SPATIAL SUMMATION'?
|
'SEVERAL' PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS SIMULTANEOUSLY RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO A SINGLE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON.
(*HINT - (S)PATIAL AND (S)EVERAL) |
|
|
What is 'TEMPORAL SUMMATION'?
|
'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP) result of the 'RAPID' discharge from the 'SAME' presynaptic terminal.
|
|
|
What is 'SYNAPTIC INHIBITION'?
What is it also referred as when this occurs? |
'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE'S PERMEABILITY TO CHLORIDE (Cl-) AND POTASSIUM (K+) IONS.
KNOWN AS 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (IPSP) |
|
|
What is 'IPSP'?
What is the 'MEMBRANE' said to be in this state? |
'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL'
'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO (CHLORINE) Cl- AND (POTASSIUM) K+ IONS. MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE 'HYPERPOLARIZED' |
|
|
During an 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (IPSP), the membrane is said to be what?
|
'HYPERPOLARIZED'
|
|
|
'STRYCHNINE' and 'TETANUS' are considered to be what?
How do they function and what 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' do they effect? |
TOXINS
BLOCK 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS' (IPSPs) BY ANTAGONIZING 'GLYCINE' TRANSMISSION. CAUSE CONVULSIONS/HYPERACTIVITY IN 'MUSCLES' |
|
|
What is 'GRAND POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (GPSP) defined as?
|
THE 'SUM' TOTAL OF BOTH 'EXCITATORY' AND 'INHIBITORY' POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS THAT ARE BEING STIMULATED.
|
|
|
There are 6 basic types of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' groups. What are they?
|
1. ACETYLCHOLINE
2. AMINO ACIDS 3. AMINES 4. POLYPEPTIDES 5. PURINES 6. GASES |
|
|
What are the 4 main 'AMINO ACID' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'?
|
1. GLUTAMATE
2. GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) 3. GLYCINE 4. ASPARTATE |
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GLUTAMATE'?
What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory) |
'AMINO ACID'
'EXCITATORY' |
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GABA' (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?
What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory) |
'AMINO ACID'
'INHIBITORY' |
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GLYCINE'?
What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory) |
'AMINO ACID'
'MAINLY INHIBITORY' |
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'ASPARTATE'?
What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory) |
'AMINO ACID'
'EXCITATORY' |
|
|
What are the 5 main 'AMINE' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'?
Why are they grouped into this? |
1. NOREPINEPHRINE
2. EPINEPHRINE 3. DOPAMINE 4. SEROTONIN 5. HISTAMINE *All made from the 'SAME' 'AMINO ACID' |
|
|
What 3 'AMINE' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' are made from the same single 'AMINO
ACID'? Which 'AMINO ACID' causes this? |
1. NOREPINEPHRINE
2. EPINEPHRINE 3. DOPAMINE AMINO ACID = 'TYROSINE' |
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'NOREPINEPHRINE'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'EPINEPHRINE'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'DOPAMINE'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'SEROTONIN'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'HISTAMINE'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
|
What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' are in the 'POLYPEPTIDE' group?
What is their function? |
1. SUBSTANCE P
2. ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS FUNCTION: TRANSMISSION/INHIBITION OF PAIN |
|
|
What are the 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' in the 'PURINE' group?
|
1. ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP)
2. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) |
|
|
Which 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is in the 'GAS' group?
What is it's 'HALF-LIFE'? |
'NITRIC OXIDE'
HALF-LIFE = 2-30 SECONDS |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
EVERY TIME YOU STEP 'NEURONS' ARE BEING INHIBITED/STIMULATED? |
TRUE
'NEURONS' ARE BEING 'INHIBITED/STIMULATED' ON OPPOSITE ENDS EACH TIME YOU STEP. |
|
|
The 'MOTOR' area is located on what part of the 'BRAIN'?
|
FRONT
|
|
|
The 'SENSORY' area is located on what part of the 'BRAIN'?
|
BACK
|
|
|
What is the 'LARGEST' and 'MOST PROMINENT' part of the brain?
How much 'MASS' does it make up of the brain? |
'CEREBRUM'
'80% OF THE TOTAL BRAIN MASS' |
|
|
'GROOVES' or 'VALLEYS' located on the surface of the 'BRAIN' are also called what two things?
|
'FISSURES' or 'SULCI'
|
|
|
The 'BRAIN' is separated into 3 'FISSURES/SULCI'. What are they?
What is their purpose? |
1. LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
2. CENTRAL FISSURE 3. LATERAL FISSURE PURPOSE = HELP DIVIDE 'BRAIN' INTO LOBES |
|
|
'CONVOLUTIONS' or 'FOLDS' on the surface of the 'BRAIN' are also called what?
What is the plural form of this called? |
GYRUS = SINGULAR
GYRI = PLURAL |
|
|
What are the 2 'CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES' connected to each other by?
What is this made up of? Why is this important? |
'CORPUS CALLOSUM'
MADE UP OF '300 MILLION' NEURAL AXONS. ALLOWS COMMUNICATION/COOPERATION WITH RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERES. |
|
|
The 'RIGHT HEMISPHERE' is known to be connected with what type of characteristics?
(*There are 2 of them) |
1. CREATIVE PERCEPTION
2. ARTISTIC PERCEPTION |
|
|
The 'LEFT HEMISPHERE' is known to be connected with what type of characteristics?
(*There are 3 of them) |
1. LOGIC
2. ANALYTICAL ABILITY 3. LANGUAGE |
|
|
What are the names of the 4 'LOBES' of the 'CEREBRUM'?
|
1. FRONTAL LOBE
2. PARIETAL LOBE 3. TEMPORAL LOBE 4. OCCIPITAL LOBE |
|
|
What are the 3 functions of the 'FRONTAL LOBE'?
What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on? |
1. MOTOR AREA
2. ELABORATE THOUGHT 3. SPEAKING ABILITY LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM' |
|
|
What are the 3 functions of the 'PARIETAL LOBE'?
What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on? |
1. SENSORY AREA
2. BODY FEELINGS/TOUCH/PRESSURE/HEAT/COLD/PAIN 3. BODY POSITIONS LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM' |
|
|
Which 'LOBE' of the 'CEREBRUM' is connected with 'SOMESTHETIC' and 'PROPRIOCEPTION' sensations?
|
'PARIETAL LOBE'
SOMESTHETIC = SENSES IN SKIN/BODY PROPRIOCEPTION = POSITION PERCEPTION |
|
|
What is the sole function of the 'TEMPORAL LOBE'?
What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on? |
HEARING
LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM' |
|
|
What is the sole function of the 'OCCIPITAL LOBE'?
What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on? |
VISUAL INPUT
LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM' |
|
|
What is the 'CEREBRAL CORTEX'?
Where is it located? |
GRAY MATTER (6 LAYERS OF NEURONS)
LOCATED ON THE 'OUTER PORTION' OF THE 'CEREBRUM' (3/16") |
|
|
What are the 6 'various' 'FUNCTIONS' of the 'CEREBRUM'?
|
1. ALL 'CONSCIOUS' FUNCTIONS
2. INTERPRETATIONS OF SENSATIONS 3. UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE 4. INTELLIGENCE 5. MEMORY 6. EMOTIONAL FEELINGS |
|
|
The 'THALAMUS' is located 'right' next to what other part of the 'BRAIN'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
|
The 'THALAMUS' has 4 main functions. What are they?
|
1. CRUDE SENSATION OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE, TOUCH
2. PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS 3. COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION 4. IS A 'RELAY CENTER' (RECEIVES 'ALL' SENSORY INPUT EXCEPT FOR 'SMELL'. |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is considered to be the 'RELAY CENTER'?
|
'THALAMUS'
*RELAY CENTER = RECEIVES 'ALL' SENSORY INPUT (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) AND RELAYS TO 'SENSORY CORTEX' |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with the 'RECOGNITION OF CRUDE SENSATIONS OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND TOUCH'?
|
THALAMUS
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS'?
|
THALAMUS
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION'?
|
THALAMUS
|
|
|
What are the 4 functions of the 'HYPOTHALAMUS'?
|
1. CONTROLS THE 'PITUITARY'
2. WATER BALANCE 3. APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE 4. BODY TEMPERATURE 5. INDIRECT/DIRECT INPUTS TO 'AUTONOMIC' NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' does 'NOT' have a well developed 'BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'CONTROLLING THE PITUITARY'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'WATER BALANCE'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
VIA 'ADH' (ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE) |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'APPETITE/FOOD INTAKE'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
|
What 'RECEPTORS' measure sugar levels? In which part of the 'BRAIN' are they located?
|
RECEPTORS = GLUCOSTATS (RECEPTORS FOR GLUCOSE)
LOCATED IN 'HYPOTHALAMUS' *APPETITE/FOOD INTAKE |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'BODY TEMPERATURE'?
|
'HYPOTHALAMUS'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' has 'DIRECT/INDIRECT INPUTS TO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
'HYPOTHALAMUS'
|
|
|
The 'CEREBELLUM' (*NOT CEREBRUM!) has 3 main functions. What are they?
|
1. CONTROL MUSCLE ACTION
2. POSTURAL REFLEXES 3. EQUILIBRIUM |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'CONTROLLING MUSCLE ACTION'?
|
'CEREBELLUM'
PLANS AND EXECUTES VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'POSTURAL REFLEXES'?
|
'CEREBELLUM'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'EQUILIBRIUM'?
|
'CEREBELLUM'
|
|
|
What are the 6 basic functions of the 'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'?
|
1. CONTROLS HEART RATE
2. CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE 3. CONTROLS RESPIRATIONS 4. REFLEXES OF 'VOMITING' 5. COUGHING 6. HICCUPING |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'CONTROLLING HEART RATE'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'RESPIRATION CONTROL'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'REFLEXES IN VOMITING'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'COUGHING'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'HICCUPING'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
|
What is the 'FUNCTION' of the 'PONS'?
|
CENTER FOR 'CRANIAL NERVES'
5th, 6th, 7th and 8th 'CRANIAL NERVES' |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is the 'CENTER FOR THE 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th CRANIAL NERVES'?
|
'PONS'
|
|
|
What two parts of the 'BRAIN' are responsible/center for half of the 'CRANIAL NERVES'?
(*6 of the 12 CRANIAL NERVES) |
1. PONS
2. MIDBRAIN |
|
|
What is the 'FUNCTION' of the 'MIDBRAIN'?
|
CENTER FOR 'CRANIAL NERVES'
3rd and 4th |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is the 'CENTER FOR THE 3rd and 4th CRANIAL NERVES'?
|
'MIDBRAIN'
|
|
|
The 'BRAIN STEM' can be separated into what 3 parts?
|
1. MEDULLA
2. PONS 3. MIDBRAIN |
|
|
What is the 'RETICULAR FORMATION'?
|
WIDESPREAD NETWORK OF 'INTERCONNECTED' NEURONS
THESE 'NEURONS' RUN THROUGH THE 'ENTIRE BRAIN STEM' AND INTO THE 'THALAMUS' |
|
|
The 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' has 3 main functions. What are they?
|
1. OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS
2. WAKEFULNESS 3. SLEEP |
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for the 'OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS'?
|
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for 'WAKEFULNESS'?
|
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
|
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for 'SLEEP'?
|
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
|
|
|
'GENERAL ANESTHETICS' suppress 'NEURONS' in what part of the 'BRAIN'?
What is this area called? |
'BRAIN STEM'
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'DAMAGE' OF NEURONS IN THE 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' MAY LEAD TO A COMA. |
TRUE
DAMAGE TO NEURONS IN THE 'RAC' (RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER) MAY LEAD TO A COMA |
|
|
All of the 'CRANIAL NERVES' supply the 'HEAD' and 'NECK' except for one. What is the name of that 'CRANIAL NERVE'?
What does it supply? |
'VAGUS NERVE'
SUPPLIES ORGANS IN THE 'THORACIC/ABDOMINAL CAVITIES' |
|
|
Which 'NERVE' is considered to be the 'MAJOR NERVE' of the 'PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM'?
What percentage of 'PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES' does this nerve supply? |
'VAGUS NERVE'
SUPPLIES 80% OF ALL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES |
|
|
How many pairs of 'SPINAL NERVES' are there?
|
31 PAIRS OF 'SPINAL NERVES'
|
|
|
'SPINAL NERVES' can be separated into 5 groups of nerves. What are the 5 groups?
(*In order from TOP to BOTTOM of the SPINAL CORD) |
1. CERVICAL (NECK)
2. THORACIC (CHEST) 3. LUMBAR (ABDOMINAL) 4. SACRAL (PELVIC) 5. COCCYGEAL (TAILBONE) |
|
|
How many 'CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
8 CERVICAL NERVES
'NECK' |
|
|
How many 'THORACIC SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
12 THORACIC NERVES
'CHEST' |
|
|
How many 'LUMBAR SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
5 LUMBAR NERVES
'ABDOMINAL' |
|
|
How many 'SACRAL SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
5 SACRAL NERVES
PELVIS |
|
|
How many 'COCCYGEAL SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
ONLY '1' COCCYGEAL NERVE
TAILBONE |
|
|
Towards the 'lower' vertebral canal. There is a 'THICK BUNDLE OF ELONGATED NERVE ROOTS'. What is this called?
|
'CAUDA EQUINA'
aka - 'HORSE'S TAIL' (*Called this because of its appearance) |
|
|
There are up to ________ 'SYNAPSES' in a 'GANGLION' in a 'SPINAL NERVE'.
|
3,000 SYNAPSES PER 'SPINAL NERVE' GANGLION
|
|
|
What are the numbers and names of all of the 'CRANIAL NERVES'?
(*THERE ARE 12 OF THEM) |
1. OLFACTORY
2. OPTIC 3. OCULOMOTOR 4. TROCHLEAR 5. TRIGEMINAL 6. ABDUCENS 7. FACIAL 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL 10. VAGUS 11. ACCESSORY 12. HYPOGLOSSAL (*MNEMONIC - (OL)ympic (OP)ium (OC)cupies (TRO)ubled (TRI)athletes (A)fter (F)inishing (VE)rmont (G)ambling (VA)cations (S)till (H)igh) |
|
|
Which 'CRANIAL NERVES' are 'SENSORY, MOTOR or BOTH'?
|
1. OLFACTORY - SENSORY
2. OPTIC - SENSORY 3. OCULOMOTOR - MOTOR 4. TROCHLEAR - MOTOR 5. TRIGEMINAL - BOTH 6. ABDUCENS - MOTOR 7. FACIAL - BOTH 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR - SENSORY 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL - BOTH 10. VAGUS - BOTH 11. ACCESSORY - MOTOR 12. HYPOGLOSSAL - MOTOR (*MNEMONIC - (S)mall (S)hips (M)ake (M)oney, (B)ut (M)y (B)rother (S)ays (B)ig (B)oats (M)ake (M)ore) M=MOTOR | B=BOTH | S=SENSORY |
|
|
What is the function of the 'OLFACTORY' nerve?
|
SMELL - MUCOSA IN NOSE
(SENSORY) |
|
|
What is the function of the 'OPTIC' nerve?
|
SIGHT
(SENSORY) |
|
|
What is the function of the 'OCULOMOTOR' nerve?
|
MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL
(FOCUSING/CHANGE IN PUPIL SIZE) (MOTOR) |
|
|
What is the function of the 'TROCHLEAR' nerve?
|
MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL
(MOTOR) |
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the 'TRIGEMINAL' nerve?
|
1. SENSATIONS FROM FACE,TEETH AND TONGUE (SENSORY)
2. MOVEMENT OF JAW, CHEWING MUSCLES (MOTOR) (BOTH) |
|
|
What is the function of the 'ABDUCENS' nerve?
|
'MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL'
(MOTOR) |
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the 'FACIAL' nerve?
|
1. TASTE BUDS AT THE FRONT OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY)
2. MOVEMENT OF FACIAL MUSCLES, SECRETION OF SALIVA/TEARS (MOTOR) (BOTH) |
|
|
What is the function of the 'VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR' nerve?
|
HEARING, BALANCE AND POSTURE
(SENSORY) |
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the 'GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL' nerve?
|
1. TASTE BUDS AT THE BACK OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY)
2. SWALLOWING AND SECRETION OF SALIVA (MOTOR) (BOTH) |
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the 'VAGUS' nerve?
|
1. VISCERAL SENSATIONS (SENSORY)
2. VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT (MOTOR) (BOTH) |
|
|
What is the function of the 'ACCESSORY' nerve?
|
SWALLOWING, HEAD AND NECK MOVEMENTS
(MOTOR) |
|
|
What is the function of the 'HYPOGLOSSAL' nerve?
|
SPEECH AND SWALLOWING
(MOTOR) |
|
|
What 3 'CRANIAL NERVES' are involved with 'EYE MOVEMENT'?
|
(NERVES 3,4,6)
III. OCULOMOTOR IV. TROCHLEAR VI. ABDUCENS (*MNEMONIC - 3,4 AND 6 MAKE MY EYES DO 'TRICKS') |
|
|
What letter is formed at the 'CENTER' of the 'SPINAL CORD'?
What forms this? |
THE LETTER 'H'
'GRAY MATTER' FORMS THIS |
|
|
What is located in the 'CENTRAL CANAL' in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
|
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
|
|
|
What is located in the 'GRAY MATTER' in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
|
NEURON CELL BODIES
|
|
|
In a 'SPINAL CORD' cross section, what is located next to the 'GRAY MATTER'?
|
WHITE MATTER
|
|
|
What is 'WHITE MATTER' composed of in a 'SPINAL CORD'?
|
MYELINATED AXONS
|
|
|
There are columns or 'FUNICULI' located in the 'SPINAL CORD' in a cross section. What are they?
|
1. POSTERIOR (TOP)
2. LATERAL (SIDES) 3. ANTERIOR (BOTTOM) |
|
|
What divides the 'SPINAL CORD' cross section into the 3 sections/funiculi?
|
THE 'GRAY MATTER' THAT FORMS THE LETTER 'H'
|
|
|
Where are 'NERVE TRACTS' located in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
|
IN THE 3 'FUNICULI'
|
|
|
'NERVE TRACTS' can go one of two ways. What are the 2 options?
What do each of them mean? |
1. ASCENDING - BOTTOM OF SPINAL CORD TO BRAIN
2. DESCENDING - FROM BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD |
|
|
In every 'NERVE TRACT' name, there are 3 things that are defined. What are they?
|
1. FUNICULUS IN WHICH TRACT IS LOCATED
2. LOCATION OF CELL (ORIGIN) 3. LEVEL OF 'DESTINATION' |
|
|
What are the 2 main 'ASCENDING' nerve tracts?
|
1. LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC
2. ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC (*HINT - SPINE to THALAMUS = ASCENDING TRACT) |
|
|
What are the 2 main 'DESCENDING' nerve tracts?
|
1. LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL
2. ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL (*HINT - CEREBRUM to SPINE = DESCENDING TRACT) |
|
|
What 'NERVE TRACT' conducts the following:
'SENSORY IMPULSES' for 'CRUDE TOUCH' and 'PRESSURE'? Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'? |
ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC
(ASCENDING TRACT) |
|
|
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following:
'CONDUCTS PAIN' and 'TEMPERATURE IMPULSES'? Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'? |
LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC
(ASCENDING TRACT) |
|
|
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following:
'Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves and [OUTWARD] through 'ANTERIOR HORNS' for coordinated movements. Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'? |
ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL
(DESCENDING TRACT) |
|
|
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following:
'Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves through 'ANTERIOR HORNS' for coordinated movements. Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'? |
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL
(DESCENDING) |
|
|
What is the 'SIMPLEST TYPE OF 'SENSORY-TO-MOTOR' NERVE PATHWAY'?
|
'REFLEX ARC'
|
|
|
What is the 'REFLEX ARC'
|
THE SIMPLEST 'SENSORY-TO-NERVE' PATHWAY
|
|
|
How does the 'REFLEX ARC' work?
(*THERE ARE 3 STEPS) |
1. RECEPTOR DETECTS STIMULUS
2. 'SENSORY NEURON' SENDS NERVE IMPULSE TO 'CNS' 3. 'MOTOR NEURON' CONDUCTS IMPULSE TO 'EFFECTOR ORGAN' |
|
|
What is a 'RECEPTOR' defined as?
|
PORTION OF 'DENDRITE' OR SPECIALIZED RECEPTOR CELL IN A 'SENSORY ORGAN'
|
|
|
What is the 'FUNCTION' of a 'RECEPTOR'?
|
SENSITIVE TO SPECIFIC TYPES OF 'STIMULUS'
|
|
|
What is a 'SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON' defined as?
(*3 PARTS) |
1. DENDRITE
2. CELL BODY 3. AXON |
|
|
What is the function of a 'SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON'?
|
TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM RECEPTOR TO THE (CNS)
(*HINT - (A)FFERENT NEURONS (A)RRIVE TO 'BRAIN' (CNS)) |
|
|
What is an 'INTERNEURON' defined as?
(*3 PARTS/STAGES) |
1. DENDRITE
2. CELL BODY 3. AXON OF NEURON (IN BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD) |
|
|
What are the functions of an 'INTERNEURON'?
(*There are 2 of them) |
1. SERVE AS 'PROCESSING CENTER'
2. CONDUCT IMPULSE FROM 'SENSORY NEURON' TO 'MOTOR NEURON' |
|
|
What is a 'MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON' defined as?
(*3 PARTS) |
1. DENDRITE
2. CELL BODY 3. AXON |
|
|
What is the function of a 'MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON'?
|
TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM CNS OUT TO AN 'EFFECTOR ORGAN'
(*HINT - (E)FFERENT NEURONS (E)XIT THE 'BRAIN' AND MOVE TO (E)FFECTOR ORGANS)) |
|
|
What is a 'EFFECTOR' defined as?
|
MUSCLE/GLAND OUTSIDE THE 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'
|
|
|
What are the functions of 'EFFECTORS'?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. RESPOND TO STIMULATION BY 'MOTOR NEURON'
2. PRODUCE A 'REFLEX' OR 'PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE' |
|
|
Most 'BLOOD CAPILLARIES' in the body contain what?
What is the exception to this? |
'PORE PASSAGES' FOR 'LIPID SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES'
'BRAIN CAPILLARIES = EXCEPTION' |
|
|
What do 'BRAIN CAPILLARIES' contain that other capillaries in the body do not?
Why is this important? |
'TIGHT JUNCTIONS'
CONTROL WHAT SUBSTANCES MAY OR MAY NOT ENTER THE 'BRAIN BLOOD CAPILLARIES' |
|
|
What is an 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' (EEG)?
|
GRAPHIC RECORD OF NEURON ACTIVITY IN THE 'BRAIN'
|
|
|
What are the 4 kinds of 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS' (EEGs)?
|
1. ALPHA WAVES
2. BETA WAVES 3. THETA WAVES 4. DELTA WAVES |
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '8-12 waves/sec'?
|
ALPHA WAVES
|
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '13-25 waves/sec'?
|
BETA WAVES
|
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '5-8 waves/sec'?
|
THETA WAVES
|
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '1-5 waves/sec'?
|
DELTA WAVES
|
|
|
Where are 'ALPHA WAVES' recorded from?
(*2 LOBES) |
1. PARIETAL LOBE
2. OCCIPITAL LOBE |
|
|
What 3 things will 'INCREASE' the incidence of 'ALPHA WAVES'?
|
1. INCREASED BLOOD SUGAR
2. INCREASED CORTICOIDS 3. ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE |
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are recorded when a person is 'AWAKE' and 'RELAXED WITH EYES CLOSED'?
|
ALPHA WAVES
|
|
|
Where are 'BETA WAVES' recorded from? Which lobes?
|
FRONTAL LOBES
|
|
|
Which waves are the 'MOST RAPID' of all 'BRAIN WAVES'?
|
BETA WAVES
|
|
|
Which waves are produced when a person is 'VISUALLY ORIENTATING' and/or 'THINKING'?
|
BETA WAVES
|
|
|
Where are 'THETA WAVES' recorded from?
(*3 lobes) |
1. TEMPORAL LOBES
2. OCCIPITAL LOBES |
|
|
Where are 'THETA WAVES' seen more commonly?
|
NEWBORN INFANTS
|
|
|
These type of 'BRAIN WAVES' can be observed in 'ADULTS UNDER SEVERE EMOTIONAL STRESS'.
|
THETA WAVES
|
|
|
Where are 'DELTA WAVES' generally recorded from?
|
NEAR THE 'CEREBRUM'
|
|
|
These type of 'BRAIN WAVES' can be observed in 'INFANTS' and 'SLEEPING ADULTS'.
|
DELTA WAVES
|
|
|
The presence of these 'BRAIN WAVES' in an 'ADULT' who is 'AWAKE' may indicate 'ABNORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION'.
|
DELTA WAVES
|
|
|
There are 7 problems that an 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' can diagnose neurologically. What are they?
|
1. TRAUMA
2. MENTAL DEPRESSION 3. HEMATOMAS 4. VARIOUS DISEASES 5. TUMORS 6. EPILEPSY 7. INFECTION |
|
|
What is 'BRAIN DEATH' defined as?
|
THE 'CESSATION' OF BRAIN WAVES.
|
|
|
What are the 5 criteria for determining 'BRAIN DEATH'?
|
1. UNRESPONSIVENESS (COMA)
2. ABSENCE OF UNASSISTED RESPIRATION FOR 3 MINUTES 3. ABSENCE OF CNS REFLEXES 4. FIXED DILATED PUPILS 5. FLAG 'EEG' FOR AT LEAST 10 MINUTES |
|
|
What are the characteristics of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID'?
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM) |
1. SLIGHTLY 'ALKALINE' (BASIC)
2. MORE SODIUM, CHLORINE AND MAGNESIUM IONS 3. LESS BLOOD PLASMA, CALCIUM, POTASSIUM AND GLUCOSE 4. ALSO CONTAINS 'SOME' PROTEINS, UREA AND LEUKOCYTES |
|
|
What molecules does 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' contain 'MORE' of?
|
'MORE':
SODIUM IONS(Na+) CHLORIDE IONS (Cl-) MAGNESIUM IONS (Mg2+) |
|
|
What molecules does 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' contain 'LESS' of?
|
'LESS':
CALCIUM IONS (Ca2+) POTASSIUM IONS (K+) GLUCOSE |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' IS ONLY PRODUCED SPORADICALLY. |
FALSE
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) IS PRODUCED 'CONTINUOUSLY' |
|
|
What is 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' formed from?
|
PLASMA
|
|
|
How is 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' continuously produced?
|
THROUGH 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT' AND 'ULTRAFILTRATION' FROM MATERIALS ALREADY IN BLOOD VIA SPECIALIZED CAPILLARIES
|
|
|
What are 'CHOROID PLEXUSES'?
What is their function? Where are they located? |
CHOROID PLEXUSES = SPECIALIZED BLOOD CAPILLARIES
INVOLVED IN THE 'PRODUCTION' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) LOCATED ON THE 'ROOFS' OF THE 'VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN' |
|
|
What is the 'NORMAL' fluid pressure of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)?
|
10mm Hg
|
|
|
Additional 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' is produced by what kind of cells?
Where are there cells located? |
'EPENDYMAL CELLS'
LOCATED ON 'VENTRICLES' AND 'CENTRAL CANAL' OF 'SPINAL CORD' (CROSS SECTION) |
|
|
What is the 'PATHWAY OF FLOW' for the production of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)?
(*There are 7 steps) |
1. LATERAL VENTRICLES
2. INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN (of Monro) 3. THIRD VENTRICLE 4. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT (of Sylvius) 5. FOURTH VENTRICLE 6. SUBARACHNOID SPACE 7. REABSORPTION AT THE 'ARACHNOID VILLI' [*MNEMONIC - (L)ittle (I)ndians (of Monro) (T)hink (C)owboys (of Sylvius) (F)ear (S)piders & (R)ats (at the Arachnoid Villi)] |
|
|
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) has 3 main functions. What are they?
|
1. CUSHIONS BRAIN WITHIN 'SOLID VAULT'
2. ALLOWS FOR EXCHANGE OF 'NUTRIENTS' AND 'WASTES' WITHIN THE NERVOUS TISSUE 3. BUOYS THE BRAIN |
|
|
How much does the 'BRAIN' weigh when not suspended in 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)?
How much does it weight when it is in (CSF)? |
1500 grams = NOT IN (CSF)
50 gram = SUSPENDED IN (CSF) |
|
|
What is 'HYDROCEPHALUS' defined as?
|
ABNORMAL 'ACCUMULATION' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) IN:
'VENTRICLES' AND 'SUBARACHNOID' OR 'SUBDURAL SPACE' |
|
|
What are some of the 'CAUSES' of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
(*There are 2 of them) |
1. EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
2. BLOCKED FLOW OF (CSF) |
|
|
What does 'HYDROCEPHALUS' eventually cause?
|
CAUSES 'CRANIAL BONES' TO THIN AND THE 'CEREBRAL CORTEX' TO 'ATROPHY'.
|
|
|
What is the definition of a 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE'?
|
THE 'WITHDRAWAL' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' FROM THE 'SUBARACHNOID SPACE' IN THE REGION OF THE 'LUMBAR VERTEBRAE'.
|
|
|
What are the 2 reasons for a 'STROKE'?
Why would a 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE' by important to perform in this case? |
1. CLOT
2. BLOOD VESSEL RUPTURING CAUSING BRAIN TO HEMORRHAGE A 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE' WILL SHOW IF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' CONTAINS 'BLOOD' FROM A HEMORRHAGE. A 'CLOT' WILL NOT SHOW ANY. DEPENDING ON 'CLOT' OR 'HEMORRHAGE' DIFFERENT MEDICATION IS GIVEN. |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' WILL SHOW IF THERE IS AN 'INFECTION' IN THE 'BRAIN/SPINAL CORD'. |
TRUE
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' WILL SHOW 'BACTERIA' |
|
|
When can 'HYDROCEPHALUS' occur?
|
FROM 'INFANCY' TO 'CHILDHOOD'
*MOST CASES DEVELOP GRADUALLY OVER TIME |
|
|
What is 'ACUTE HYDROCEPHALUS' defined as?
|
RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF 'HYDROCEPHALUS' FROM A SUSTAINED HEAD INJURY
|
|
|
When does 'IDIOPATHIC' or 'NORMAL-PRESSURE' 'HYDROCEPHALUS' (NPH) occur?
|
WHEN 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) INCREASES, BUT 'PRESSURE' MAY OR MAY NOT INCREASE.
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
|
1. NON-COMMUNICATING
2. COMMUNICATING |
|
|
What is the 'MECHANISM' involved in 'NON-COMMUNICATING' 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
|
OBSTRUCTION OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) FLOW BETWEEN VENTRICLES
|
|
|
What is the 'CAUSE' of 'NON-COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. CONGENITAL ABNORMALITY
2. AQUEDUCT STENOSIS 3. COMPRESSION BY TUMOR |
|
|
What are the 2 'MECHANISMS' involved in 'COMMUNICATING' 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
|
1. IMPAIRED ABSORPTION OF (CSF)
2. INCREASED (CSF) SECRETION |
|
|
What are the causes for the 2 'MECHANISMS' involved in 'COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS'?
(*There are 3 for 1st 'mechanism' and 1 for the 2nd 'mechanism) |
IMPAIRED ABSORPTION OF (CSF):
1. INFECTION W/ ADHESIONS 2. HIGH VENOUS PRESSURE IN 'SAGITTAL SINUS' 3. HEAD INJURY INCREASED (CSF) SECRETION: 1. SECRETING TUMOR (CHOROID PLEXUS) |
|
|
What are some of the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ACUTE HYDROCEPHALUS'?
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM) |
1. HEADACHE
2. VOMITING 3. ALTERED VITAL SIGNS 4. DEEP COMA IF NOT TREATED QUICKLY |
|
|
What is the 'MOST COMMON CAUSE' of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
|
OBSTRUCTION
|
|
|
What are some of the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS'?
(*THERE ARE 6 OF THEM) |
1. CRANIAL CIRCUMFERENCE IS ENLARGED
2. EYES TURNED DOWNWARD 3. THIN SCALP W/ PROMINENT VEINS 4. POSSIBLE BLINDNESS 5. POSSIBLE PARALYSIS 6. POSSIBLE MENTAL RETARDATION |
|
|
What are the 2 ways that 'HYDROCEPHALUS' is diagnosed early?
|
1. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (CT)
2. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) |
|
|
What is 'NON-REM' sleep also referred to as?
(*3 TERMS) |
1. SLOW SLEEP
2. S-STATE 3. QUIET SLEEP |
|
|
What is the known as the 'DEEPEST' state of 'NON-REM' sleep?
|
DELTA
|
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'NON-REM' SLEEP STAGE HAS VERY 'SMALL' WAVES. |
FALSE
'NON-REM' SLEEP STATE HAS VERY 'LARGE WAVES' (Less than 4 cycles per second) |
|
|
What are some of the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'NON-REM' sleep?
(*THERE ARE 7 OF THEM) |
1. LARGE WAVES
2. FEW EYE MOVEMENTS 3. OCCASIONAL CHANGES IN BODY POSITION 4. RESPIRATION IS SLOW/DEEP/REGULAR 5. DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, BRAIN TEMPERATURE 6. INCREASED TENDENCY FOR 'SEIZURE DISORDERS' 7. 4-5% WHO AWAKE DURING 'NON-REM' SLEEP REPORT DREAMS |
|
|
What sleep stage is responsible for 'FEW EYE MOVEMENTS'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'OCCASIONAL CHANGES IN BODY POSITION - EVERY 20-30 MINUTES'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED TENDENCY FOR SEIZURE DISORDERS'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD BLOW AND BRAIN TEMPERATURE'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for '4-5% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING DREAMS'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
'REM' Sleep stage is also referred to as what 3 terms?
|
1. ACTIVE SLEEP
2. FAST SLEEP 3. D-SLEEP |
|
|
What type of 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' is recorded with 'REM' SLEEP?
(*3 THINGS) |
LOW VOLTAGE
HIGH FREQUENCY RANDOM |
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for there being 'DIFFICULTY IN AWAKENING THE INDIVIDUAL'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'PARALYZED MUSCLES (EXCEPT FOR MASTICATION MUSCLES)'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for '80-90% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING DREAMS UPON BEING AWOKEN'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'BEING SUPPRESSED BY A NUMBER OF DRUGS, ALCOHOL AND BARBITUATES'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS, ANGINA, ELEVATED S-T SEGMENT' (aka - Heart Attacks)?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED NUMBER OF 'PVD's AND OTHER HEART ARRHYTHMIAS'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED RELEASE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED GASTRIC ACID SECRETION IN PATIENTS WITH PEPTIC ULCERS'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED BRAIN TEMPERATURE'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED NUMBER OF ERECTIONS'?
(*THIS IS USED IN TESTING IMPOTENCE) |
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
|
What does the 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' do as far a 'innervation'?
|
INNERVATES 'ORGANS' WHOSE FUNCTIONS ARE 'NOT' USUALLY UNDER:
'VOLUNTARY CONTROL' |
|
|
What 3 'EFFECTOR TYPES' respond to 'autonomic regulation'?
|
1. CARDIAC MUSCLE
2. SMOOTH MUSCLE 3. VISCERAL ORGANS/GLANDS (aka - INTERNAL ORGANS/GLANDS) |
|
|
The 'AUTONOMIC SYSTEM' is also sometimes called what?
|
'VISCERAL MOTOR SYSTEM'
BECAUSE IT PROVIDES MOTOR CONTROL OF THE VISCERA |
|
|
What are the 2 divisions of the 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION |
|
|
'IMPULSES' from the 2 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' divisions do what to 'activator organs'?
(*2 THINGS) What is this another example of? |
1. ACTIVATE 'EFFECTOR ORGANS'
2. INHIBIT 'EFFECTOR ORGANS' 'HOMEOSTASIS' |
|
|
The 'SYMPATHETIC DIVISION' is also known as what kind of 'response'?
Why? |
'FIGHT OR FLIGHT' RESPONSE
PREPARES THE BODY FOR 'INTENSE' PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN 'EMERGENCIES' THROUGH 'ADRENERGIC' EFFECTS. |
|
|
Through what type of 'stimulation' does the 'SYMPATHETIC DIVISION' operate on?
|
'ADRENERGIC'
'FIGHT OR FLIGHT' |
|
|
During 'SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE'. There are 6 main things that happen, what are they?
|
1. HEART RATE INCREASES
2. BLOOD GLUCOSE RISES 3. BLOOD DIVERTED TO 'SKELETAL MUSCLES' (AWAY FROM VISCERAL) 4. PUPILS DILATE 5. BRONCHIOLES DILATE 6. ADRENAL MEDULLA RELEASES EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE INTO BLOOD |
|
|
The 'ACTIVITY' of the 'EFFECTOR ORGANS' is regulated by the degree of input from what?
|
BOTH THE 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' DIVISIONS:
- SYMPATHETIC - PARASYMPATHETIC |
|
|
The 'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION' response is also known as what?
|
'REST AND DIGEST'
|
|
|
How can an 'EFFECTOR ORGAN' be stimulated to do opposite responses?
|
POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THE TWO DIVISIONS RELEASE 'DIFFERENT' NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
SYMPATHETIC = NOREPINEPHRINE PARASYMPATHETIC = ACETYLCHOLINE |
|
|
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is used for 'SYMPATHETIC' responses?
|
NOREPINEPHRINE
|
|
|
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is used for 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses?
|
ACETYLCHOLINE
|
|
|
In the 'SYMPATHETIC DIVISION' is the 'PREGANGLIONIC FIBER' long/short compared to the other division?
|
'SYMPATHETIC DIVISION'
'SHORT' PREGANGLIONIC FIBER 'LONG' POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER [*HINT = (S)YMPATHETIC = (S)HORT. (PRE) ALWAYS COMES BEFORE (POST).] |
|
|
In the 'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION' is the 'PREGANGLIONIC FIBER' long/short compared to the other division?
|
'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION'
'LONG' PREGANGLIONIC FIBER 'SHORT' PREGANGLIONIC FIBER [*HINT = (PARA)SYMPATHETIC IS A (LONGER) WORD THAN THE OTHER DIVISION. (PRE) ALWAYS COMES BEFORE (POST).] |
|
|
The 'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION' relies on what type of 'responses'?
|
CHOLINERGIC RESPONSES
|
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
IN 'PARASYMPATHETIC' AND 'SYMPATHETIC' RESPONSES BOTH THE 'PREGANGLIONIC' AND 'POSTGANGLIONIC' FIBERS ARE MYELINATED. |
FALSE
PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS = ALWAYS MYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS = UNMYELINATED THIS IS FOR 'BOTH' 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' DIVISIONS |
|
|
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is always used for 'MOTOR NEURONS' and 'SKELETAL MUSCLES'?
|
ACETYLCHOLINE
|
|
|
The 'SOMATIC SYSTEM' is under what type of control?
|
VOLUNTARY CONTROL
(*ALWAYS USES 'ACETYLCHOLINE' FOR 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS) |
|
|
What type of division would be responsible for a response of 'INCREASED HEART RATE'?
|
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (ADRENERGIC)
'FIGHT OR FLIGHT' |
|
|
What type of division would be responsible for a response of 'DECREASED DIGESTION'?
|
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (ADRENERGIC)
'FIGHT OR FLIGHT' |
|
|
What type of division would be responsible for a response of 'DECREASED HEART RATE'?
|
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (CHOLINERGIC)
'REST AND DIGEST' |
|
|
What type of division would be responsible for a response of 'INCREASED DIGESTION'?
|
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (CHOLINERGIC)
'REST AND DIGEST' |
|
|
What are the 3 major 'DIFFERENCES' between the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' and 'SYMPATHETIC' divisions?
|
1. ANATOMICAL ORIGIN IS DIFFERENT
2. ANTAGONISTIC TO EACH OTHER 3. NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE DIFFERENT |
|
|
The 'THORACIC' and 'LUMBAR' regions encompass what 'autonomic nervous system' division?
|
SYMPATHETIC
|
|
|
The 'CRANIAL' and 'SACRAL' regions encompass what 'autonomic nervous system' division?
|
PARASYMPATHETIC
|
|
|
What 'NERVE ORIGINS' are involved in 'SYMPATHETIC' responses?
(6 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS) |
T1 to T12 (THORACIC)
L1 to L3 (LUMBAR) |
|
|
80% of 'ALL' 'PARASYMPATHETIC' fibers (impulses) are connected to what 'NERVE'?
|
VAGUS NERVE
|
|
|
What 'NERVE ORIGINS' are involved in 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses?
(9 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS) |
FOUR CRANIAL NERVES (3,7,9,10)
SACRAL REGION (5 NERVES TOTAL) |
|
|
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'ALWAYS' used in 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses?
|
ACETYLCHOLINE
|
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
'NOREPINEPHRINE' is 'ALWAYS' used to elicit a 'SYMPATHETIC' response. |
1. SWEAT GLANDS
2. SMOOTH MUSCLES IN BLOOD VESSELS THAT 'GO TO 'SKELETAL MUSCLES' 3. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA *ACETYLCHOLINE IS USED INSTEAD |
|
|
What are the 3 'EXCEPTIONS' of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' use in 'SYMPATHETIC' responses where norepinephrine is 'NOT' used.
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is used instead? |
1. SWEAT GLANDS
2. SMOOTH MUSCLES IN BLOOD VESSELS THAT 'GO TO 'SKELETAL MUSCLES' 3. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA *ACETYLCHOLINE IS USED INSTEAD |
|
|
What are the 4 'SIMILARITIES' between the 2 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVISIONS'?
|
1. PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS = MYELINATED
2. POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS = UNMYELINATED 3. EFFERENT OUTFLOW DIVIDED INTO PRE- POST-GANGLIONIC NEURONS 4. PRE-GANGLIONIC NEUROTRANSMITTER = ACETYLCHOLINE |
|
|
What is 'PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA'?
What does this cause to occur? |
A TUMOR OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
'HYPERSECRETION' (EXCESS) OF NOREPINEPHRINE/EPINEPHRINE. *THIS CAUSES BLOOD PRESSURE TO INCREASE |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'HEART MUSCLE'?
(*2 THINGS) What receptor is involved in this? |
1. INCREASED HEART RATE
2. INCREASED FORCE (BETA-1 RECEPTOR) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BRONCHI-LUNG' (Smooth Muscles)?
(*ONLY 1) What receptor is involved in this? |
INHIBITED - BRONCHI-DILATION
(BETA-2 RECEPTOR) (*HINT - BETA-2 = YOU HAVE '2' LUNGS) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (MOST BODY ARTERIOLES)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
VASOCONSTRICTION
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (SKELETAL MUSCLE ARTERIOLES)
(*2 THINGS) What receptor is involved in this? |
1. VASONCONSTRICTION (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR)
2. VASODILATION (BETA-2 RECEPTOR) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on the 'PUPIL' (EYE)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
INHIBITED - PUPIL DILATION
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
INHIBITED
(BETA-2 RECEPTOR) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SECRETION)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
INHIBITED
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SPHINCTERS)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
CONTRACTION
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'SWEAT GLANDS'?
|
COPIOUS SWEATING
|
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'PILOERECTOR MUSCLES'
What receptor is involved in this? |
STIMULATED
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS) |
|
|
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on the 'LIVER'?
|
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
|
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'HEART MUSCLE'?
(*2 THINGS) |
1. SLOWER RATE
2. DECREASED FORCE |
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'BRONCHI-LUNGS' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
|
STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED
|
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (ATERIOLES)
(BOTH SKELETAL/OTHER BODY ARTERIOLES) |
NONE
NO EFFECT |
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'PUPIL' (EYE)?
|
STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED
|
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
|
STIMULATED -> PERISTALSIS
(PERISTALSIS = MOVEMENT OF FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS) |
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SECRETION)?
|
STIMLUATED
|
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SPHINCTERS)?
|
RELAXED
|
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'SWEAT GLANDS'?
|
NONE
NO EFFECT |
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'PILOERECTOR MUSCLES'?
|
NONE
NO EFFECT |
|
|
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'LIVER'?
|
NONE
NO EFFECT |
|
|
What are the two type of 'CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS'?
|
1. NICOTINIC
2. MUSCARINIC |
|
|
What are 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS' defined as?
What group of 'RECEPTORS' are they included in? |
RECEPTORS LOCATED AT THE GANGLIA IN 'BOTH' SYMPATHETIC/PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS.
INCLUDED IN THE 'CHOLINERGIC' RECEPTOR GROUP. |
|
|
What are 'MUSCARNIC RECEPTORS' defined as?
What group of 'RECEPTORS' are they included in? What 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' division are these receptors found in? |
RECEPTORS LOCATED ON 'ALL' EFFECTOR ORGANS THAT ARE INNERVATED BY 'POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS' OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION.
INCLUDED IN THE 'CHOLINERGIC' RECEPTOR GROUP. *ONLY FOUND IN 'PARASYMPATHETIC' DIVISION |
|
|
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' do 'CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS' utilize?
|
ACETYLCHOLINE
|
|
|
What 2 'AUTONOMIC NEURONS' are 'ALWAYS' 'CHOLINERGIC'?
|
1. SYMPATHETIC 'PREGANGLIONIC' NEURONS
2. PARASYMPATHETIC 'POSTGANGLIONIC' NEURONS |
|
|
What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' stimulate 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS'?
|
1. NICOTINE (from tobacco plants)
2. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) |
|
|
Why are 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS' not utilized for medicinal purposes often?
|
BECAUSE THEY STIMULATE 'BOTH' SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS.
|
|
|
What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' stimulate 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS'?
|
1. MUSCARINIE (from poisonous mushrooms)
2. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) |
|
|
What is one of the 'MAJOR' drugs used as a 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT' or 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST'?
|
ATROPINE
|
|
|
What is 'ATROPINE'?
|
AN 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT'
|
|
|
What are 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENTS' or 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS' used for in medicine?
(*THERE ARE 5 USES) |
1. TREAT 'PARKINSON'S DISEASE'
2. DILATE PUPILS 3. CONTROL MOTION SICKNESS 4. TREAT PEPTIC ULCERS 5. DECREASE SALIVARY/BRONCHIAL SECRETIONS |
|
|
What are 4 examples of 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS'?
In general, what do these do? |
1. ACETYLCHOLINE
2. CARBACHOL 3. METHACHOLINE 4. BETHANECHOL *INCREASED PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE |
|
|
What are 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS' used for in medicine?
(*THERE ARE 5 USES) |
1. STIMULATE INTESTINES
2. STIMULATE URINARY BLADDER 3. DILATE PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS 4. TREAT 'MYASTHENIA GRAVIS' |
|
|
What are the 2 types of 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS'?
|
1. ALPHA RECEPTORS
2. BETA RECEPTORS |
|
|
'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS' are regulated by what 2 hormones/neurotransmitters?
|
CATACHOLAMINES (aka - EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE)
|
|
|
In 'ALPHA-1' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
|
NOREPINEPHRINE = STRONGER
EPINEPHRINE = WEAKER |
|
|
In 'BETA-1' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
|
FUNCTION THE SAME
NOREPINEPHRINE = EPINEPHRINE |
|
|
In 'BETA-2' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
|
EPINEPHRINE = STRONGER
NOREPINEPHRINE = WEAKER |
|
|
Where is the 'TISSUE LOCATION' for 'ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS'?
|
SMOOTH MUSCLES
|
|
|
What is the 'EFFECT' of 'ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS' on 'SMOOTH MUSCLES'?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM) |
STIMULATION
1. VASOCONSTRICTION 2. UTERINE CONTRACTION 3. DILATION OF PUPIL 4. INTESTINAL SPHINCTER CONTRACTION 5. PILOMOTOR CONTRACTION |
|
|
What is the 'EFFECT' of 'BETA-1 RECEPTORS' on 'CARDIAC MUSCLE'?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM) |
STIMLUATION:
1. INCREASE HEART RATE 2. INCREASED FORCE OF CONTRACTION |
|
|
Where is the 'TISSUE LOCATION' for 'BETA-1 RECEPTORS'?
|
CARDIAC MUSCLE
|
|
|
What is the 'EFFECT' of 'BETA-2 RECEPTORS' on 'SMOOTH MUSCLES'?
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM) |
INHIBITION:
1. VASODILATION 2. UTERING RELAXATION 3. INTESTINAL RELAXATION 4. BRONCHODILATION (*SIMILAR TO PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE) |
|
|
What is 'ISOPROTERENOL'?
What does it do? |
SYNTHETIC 'CATECHOLAMINE'
STIMULATES MAINLY 'BETA-2' RECEPTORS STRONGER THAN 'ALPHA-1' RECEPTORS. (*WORKS JUST LIKE 'EPINEPHRINE') |
|
|
'ALL' 'ADRENERGIC' receptors act via what 'PROTEINS'?
|
G-PROTEINS
|
|
|
What do 'G-PROTEINS' affect?
|
ALL 'ADRENERGIC' RECEPTORS
|
|
|
What is the function of 'ALPHA RECEPTOR STIMULATORS'?
What medicinal function are they used in? |
VASOCONSTRICTION
USED IN 'DECONGESTANTS' |
|
|
What is the function of 'ALPHA RECEPTOR 'BLOCKERS'?
|
USED TO 'LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE'
|
|
|
What are the functions of 'BETA RECEPTOR 'STIMULATORS'?
(*THERE ARE 2) |
1. STIMULATE THE HEART
2. CAUSE BRONCHODILATION |
|
|
What is the function of 'BETA BLOCKERS'?
|
USED TO 'SLOW' THE HEART
|
|
|
What are the 5 types of 'SENSORY RECEPTORS'?
|
1. MECHANORECEPTORS
2. THERMORECEPTORS 3. NOCICEPTORS 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS 5. CHEMORECEPTORS |
|
|
What is the function of 'MECHANORECEPTORS'?
What are some examples of these receptors? (*THERE ARE 5) |
DETECT MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF RECEPTOR/CELLS ADJACENT TO RECEPTOR
EXAMPLES: 1. TOUCH 2. DEEP PRESSURE 3. HEARING 4. EQUILIBRIUM 5. ARTERIAL PRESSURE |
|
|
What is the function of 'THERMORECEPTORS'?
|
DETECT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE
(SOME DETECT COLD, OTHERS WARMTH) MAY BE STIMULATED BY CHANGES IN 'METABOLIC RATE' |
|
|
Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' may be stimulated by a 'CHANGE IN METABOLIC RATE'?
|
THERMORECEPTORS
|
|
|
What is the function of 'NOCICEPTORS'?
|
'PAIN RECEPTORS' THAT DETECT DAMAGE IN TISSUES.
*BOTH PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL |
|
|
What is the function of 'ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS'?
|
DETECT 'LIGHT' ON THE RETINA OF THE EYE
|
|
|
What are the functions of 'CHEMORECEPTORS'?
|
1. DETECT TASTE IN THE MOUTH (SWEET, SALT, SOUR AND BITTER)
2. DETECT SMELL IN THE NOSE 3. DETECT OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD |
|
|
What happen to 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' after a period of time of exposure to a stimuli?
|
THEY ADAPT
EITHER 'FULLY' OR 'PARTIALLY' |
|
|
What are the 2 terms applied to types of 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' that react to prolonged stimuli exposure?
|
1. TONIC
2. PHASIC |
|
|
Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' do 'NOT' adapt at all or adapt 'SLOWLY'?
What is an example of this? |
TONIC RECEPTORS
EXAMPLE = 'MUSCLE STRETCH RECEPTORS' |
|
|
Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' adapt 'RAPIDLY' to a stimulus. In other words, they no longer respond to a maintained stimulus?
What is an example of this? |
PHASIC RECEPTORS
EXAMPLE = (TOUCH RECEPTORS) eg., 'WATCH, RINGS, CLOTHING' |
|
|
Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' is involved with a slight 'DEPOLARIZATION' when the stimulus is removed?
|
PHASIC RECEPTORS
|
|
|
What are 'TONIC RECEPTORS' defined as?
|
DO NOT ADAPT AT ALL 'OR' ADAPT SLOWLY.
|
|
|
What are 'PHASIC RECEPTORS' defined as?
|
ADAPT RAPIDLY
DO NOT RESPOND ANY LONGER TO THE MAINTAINED 'STIMULUS'. (TOUCH RECEPTORS) |
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE
SOME PEOPLE ARE 'UNUSUALLY' SENSITIVE OR INSENSITIVE TO PAIN. |
FALSE
THERE 'IS' A UNIFORMITY OF PAIN THRESHOLD IN ALL PEOPLE. (*HOWEVER, SOME PEOPLE MAY REACT DIFFERENTLY TO PAIN) |
|
|
What is 'PAIN' defined as?
|
PROTECTIVE MEASURE THAT BRINGS TO THE 'CONSCIOUS' AN AWARENESS THAT:
- TISSUE DAMAGE 'IS' OCCURRING - TISSUE DAMAGE IS 'ABOUT' TO OCCUR |
|
|
What are the 3 different types of 'PAIN' that are recognized?
|
1. CUTANEOUS
2. DEEP PAIN 3. VISCERAL PAIN |
|
|
What is 'CUTANEOUS PAIN' defined as?
(*There are 4 things) |
CUTANEOUS PAIN:
1. LOCALIZED ON THE BODY SURFACE 2. PRICKING, SHARP, BURNING (THIS USUALLY OCCURS FIRST AND SHORT DURATION) 3. CAN BE LOCALIZED OR DIFFUSE 4. REFERRED TO AS 'FAST PAIN' (30 m/s) |
|
|
What 'PAIN' detection is referred to as 'FAST PAIN'?
|
CUTANEOUS
|
|
|
What is 'DEEP PAIN' defined as?
(*3 THINGS) |
PAIN FROM 'MUSCLES', 'TENDONS', AND 'JOINTS'.
|
|
|
What is 'VISCERAL PAIN' defined as?
What are the characteristics of this type of pain? |
PAIN FROM 'VISCERAL ORGANS'
1. DEEP PAIN/VISCERAL PAIN = POORLY LOCALIZED 2. DULL, ACHING, NAUSEOUS, THROBBING (OCCUR 2nd BUT PERSIST LONGER) 3. CONDUCTED BY UNMYELINATED NEURONS (SLOW) (1-12 m/s) |
|
|
When 'CELLS' are 'DAMAGED', they release 3 chemicals that 'STIMULATE' pain neurons. What are the 3 chemicals?
|
1. PROSTAGLANDINS
2. BRADYKININ 3. SUBSTANCE P 4. GLUTAMATE |
|
|
What are 'PROSTAGLANDINS'?
|
'DAMAGED CELL CHEMICAL THAT STIMULATES 'PAIN NEURONS'
SPECIAL GROUP OF 'FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES' CLEAVED FROM LIPID BILAYERS OF PLASMA MEMBRANES |
|
|
What is the 'CHEMICAL' that is activated by enzymes that are released from damaged cells?
|
BRADYKININ
|
|
|
What is 'SUBSTANCE P'?
|
A 'PAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER'
|
|
|
What is 'GLUTAMATE'?
|
A 'PAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER'
|
|
|
The body has 'NATURALLY OCCURRING OPIATE-LIKE CHEMICALS' that is releases. What are the 2?
|
1. ENDORPHINS
2. ENKEPHALINS |
|
|
The Central Nervous System (CNS) contains a 'NEURONAL SYSTEM' that can suppress pain.
In what situations would the body naturally use this system? (*2 OF THEM) What are the chemicals the body utilizes to accomplish this? |
1. EXERCISE
2. STRESS CHEMICALS: 1. ENDORPHINS 2. ENKEPHALINS |
|
|
How do 'ENDORPHINS' and 'ENKEPHALINS' function?
|
BLOCK THE RELEASE OF 'SUBSTANCE P' THUS BLOCKING THE TRANSMISSION OF THE PAIN SIGNAL.
(*MORPHINE/HEROINE ACT THE SAME WAY) |
|
|
There are 2 locations where 'ENDORPHINS' and 'ENKEPHALINS' can block pain. What are the 2 locations?
|
1. PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER (SURROUNDS THE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT)
2. RETICULAR FORMATION |
|
|
What is 'CHRONIC PAIN' defined as?
|
PAIN THAT OCCURS IN THE 'ABSENCE' OF TISSUE INJURY
|
|
|
What is the cause of 'CHRONIC PAIN'?
|
DAMAGE WITHIN 'PAIN PATHWAYS' IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVES OR (CNS)
(*HYPERSENSITIVITY) |
|
|
What is 'ABNORMAL CHRONIC PAIN' also referred to as?
|
NEUROPAHTIC PAIN
|
|
|
What drugs diminish pain by 'INHIBITING' the production and release of 'PROSTAGLANDINS'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. ASPIRIN
2. ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL) 3. IBUPROFEN (ADVIL) |
|
|
Which drugs act 'DIRECTLY' on pain centers in the 'BRAIN'?
(*THERE ARE 4 EXAMPLES) |
OPIATE DRUGS
1. CODEINE 2. MORPHINE 3. HEROINE 4. ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS |
|
|
What is 'REFERRED PAIN' defined as?
|
PAIN THAT DOES 'NOT' REFER TO THE ORGAN THAT IT IS COMING FROM.
|
|
|
What is a 'CHARACTERISTIC' of 'REFERRED PAIN'?
|
NOT ALWAYS FELT OVER THE TOP OF THE ORGAN WHERE THE PAIN IS FELT.
|
|
|
What are some of the 'REASONS/CAUSES' for 'REFERRED PAIN'?
|
1. EMBRYONIC ORIGIN OF THE ORGAN
2. CROSS-OVER OF '1st ORDER NEURONS' W/ '2nd ORDER NEURONS' IN THE SPINAL CORD |
|
|
The 'MOST COMMON' reason for 'REFERRED PAIN' is felt in a different location is due to what?
|
DUE TO A 'CROSS OVER' OF 2nd ORDER NEURONS TO 1st ORDER NEURONS.
|
|
|
What is 'EPILEPSY' defined as?
|
CHRONIC DISORDER FROM SUDDEN, UNCONTROLLED DISCHARGE OF ACTIVITY BY 'NEURONS' IN THE BRAIN.
(AKA - SEIZURE) |
|
|
When does 'EPILEPSY' occur?
|
STARTS IN CHILDHOOD 'OR' ADOLESCENCE.
*MANY PEOPLE OUTGROW IT AND NO LONGER NEED MEDICATION |
|
|
'EPILEPSY' can result from 8 different causes. What are they?
|
1. HYPERGLYCEMIA
2. FEBRILE DISORDERS 3. HEAD INJURY 4. DRUGS 5. BIRTH TRAUMA 6. STOKE 7. BRAIN TUMORS 8. METABOLIC DISORDERS |
|
|
What are the 3 drugs that are commonly used to treat 'EPILEPSY'?
|
1. PHENYTOIN
2. PHENOBARBITAL 3. VALPORATE |
|
|
Approximately what percentage of the population over the age of 65 if affected by 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'?
|
11% OF THE POPULATION
|
|
|
What are the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'?
(*THERE ARE 7 OF THEM) |
1. TROUBLE REMEMBERING RECENT EVENTS
2. LOSS OF MEMORIES OF THE PAST 3. CONFUSION 4. FORGETFULNESS 5. HALLUCINATION 6. PARANOIA 7. VIOLENT MOOD CHANGES |
|
|
What are some of the 'NEUROLOGICAL' effects of 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. GREAT LOSS OF NEURONS IN SPECIFIC REGIONS OF THE 'HIPPOCAMPUS' AND 'CEREBRAL CORTEX'
2. PLAQUES OF 'ABNORMAL PROTEINS' DEPOSITED OUTSIDE NEURONS 3. TANGLED PROTEIN FILAMENTS WITH NEURONS |
|
|
A DISEASE THAT PROGRESSIVELY DESTROYS THE MYELIN SHEATH IN THE CNS IS KNOWN AS:
1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2. TAY-SACHS DISEASE 3. CEREBRAL PALSY 4. PARAPLEGIA |
1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
|
|
|
A DISEASE IN WHICH THERE IS A LACK OF DOPAMINE IS:
1. BOTULISM 2. CEREBRAL PALSY 3. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 4. PARKINSON'S DISEASE |
4. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
|
|
|
THE PORTION OF THE BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR APPETITE IS:
1. THE THALAMUS 2. THE HYPOTHALMUS 3. THE MEDULLA 4. THE PONS |
2. THE HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
|
THE CRANIAL NERVE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT IS:
1. V 2. III 3. IX 4. X |
4. X
|
|
|
ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF CSF IF KNOWN AS:
1. HYDROCEPHALUS 2. SUBARACHNOIDITIS 3. CEREBRAL PALSY 4. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS |
1. HYDROCEPHALUS
|
|
|
THE DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM WITH AN UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON IS:
1. PARASYMPATHETIC 2. SYMPATHETIC 3. SOMATIC 4. 1 AND 2 |
4. 1 AND 2
|
|
|
STIMULATION OF BETA-1 RECEPTORS CAUSES WHICH RESULT?
1. INCREASED HEART RATE 2. DECREASED HEART RATE 3. SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION 4. SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
1. INCREASED HEART RATE
|
|
|
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS 'NOT' A MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANT?
1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. METHACHOLINE 3. ATROPINE 4. BETHANECHOL |
3. ATROPINE
|
|
|
BRAIN WAVES THAT OCCUR BETWEEN ONE AND FIVE WAVE/SECOND ARE:
1. ALPHA 2. BETA 3. THETA 4. DELTA |
4. DELTA
|
