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306 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The 'NERVOUS SYSTEM' is separated into 2 'MAJOR SYSTEMS'. What are they?
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1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) |
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The 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' contains what 2 major organs?
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1. BRAIN
2. SPINAL CORD |
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The 'BRAIN' is separated into 2 different types of 'MATTER'.
What are the they? |
1. GRAY MATTER
2. WHITE MATTER |
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'GRAY MATTER' in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
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GRAY MATTER = NERVE CELL BODIES
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'WHITE MATTER' in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
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WHITE MATTER = MYELINATED AXONS
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The 'NERVE TRACT' which is located in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM'. Is defined as what?
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GROUP OF NERVE FIBERS WITHIN THE 'CNS' THAT HAVE A COMMON ORIGIN/DESTINATION.
(ASCENDING/DESCENDING) |
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Where is the 'NERVE TRACT' located?
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'CNS'
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The 'NUCLEUS' in regards to the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
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NUCLEUS = CLUSTER OF 'NERVE CELL BODIES'
*ONLY IN THE 'CNS' |
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What is the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' (PNS) defined as?
(*2 Things) |
NERVOUS TISSUE OUTSIDE THE:
1. 'BRAIN' 2. 'SPINAL CORD' |
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In the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM', what is a 'NERVE' defined as?
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GROUP OF NERVE FIBERS WITH COMMON ORIGIN/DESTINATION.
1. AFFERENT (SENSORY) 2. EFFERENT (MOTOR) |
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What is a 'GANGLION' defined as? Where is it located?
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CLUSTER OF NERVE CELL BODIES
ONLY IN THE 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' |
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What is the 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' composed of?
What 2 divisions is it separated into? |
COMPOSED OF SPECIFIC STRUCTURES IN THE 'CNS' and 'PNS'.
1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION 2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION |
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What are the 2 'STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS' of the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) |
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What are the 2 'FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS' of the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
2. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SKELETAL SYSTEM) |
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What is 'CEREBRAL PALSY' and what are the 4 symptoms of it?
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ABNORMAL PATHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN
1. PARALYSIS 2. LACK OF COORDINATION 3. MOTOR/SENSORY DYSFUNCTIONS |
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Someone diagnosed with 'PARAPLEGIA' has what?
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PERMANENT PARALYSIS OF 'BOTH' LEGS DUE TO INJURY OR DISEASE OF THE 'SPINAL CORD'
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Someone diagnosed with 'QUADRIPLEGIA' has what?
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PERMANENT PARALYSIS OF ARMS 'AND' LEGS DUE TO 'SPINAL CORD' INJURY OR DISEASE.
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Name the 5 Glial Cells
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1. Astrocytes
2. Ependymal 3. Microglial 4. Oligodendrocytes 5. Schwann |
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Ependymal
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Line Cavities
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Microglial
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Phagocytosis
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Oligodendrocytes
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Myelin in CNS
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Schwann
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Myelin in PNS
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Astrocytes
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Blood Brain Barrier
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What is a 'NEURON' defined as in the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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STRUCTURAL/FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE 'NERVOUS SYSTEM' (aka Nerve Cell or Nerve Fiber)
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What is the main function of a 'NEURON'?
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CONDUCT IMPULSES TOWARD/AWAY FROM THE 'CELL BODY'
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What are the 3 components to a 'NEURON'?
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1. CELL BODY
2. DENDRITES 3. AXONS |
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What is the 'CELL BODY' of a 'NEURON' defined as?
What does it contain? (5 things) |
ENLARGED PORTION OF THE NEURON
CONTAINS: 1. NUCLEUS 2. NISSL BODIES (ROUGH ER) 3. NEUROFIBRILS (PROTEIN) 4. OTHER ORGANELLES |
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What do 'DENDRITES' do?
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CONDUCT 'IMPULSES' TO THE 'CELL BODY'
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What do 'AXONS' do?
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CONDUCT IMPULSES 'AWAY' FROM THE CELL BODY
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Because there are many 'NEURONS' in the body, how are they classified?
(*3 THINGS) |
1. DIRECTION OF 'IMPULSE CONDUCTION'
2. NUMBER OF 'CYTOPLASMIC PROCESSES' 3. AREA OF 'INNERVATION' |
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There are 3 types of 'NEURONS' defined by 'IMPULSE CONDUCTION'. What are they?
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1. SENSORY (AFFERENT)
2. INTERNEURONS 3. MOTOR (EFFERENT) |
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What is the function of 'INTERNEURONS' and what are they also known as?
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CONDUCT THE 'IMPULSES' BETWEEN BOTH SENSORY 'AND' MOTOR' NEURONS.
[*HINT - (INTER)states bridge the gap between states. (INTER)neurons bridge the gap between SENSORY/MOTOR neurons.] |
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'NEURONS' that have only '1 AXON' and '2+ DENDRITES' are known as what kind of neurons?
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'MULTI'POLAR
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'NEURONS' that have only '1 AXON' and '1 DENDRITE' are known as what kind of neurons?
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'BI'POLAR
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'NEURONS' that have only '1 SINGLE PROCESS' (aka - DENDRITE/AXON connected together) are known as what kind of neurons?
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'UNI'POLAR
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There are 4 specific types of 'NEURON ENERVATION'. What are they?
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1. SOMATIC (A)FFERENT (SKELETAL)
2. SOMATIC (E)FFERENT (SKELETAL) 3. VISCERAL (A)FFERENT (ORGANS) 4. VISCERAL (E)FFERENT (ORGANS) |
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What is the definition of a 'SOMATIC AFFERENT' neuron?
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NEURONS WITHIN SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS.
CONVEY IMPULSE (TO) THE BRAIN (CNS). |
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What is the definition of a 'SOMATIC EFFERENT' neuron?
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NEURONS WITHIN SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS.
CONVEY IMPULSE (FROM) THE BRAIN (CNS) -> SKELETAL MUSCLES |
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What is the definition of a 'VISCERAL AFFERENT' neuron?
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CONVEY IMPULSE (TO) THE BRAIN (CNS) 'FROM' INTERNAL ORGANS
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What is the definition of a 'VISCERAL EFFERENT' neuron?
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NEURONS LOCATED ON/IN 'INTERNAL ORGANS'
CONVEY IMPULSE (FROM) THE BRAIN (CNS) 'TO' INTERNAL MUSCLES |
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What is 'RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL' defined as?
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WHEN A NEURON IS 'NOT' CONDUCTING AN 'IMPULSE'
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What components of a 'NEURON' constitute the ability to create an 'IMPULSE'?
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THE 'DIFFERENCE' IN THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE BETWEEN THE INSIDE/OUTSIDE OF THE 'CELL MEMBRANE'
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What is the 'OVERALL' charge of 'NEURON' when it is at 'REST' or 'UN-STIMULATED'?
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OVERALL NEGATIVE (-) CHARGE
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Which 'IONS' are more favorable with cell permeability in the 'CELL MEMBRANE' of a 'NEURON'?
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MORE PERMEABLE TO 'K+ IONS'
(*K+ IONS MOVE 'OUTWARD' AND FASTER THAN Na+ IONS MOVE 'INWARD') |
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How does the 'SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP' function with respect to 'NEURONS'?
What type of 'TRANSPORT' is this? Why? |
Moves Na+ 'OUTSIDE'
Moves K+ 'INSIDE' 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT'. REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) TO FACILITATE TRANSPORT. |
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The 'CELL MEMBRANE' is ______ permeable to 'K+ IONS' and _____ permeable to 'Na+ IONS'.
This makes it so that '____ IONS' move outward faster than the '____ IONS' move inward. |
1. MORE PERMEABLE TO 'K+ IONS'
2. LESS PERMEABLE TO 'Na+ IONS' 3. 'K+ IONS' MOVE OUTWARD FASTER 4. 'Na+ IONS' MOVE INWARD SLOWER |
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TRUE OR FALSE
'ALL' CELLS OF THE BODY HAVE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS ACROSS THEIR CELL MEMBRANES? |
TRUE
'ALL' CELLS HAVE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS |
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Which 2 types of cells have the ability to 'ALTER/ADAPT' their 'RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL' in response to appropriate stimuli?
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1. NERVE CELLS
2. MUSCLE CELLS |
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What 2 characteristics of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' constitute the 'CODE' as well as the 'DESTINATION' of the 'IMPULSE'?
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1. FREQUENCY
2. PATTERN |
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How often does/can an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' occur?
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VERY RAPIDLY
(Every 2 msec) or 1000/second |
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What happens to inside of the 'CELL MEMBRANE' during an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
What is the state of the 'MEMBRANE' referred to as? |
BECOMES POSITIVE (+) INSIDE
STATE OF BEING 'DEPOLARIZED' |
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During an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' there are 5 steps?
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1. Adequate Stimulus
2. Open Na+ Channels 3. Open Voltage Gated Na+ Channels (Depolarization) Na+ Rushes in 4. Decrease Na+ and Open Voltage Gated K+ Channels (Repolarization) K+ rushes out. 5. Hyperpolarization Then return to Resting State |
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Once it passes 0mV for the membrane potential what is it called until Repolarization?
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Reverse Polarization
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What is the 'FALLING PHASE' of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
When does this phase occur? |
Membrane is 'REPOLARIZED' (K+ ions move out of cell to make overall charge more negative)
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What is the 'UNDERSHOOT' or 'HYPERPOLARIZATION' phase of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
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Action potential goes more negative than its resting potential.
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When a second stimulus can't elicit another response because channels are already opened. What is this called?
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Absolute Refractory Period (Absolutely Not)
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Time when neuron will not respond to a normal threshold stimulus. Time during hyperpolarization. What is this called?
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Relative Refractory Period
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When 'Na+ IONS' move inward, what happens to the cell membrane?
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BECOMES 'LESS' NEGATIVE
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What is the 'THRESHOLD LEVEL'?
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-55mV
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TRUE OR FALSE
The 'GREATER' the stimulus, the larger the 'ACTION POTENTIAL'. |
FALSE
It is 'ALL or NONE' |
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What happens when nerve/muscle fibers receive a 'SUB-THRESHOLD' stimulus?
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NO RESPONSE / NO 'ACTION POTENTIAL'
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Which molecules act as 'CHAPERONES' for the 'Na+ IONS'?
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WATER (H2O)
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What is 'TTX' and what does it do?
Where is it found? |
TETRODOTOXIN (TTX)
Physically blocks 'Na+' pores thus preventing an action potential. |
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What does 'SAXITOXIN' do?
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BLOCKS 'Na+' PORES
Prevents an action potential |
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What is 'BATRACHOTOXIN' do?
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CAUSES THE 'Na+ CHANNELS' TO OPEN AND STAY OPEN MUCH LONGER
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What is 'ORTHODROMIC CONDUCTION'
Is this common/uncommon? |
'ONE-WAY' CONDUCTION OF 'NERVE IMPULSES'
*MOST COMMON UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS |
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What is 'ANTIDROMIC CONDUCTION'?
Is this common/uncommon? |
'TWO-WAY' (BACKWARD PROPAGATION) CONDUCTION OF 'NERVE IMPULSES'
*VERY UNCOMMON - UNDER 'EXPERIMENTAL' CONDITIONS |
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What is 'CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION'?
In what type of 'NEURON' does this occur in? |
In an unmyelinated neuron the impulse travels along the entire membrane surface.
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Average speed of an impulse is what?
It can vary depending what two things? |
10 m/sec (Range .5 to 100 m/sec)
If it is myelinated and the axonal diameter. Myelinated/Larger diameter=greater velocity. |
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What is Saltatory Conduction?
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Action potentials leap from node to node. Allow for a faster rate of conduction.
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What is 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
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2nd MOST COMMON 'CNS DISEASE'
An autoimmune disease in which the body's natural defense attack the myelin in the CNS. |
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What are the some of the symptoms of 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
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1. DISTURBANCES IN SPEECH
2. DISTURBANCES IN VISION 3. NUMBNESS 4. FATIGUE 5. DEPRESSION 6. LOSS OF COORDINATION 7. UNCONTROLLABLE TREMORS 8. LOSS OF BLADDER CONTROL 9. MEMORY PROBLEMS 10. PARALYSIS |
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What is 'TAY-SACHS DISEASE'?
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Destruction of myelin sheaths by excessive accumulation of lipids.
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How does 'LOCAL ANESTHESIA' work?
What are 2 examples of drugs of this type? |
BLOCK THE INITIATION OF 'ACTION POTENTIALS' IN NEURONS.
PHYSICALLY BLOCK SODIUM CHANNELS LIDOCAINE AND COCAINE |
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What is the 'SYNAPSE' defined as?
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JUNCTION BETWEEN '2 NEURONS'
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Two types of synapses are:
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Electrical: Flow directly from one neuron to the next.
Chemical: Main type of synapse in humans and requires the release of a chemical from one neuron and stimulates the action potential in the next neuron. |
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What are the 3 parts of a 'SYNAPSE'?
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1. AXONS TERMINALS
2. SYNAPTIC CLEFT 3. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE |
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What are 'AXON TERMINALS' defined as?
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SMALL ROUNDED/OVAL KNOBS, BOUTONS, END FEET OR 'PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS'.
SITE WHERE 'SYNAPTIC VESICLES' CONTAINING 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' ARE LOCATED. |
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What are the 2 main 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'?
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1. ACETYL CHOLINE (ACh)
2. NOREPINEPHRINE (NorEPI) |
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What is the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT' defined as?
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MICROSCOPIC SPACE BETWEEN THE '2 NEURONS'
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'POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE'
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CELL MEMBRANE THAT CONTAINS 'SPECIFIC RECEPTORS' FOR THE 'NEUROTRANSMITTER'
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Which enzyme metabolizes Acetylcholine
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Acetylcholinesterase
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Which enzyme metabolizes Norepinephrine
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MONOAMINE OXIDASE (NorEPI)
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What are the 3 characteristics of a 'SYNAPSE'?
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1. SYNAPTIC DELAY
2. SYNAPTIC FATIGUE (DEPLETION OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER) 3. ONE-WAY CONDUCTION |
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What 3 disease affect 'SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION'?
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1. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
2. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 3. BOTULISM |
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What is 'PARKINSON'S DISEASE' defined as?
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LACK OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER 'DOPAMINE'
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What is 'MYASTHENIA GRAVIS' defined as?
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BLOCKS 'ACETYLCHOLINE' (ACh) NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS.
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What is 'BOTULISM' defined as?
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'INHIBITION' OF 'ACETYL CHOLINE' (ACh) RELEASE
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There are 2 types of transmissions in 'NEURONS'. What are they?
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1. EXCITATORY
2. INHIBITORY |
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What is 'SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION' defined as?
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When a neuron is simultaneously stimulated by excitatory and inhibitory transmissions from different presynaptic neurons.
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What to 'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' do?
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Increase postsynaptic membrane's permeability to sodium ions.
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Synaptic inhibition:
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Increase membrane's permeability to Cl- ions or K+ ions, resulting in a hyperpolarized membrane.
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Synaptic excitation
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Increase membrane permeability to Na+ ions.
aka (EPSP) and membrane is Hypopolarized. |
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Two ways EPSP's may combine to reach threshold and initiate an action potential:
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In spatial summation: EPSP's from different synapses.
In temporal summation: EPSP's rapid successive discharge from the same presynaptic terminal. |
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What is 'GRAND POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (GPSP) defined as?
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THE 'SUM' TOTAL OF BOTH 'EXCITATORY' AND 'INHIBITORY' POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS THAT ARE BEING STIMULATED.
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There are 6 basic types of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' groups. What are they?
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1. ACETYLCHOLINE
2. AMINO ACIDS 3. AMINES 4. POLYPEPTIDES 5. PURINES 6. GASES |
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What are the 2 main 'AMINO ACID' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'?
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GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
GLYCINE |
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GABA' (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?
What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory) |
'AMINO ACID'
'INHIBITORY' |
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GLYCINE'?
What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory) |
'AMINO ACID'
'MAINLY INHIBITORY' |
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What are the 5 main 'AMINE' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'?
Why are they grouped into this? |
1. NOREPINEPHRINE
2. EPINEPHRINE 3. DOPAMINE 4. SEROTONIN 5. HISTAMINE *All made from the 'SAME' 'AMINO ACID' |
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'NOREPINEPHRINE'?
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'AMINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'EPINEPHRINE'?
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'AMINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'DOPAMINE'?
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'AMINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'SEROTONIN'?
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'AMINE'
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What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'HISTAMINE'?
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'AMINE'
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What 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' are in the 'POLYPEPTIDE' group?
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1. Endorphins/Enkephalins
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 3. Oxytocin 4. Angiotensin II |
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The motor, elaborate thought, and speaking ability area is located on what part of the 'BRAIN'?
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FRONT
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The sensory, somesthetic (body feelings heat and touch), proprioception (body position) areas are apart of which lobe?
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Parietal
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What is the 'LARGEST' and 'MOST PROMINENT' part of the brain?
How much 'MASS' does it make up of the brain? |
'CEREBRUM'
'80% OF THE TOTAL BRAIN MASS' |
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'GROOVES' or 'VALLEYS' located on the surface of the 'BRAIN' are called?
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'SULCI'
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The 'BRAIN' is separated into 3 'FISSURES/SULCI'. What are they?
What is their purpose? |
1. LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
2. CENTRAL FISSURE 3. LATERAL FISSURE PURPOSE = HELP DIVIDE 'BRAIN' INTO LOBES |
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'CONVOLUTIONS' or 'FOLDS' on the surface of the 'BRAIN' are also called what?
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GYRUS = SINGULAR
GYRI = PLURAL |
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What are the 2 'CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES' connected to each other by?
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'CORPUS CALLOSUM'
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The 'RIGHT HEMISPHERE' is known to be connected with what type of characteristics?
(*There are 2 of them) |
1. CREATIVE PERCEPTION
2. ARTISTIC PERCEPTION |
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The 'LEFT HEMISPHERE' is known to be connected with what type of characteristics?
(*There are 3 of them) |
1. LOGIC
2. ANALYTICAL ABILITY 3. LANGUAGE |
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What are the names of the 4 'LOBES' of the 'CEREBRUM'?
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1. FRONTAL LOBE
2. PARIETAL LOBE 3. TEMPORAL LOBE 4. OCCIPITAL LOBE |
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What is the sole function of the 'TEMPORAL LOBE'?
What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on? |
HEARING
LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM' |
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What is the sole function of the 'OCCIPITAL LOBE'?
What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on? |
VISUAL INPUT
LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM' |
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What is the 'CEREBRAL CORTEX'?
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'OUTER PORTION' of the 'CEREBRUM' made out of Gray Matter.
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What are the 6 'various' 'FUNCTIONS' of the 'CEREBRUM'?
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1. ALL 'CONSCIOUS' FUNCTIONS
2. INTERPRETATIONS OF SENSATIONS 3. UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE 4. INTELLIGENCE 5. MEMORY 6. EMOTIONAL FEELINGS |
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The 'THALAMUS' is located 'right' next to what other part of the 'BRAIN'?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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The 'THALAMUS' has 4 main functions. What are they?
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1. CRUDE SENSATION OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE, TOUCH
2. PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS 3. COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION 4. IS A 'RELAY CENTER' (RECEIVES 'ALL' SENSORY INPUT EXCEPT FOR 'SMELL'. |
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is considered to be the 'RELAY CENTER'?
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'THALAMUS'
*RELAY CENTER = RECEIVES 'ALL' SENSORY INPUT (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) AND RELAYS TO 'SENSORY CORTEX' |
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with the 'RECOGNITION OF CRUDE SENSATIONS OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND TOUCH'?
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THALAMUS
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS'?
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THALAMUS
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION'?
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THALAMUS
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' controls pituitary hormones'?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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The 'CEREBELLUM' (*NOT CEREBRUM!) has 3 main functions. What are they?
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1. CONTROL MUSCLE ACTION
2. POSTURAL REFLEXES 3. EQUILIBRIUM |
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What are the 6 basic functions of the 'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'?
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1. CONTROLS HEART RATE
2. CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE 3. CONTROLS RESPIRATIONS 4. REFLEXES OF 'VOMITING' 5. COUGHING 6. HICCUPING |
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'RESPIRATION CONTROL'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'REFLEXES IN VOMITING'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'COUGHING'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'HICCUPING'?
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'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
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What is the 'FUNCTION' of the 'PONS'?
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CENTER FOR 'CRANIAL NERVES'
5th, 6th, 7th and 8th 'CRANIAL NERVES' |
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What two parts of the 'BRAIN' are responsible/center for half of the 'CRANIAL NERVES'?
(*6 of the 12 CRANIAL NERVES) |
1. PONS
2. MIDBRAIN |
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Which part of the 'BRAIN' is the 'CENTER FOR THE 3rd and 4th CRANIAL NERVES'?
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'MIDBRAIN'
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The 'BRAIN STEM' can be separated into what 3 parts?
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1. MEDULLA
2. PONS 3. MIDBRAIN |
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The 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' has 3 main functions. What are they?
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1. OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS
2. WAKEFULNESS 3. SLEEP |
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Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for the 'OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS', 'WAKEFULNESS', and 'SLEEP'
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'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
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'GENERAL ANESTHETICS' suppress 'NEURONS' in what part of the 'BRAIN'?
What is this area called? |
'BRAIN STEM'
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' |
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TRUE OR FALSE
'DAMAGE' OF NEURONS IN THE 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' MAY LEAD TO A COMA. |
TRUE
DAMAGE TO NEURONS IN THE 'RAC' (RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER) MAY LEAD TO A COMA |
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All of the 'CRANIAL NERVES' supply the 'HEAD' and 'NECK' except for one. What is the name of that 'CRANIAL NERVE'?
What does it supply? |
'VAGUS NERVE'
SUPPLIES ORGANS IN THE 'THORACIC/ABDOMINAL CAVITIES' |
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Which 'NERVE' is considered to be the 'MAJOR NERVE' of the 'PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM'?
What percentage of 'PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES' does this nerve supply? |
'VAGUS NERVE'
SUPPLIES 80% OF ALL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES |
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How many pairs of 'SPINAL NERVES' are there?
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31 PAIRS OF 'SPINAL NERVES'
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'SPINAL NERVES' can be separated into 5 groups of nerves. What are the 5 groups?
(*In order from TOP to BOTTOM of the SPINAL CORD) |
1. CERVICAL (NECK)
2. THORACIC (CHEST) 3. LUMBAR (ABDOMINAL) 4. SACRAL (PELVIC) 5. COCCYGEAL (TAILBONE) |
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How many 'CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
8 CERVICAL NERVES
'NECK' |
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How many 'THORACIC SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
12 THORACIC NERVES
'CHEST' |
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How many 'LUMBAR SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
5 LUMBAR NERVES
'ABDOMINAL' |
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How many 'SACRAL SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
5 SACRAL NERVES
PELVIS |
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How many 'COCCYGEAL SPINAL NERVES' are there?
What does it supply? |
ONLY '1' COCCYGEAL NERVE
TAILBONE |
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What are the numbers and names of all of the 'CRANIAL NERVES'?
(*THERE ARE 12 OF THEM) |
1. OLFACTORY
2. OPTIC 3. OCULOMOTOR 4. TROCHLEAR 5. TRIGEMINAL 6. ABDUCENS 7. FACIAL 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL 10. VAGUS 11. ACCESSORY 12. HYPOGLOSSAL (*MNEMONIC - (OL)ympic (OP)ium (OC)cupies (TRO)ubled (TRI)athletes (A)fter (F)inishing (VE)rmont (G)ambling (VA)cations (S)till (H)igh) |
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Which 'CRANIAL NERVES' are 'SENSORY, MOTOR or BOTH'?
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1. OLFACTORY - SENSORY
2. OPTIC - SENSORY 3. OCULOMOTOR - MOTOR 4. TROCHLEAR - MOTOR 5. TRIGEMINAL - BOTH 6. ABDUCENS - MOTOR 7. FACIAL - BOTH 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR - SENSORY 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL - BOTH 10. VAGUS - BOTH 11. ACCESSORY - MOTOR 12. HYPOGLOSSAL - MOTOR (*MNEMONIC - (S)mall (S)hips (M)ake (M)oney, (B)ut (M)y (B)rother (S)ays (B)ig (B)oats (M)ake (M)ore) M=MOTOR | B=BOTH | S=SENSORY |
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What is the function of the 'OLFACTORY' nerve?
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SMELL - MUCOSA IN NOSE
(SENSORY) |
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What is the function of the 'OPTIC' nerve?
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SIGHT
(SENSORY) |
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What is the function of the 'OCULOMOTOR' nerve?
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MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL
(FOCUSING/CHANGE IN PUPIL SIZE) (MOTOR) |
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What is the function of the 'TROCHLEAR' nerve?
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MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL
(MOTOR) |
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What are the 2 functions of the 'TRIGEMINAL' nerve?
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1. SENSATIONS FROM FACE,TEETH AND TONGUE (SENSORY)
2. MOVEMENT OF JAW, CHEWING MUSCLES (MOTOR) (BOTH) |
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What is the function of the 'ABDUCENS' nerve?
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'MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL'
(MOTOR) |
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What are the 2 functions of the 'FACIAL' nerve?
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1. TASTE BUDS AT THE FRONT OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY)
2. MOVEMENT OF FACIAL MUSCLES, SECRETION OF SALIVA/TEARS (MOTOR) (BOTH) |
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What is the function of the 'VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR' nerve?
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HEARING, BALANCE AND POSTURE
(SENSORY) |
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What are the 2 functions of the 'GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL' nerve?
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1. TASTE BUDS AT THE BACK OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY)
2. SWALLOWING AND SECRETION OF SALIVA (MOTOR) (BOTH) |
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What are the 2 functions of the 'VAGUS' nerve?
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1. VISCERAL SENSATIONS (SENSORY)
2. VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT (MOTOR) (BOTH) |
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What is the function of the 'ACCESSORY' nerve?
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SWALLOWING, HEAD AND NECK MOVEMENTS
(MOTOR) |
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What is the function of the 'HYPOGLOSSAL' nerve?
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SPEECH AND SWALLOWING
(MOTOR) |
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What 3 'CRANIAL NERVES' are involved with 'EYE MOVEMENT'?
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(NERVES 3,4,6)
III. OCULOMOTOR IV. TROCHLEAR VI. ABDUCENS (*MNEMONIC - 3,4 AND 6 MAKE MY EYES DO 'TRICKS') |
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What is located in the 'GRAY MATTER' in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
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NEURON CELL BODIES
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What is 'WHITE MATTER' composed of in a 'SPINAL CORD'?
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MYELINATED AXONS
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There are columns or 'FUNICULI' located in the 'SPINAL CORD' in a cross section. What are they?
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1. POSTERIOR (BACK)
2. LATERAL (SIDES) 3. ANTERIOR (FRONT) |
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What divides the 'SPINAL CORD' cross section into the 3 sections/funiculi?
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THE 'GRAY MATTER' THAT FORMS THE LETTER 'H'
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What are the 2 main 'ASCENDING' nerve tracts?
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1. LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC
2. ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC (Sensory) (*HINT - SPINE to THALAMUS = ASCENDING TRACT) |
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What are the 2 main 'DESCENDING' nerve tracts?
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1. LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL
2. ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL (Motor) (*HINT - CEREBRUM to SPINE = DESCENDING TRACT) |
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What 'NERVE TRACT' conducts the following:
'SENSORY IMPULSES' for 'CRUDE TOUCH' and 'PRESSURE'? Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'? |
ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC
(ASCENDING TRACT) |
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What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following:
'CONDUCTS PAIN' and 'TEMPERATURE IMPULSES'? Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'? |
LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC
(ASCENDING TRACT) |
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What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following:
'Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves and [OUTWARD] through 'ANTERIOR HORNS' for coordinated movements. Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'? |
ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL
(DESCENDING TRACT) |
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What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following:
'Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves through 'ANTERIOR HORNS' for coordinated movements. Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'? |
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL
(DESCENDING) |
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How does the 'REFLEX ARC' work?
(*THERE ARE 3 STEPS) |
1. 'RECEPTOR' detects stimulus
2. 'SENSORY NEURON' sends nerve impuls to CNS 3. 'CENTER' within the CNS conducts impulse to the effector organ |
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What is a 'RECEPTOR' defined as?
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PORTION OF 'DENDRITE' OR SPECIALIZED RECEPTOR CELL IN A 'SENSORY ORGAN'
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What is the 'FUNCTION' of a 'RECEPTOR'?
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SENSITIVE TO SPECIFIC TYPES OF 'STIMULUS'
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What is a 'SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON' defined as?
(*3 PARTS) |
1. DENDRITE
2. CELL BODY 3. AXON |
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What is the function of a 'SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON'?
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TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM RECEPTOR TO THE (CNS)
(*HINT - (A)FFERENT NEURONS (A)RRIVE TO 'BRAIN' (CNS)) |
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What is an 'INTERNEURON' defined as?
(*3 PARTS/STAGES) |
1. DENDRITE
2. CELL BODY 3. AXON OF NEURON (IN BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD) |
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What are the functions of an 'INTERNEURON'?
(*There are 2 of them) |
1. SERVE AS 'PROCESSING CENTER'
2. CONDUCT IMPULSE FROM 'SENSORY NEURON' TO 'MOTOR NEURON' |
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What is a 'MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON' defined as?
(*3 PARTS) |
1. DENDRITE
2. CELL BODY 3. AXON |
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What is the function of a 'MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON'?
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TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM CNS OUT TO AN 'EFFECTOR ORGAN'
(*HINT - (E)FFERENT NEURONS (E)XIT THE 'BRAIN' AND MOVE TO (E)FFECTOR ORGANS)) |
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What is a 'EFFECTOR' defined as?
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MUSCLE/GLAND OUTSIDE THE 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'
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What are the functions of 'EFFECTORS'?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. RESPOND TO STIMULATION BY 'MOTOR NEURON'
2. PRODUCE A 'REFLEX' OR 'PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE' |
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What is an 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' (EEG)?
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GRAPHIC RECORD OF NEURON ACTIVITY IN THE 'BRAIN'
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What are the 4 kinds of 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS' (EEGs)?
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1. DELTA WAVES (1-5 waves/s)
2. THETA WAVES (5-8) 3. ALPHA WAVES (8-12) 4. BETA WAVES (13-25) |
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Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are recorded when a person is 'AWAKE' and 'RELAXED WITH EYES CLOSED'?
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ALPHA WAVES
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Which waves are produced when a person is 'VISUALLY ORIENTATING' and/or 'THINKING'?
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BETA WAVES
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Where are 'THETA WAVES' seen more commonly?
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NEWBORN INFANTS and EMOTIONAL STRESS
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These type of 'BRAIN WAVES' can be observed in 'SLEEPING ADULTS'.
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DELTA WAVES
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'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID'?
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A solution containing more sodium, and chloride ions than blood plasma.
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What is a normal fluid pressure for 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID'?
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10 mm Hg
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What are 'CHOROID PLEXUSES'?
What is their function? Where are they located? |
CHOROID PLEXUSES = SPECIALIZED BLOOD CAPILLARIES
INVOLVED IN THE 'PRODUCTION' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) LOCATED ON THE 'ROOFS' OF THE 'VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN' |
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What is the 'PATHWAY OF FLOW' for the production of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)?
(*There are 7 steps) |
1. LATERAL VENTRICLES
2. INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN (of Monro) 3. THIRD VENTRICLE 4. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT (of Sylvius) 5. FOURTH VENTRICLE 6. SUBARACHNOID SPACE [*MNEMONIC - (L)ittle (I)ndians (of Monro) (T)hink (C)owboys (of Sylvius) (F)ear (S)piders & (R)ats (at the Arachnoid Villi)] |
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'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) has 2 main functions. What are they?
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Cushions the brain
Allows for exchange of nutrients and wastes |
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What is 'HYDROCEPHALUS' defined as?
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Accumulation of CSF in the ventricles. Causes the cranial bones to thin and the cerebral cortex to atrophy.
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What is the definition of a 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE'?
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Withdrawal of CSF from subarachnoid in the region of the lumbar vertebrae (using a syringe).
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What are the 2 reasons for a 'STROKE'?
Why would a 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE' by important to perform in this case? |
1. CLOT
2. BLOOD VESSEL RUPTURING CAUSING BRAIN TO HEMORRHAGE A 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE' WILL SHOW IF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' CONTAINS 'BLOOD' FROM A HEMORRHAGE. A 'CLOT' WILL NOT SHOW ANY. DEPENDING ON 'CLOT' OR 'HEMORRHAGE' DIFFERENT MEDICATION IS GIVEN. |
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TRUE OR FALSE
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' WILL SHOW IF THERE IS AN 'INFECTION' IN THE 'BRAIN/SPINAL CORD'. |
TRUE
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' WILL SHOW 'BACTERIA' |
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Noncommunicating (Hydrocephalus)
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Obstruction of CSF flow.
Caused by aqueduct stenosis. |
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Communicating (Hydrocephalus)
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Increased CSF secretion.
Secreting tumor (choroid plexus). |
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What are the 2 types of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
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1. NON-COMMUNICATING
2. COMMUNICATING |
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What 4 things define NREM?
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Occasional change in body position.
Respiration slow, deep, and regular. Decreased H.R. and B.P. Increased tendency for seizure disorders. |
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What is known as the 'DEEPEST' state of 'NON-REM' sleep?
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DELTA
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TRUE OR FALSE
'NON-REM' SLEEP STAGE HAS VERY 'SMALL' WAVES. |
FALSE
'NON-REM' SLEEP STATE HAS VERY 'LARGE WAVES' and 'SLOW WAVES'. |
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What sleep state is responsible for 'OCCASIONAL CHANGES IN BODY POSITION - EVERY 20-30 MINUTES'?
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NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
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What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED TENDENCY FOR SEIZURE DISORDERS'?
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NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
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What sleep state is responsible for 'DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD BLOW AND BRAIN TEMPERATURE'?
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NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
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What type of 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' is recorded with 'REM' SLEEP?
(*3 THINGS) |
LOW VOLTAGE
HIGH FREQUENCY RANDOM |
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What sleep state is responsible for there being 'DIFFICULTY IN AWAKENING THE INDIVIDUAL'?
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'REM' SLEEP STAGE
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What sleep state is responsible for 'PARALYZED MUSCLES (EXCEPT FOR MASTICATION MUSCLES)'?
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'REM' SLEEP STAGE
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What 3 'EFFECTOR TYPES' respond to 'autonomic regulation'?
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1. CARDIAC MUSCLE
2. SMOOTH MUSCLE 3. VISCERAL ORGANS/GLANDS (aka - INTERNAL ORGANS/GLANDS) |
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What are the 2 divisions of the 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (fight or flight - adrenergic)
2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (rest and digest - cholinergic) |
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'IMPULSES' from the 2 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' divisions do what to 'activator organs'?
What is this an example of? |
1. ACTIVATE 'EFFECTOR ORGANS'
2. INHIBIT 'EFFECTOR ORGANS' 'HOMEOSTASIS' |
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Name the neurotransmitters of
Sympathetic Parasympathtic |
SYMPATHETIC = NOREPINEPHRINE
PARASYMPATHETIC = ACETYLCHOLINE |
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Describe PREGANGLIONIC and POSTGANGLIONIC in the Sympathetic Division.
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'SHORT' Myelinated PREGANGLIONIC FIBER
'LONG' POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER [*HINT = (S)YMPATHETIC = (S)HORT.] |
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Describe PREGANGLIONIC and POSTGANGLIONIC in the Parasympathetic Division.
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'LONG' Myelinated PREGANGLIONIC FIBER
'SHORT' POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER |
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The 'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION' relies on what type of 'responses'?
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CHOLINERGIC RESPONSES
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What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is always used for 'MOTOR NEURONS' and 'SKELETAL MUSCLES'?
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ACETYLCHOLINE
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The 'SOMATIC SYSTEM' is under what type of control?
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VOLUNTARY CONTROL
(*ALWAYS USES 'ACETYLCHOLINE' FOR 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS) |
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The 'THORACIC' and 'LUMBAR' regions encompass what 'autonomic nervous system' division?
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SYMPATHETIC
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The 'CRANIAL' and 'SACRAL' regions encompass what 'autonomic nervous system' division?
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PARASYMPATHETIC
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What 'NERVE ORIGINS' are involved in 'SYMPATHETIC' responses?
(6 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS) |
T1 to T12 (THORACIC)
L1 to L3 (LUMBAR) |
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80% of 'ALL' 'PARASYMPATHETIC' fibers (impulses) are connected to what 'NERVE'?
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VAGUS NERVE
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What 'NERVE ORIGINS' are involved in 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses?
(9 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS) |
FOUR CRANIAL NERVES (3,7,9,10)
SACRAL REGION (5 NERVES TOTAL) |
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ACH is the Neurotransmitter used in the ANS except where? What is used?
|
After the postganglionic in the Sympathetic Division.
Norepinephrine is used instead. |
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Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter except for three effect organs in the sympathetic division:
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1. SWEAT GLANDS
2. SMOOTH MUSCLES IN BLOOD VESSELS THAT 'GO TO 'SKELETAL MUSCLES' 3. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA |
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What is 'PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA'?
What does this cause to occur? |
A TUMOR OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
'HYPERSECRETION' (EXCESS) OF NOREPINEPHRINE/EPINEPHRINE. *THIS CAUSES BLOOD PRESSURE TO INCREASE |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'HEART MUSCLE'?
(*2 THINGS) What receptor is involved in this? |
1. INCREASED HEART RATE
2. INCREASED FORCE (BETA-1 RECEPTOR) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BRONCHI-LUNG' (Smooth Muscles)?
(*ONLY 1) What receptor is involved in this? |
INHIBITED - BRONCHI-DILATION
(BETA-2 RECEPTOR) (*HINT - BETA-2 = YOU HAVE '2' LUNGS) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (MOST BODY ARTERIOLES)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
VASOCONSTRICTION
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (SKELETAL MUSCLE ARTERIOLES)
(*2 THINGS) What receptor is involved in this? |
1. VASONCONSTRICTION (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR)
2. VASODILATION (BETA-2 RECEPTOR) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on the 'PUPIL' (EYE)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
INHIBITED - PUPIL DILATION
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
INHIBITED
(BETA-2 RECEPTOR) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SECRETION)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
INHIBITED
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SPHINCTERS)?
What receptor is involved in this? |
CONTRACTION
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'SWEAT GLANDS'?
|
COPIOUS SWEATING
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'PILOERECTOR MUSCLES'
What receptor is involved in this? |
STIMULATED
(ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS) |
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on the 'LIVER'?
|
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'HEART MUSCLE'?
(*2 THINGS) |
1. SLOWER RATE
2. DECREASED FORCE |
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'BRONCHI-LUNGS' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
|
STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'PUPIL' (EYE)?
|
STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
|
STIMULATED -> PERISTALSIS
(PERISTALSIS = MOVEMENT OF FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS) |
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SECRETION)?
|
STIMLUATED
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SPHINCTERS)?
|
RELAXED
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What are the two type of 'CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS'?
|
1. NICOTINIC (at ganglion)
2. MUSCARINIC (at organ) |
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What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' do 'CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS' utilize?
|
ACETYLCHOLINE
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What is one of the 'MAJOR' drugs used as a 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT' or 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST'?
|
ATROPINE
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What is 'ATROPINE'?
|
AN 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT'
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What are 4 examples of 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS'?
In general, what do these do? |
1. ACETYLCHOLINE
2. CARBACHOL 3. METHACHOLINE 4. BETHANECHOL *INCREASED PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE |
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What are the 2 types of 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS'?
|
1. ALPHA RECEPTORS
2. BETA RECEPTORS |
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'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS' are regulated by what 2 hormones/neurotransmitters?
|
CATACHOLAMINES (aka - EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE)
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In 'ALPHA-1' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
|
NOREPINEPHRINE = STRONGER
EPINEPHRINE = WEAKER |
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In 'BETA-1' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
|
FUNCTION THE SAME
NOREPINEPHRINE = EPINEPHRINE |
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In 'BETA-2' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
|
EPINEPHRINE = STRONGER
NOREPINEPHRINE = WEAKER |
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Where is the 'TISSUE LOCATION' for 'ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS'?
|
SMOOTH MUSCLES
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What is the 'EFFECT' of 'ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS' on 'SMOOTH MUSCLES'?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM) |
VASOCONSTRICTION
DILATION OF PUPIL |
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What is the 'EFFECT' of 'BETA-1 RECEPTORS' on 'CARDIAC MUSCLE'?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM) |
1. INCREASE HEART RATE
2. INCREASED FORCE OF CONTRACTION |
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Where is the 'TISSUE LOCATION' for 'BETA-1 RECEPTORS'?
|
CARDIAC MUSCLE
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What is the 'EFFECT' of 'BETA-2 RECEPTORS' on 'SMOOTH MUSCLES'?
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM) |
INHIBITION:
1. VASODILATION 2. UTERING RELAXATION 3. INTESTINAL RELAXATION 4. BRONCHODILATION |
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What is 'ISOPROTERENOL'?
What does it do? |
SYNTHETIC 'CATECHOLAMINE'
STIMULATES MAINLY 'BETA-2' RECEPTORS |
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What is the function of 'ALPHA RECEPTOR STIMULATORS'?
What medicinal function are they used in? |
VASOCONSTRICTION
USED IN 'DECONGESTANTS' |
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What is the function of 'ALPHA RECEPTOR 'BLOCKERS'?
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USED TO 'LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE'
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What are the functions of 'BETA RECEPTOR 'STIMULATORS'?
(*THERE ARE 2) |
1. STIMULATE THE HEART
2. CAUSE BRONCHODILATION |
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What is the function of 'BETA BLOCKERS'?
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USED TO 'SLOW' THE HEART
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What are the 5 types of 'SENSORY RECEPTORS'?
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1. MECHANORECEPTORS
2. THERMORECEPTORS 3. NOCICEPTORS 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS 5. CHEMORECEPTORS |
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What is the function of 'MECHANORECEPTORS'?
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DETECT MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF RECEPTOR/CELLS ADJACENT TO RECEPTOR
1. TOUCH 2. DEEP PRESSURE 3. HEARING 4. EQUILIBRIUM 5. ARTERIAL PRESSURE |
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What is the function of 'THERMORECEPTORS'?
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DETECT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE
(SOME DETECT COLD, OTHERS WARMTH) MAY BE STIMULATED BY CHANGES IN 'METABOLIC RATE' |
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What is the function of 'NOCICEPTORS'?
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'PAIN RECEPTORS' THAT DETECT DAMAGE IN TISSUES.
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What is the function of 'ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS'?
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DETECT 'LIGHT' ON THE RETINA OF THE EYE
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What are the functions of 'CHEMORECEPTORS'?
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Taste, Smell, and Detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
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What are the 2 terms applied to types of 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' that react to prolonged stimuli exposure?
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1. TONIC
2. PHASIC |
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Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' do 'NOT' adapt at all or adapt 'SLOWLY'?
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TONIC RECEPTORS
EXAMPLE = 'MUSCLE STRETCH RECEPTORS' |
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Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' adapt 'RAPIDLY' to a stimulus. In other words, they no longer respond to a maintained stimulus?
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PHASIC RECEPTORS
EXAMPLE = (TOUCH RECEPTORS) eg., 'WATCH, RINGS, CLOTHING' |
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TRUE OR FALSE
SOME PEOPLE ARE 'UNUSUALLY' SENSITIVE OR INSENSITIVE TO PAIN. |
FALSE
THERE 'IS' A UNIFORMITY OF PAIN THRESHOLD IN ALL PEOPLE. (*HOWEVER, SOME PEOPLE MAY REACT DIFFERENTLY TO PAIN) |
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What is 'PAIN' defined as?
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PROTECTIVE MEASURE THAT BRINGS TO THE 'CONSCIOUS' AN AWARENESS THAT:
- TISSUE DAMAGE 'IS' OCCURRING - TISSUE DAMAGE IS 'ABOUT' TO OCCUR |
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What are the 3 different types of 'PAIN' that are recognized?
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1. CUTANEOUS
2. DEEP PAIN 3. VISCERAL PAIN |
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What is 'CUTANEOUS PAIN' defined as?
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CUTANEOUS PAIN:
Localized |
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What is 'DEEP PAIN' defined as?
(*3 THINGS) |
PAIN FROM 'MUSCLES', 'TENDONS', AND 'JOINTS'.
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What is 'VISCERAL PAIN' defined as?
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PAIN FROM 'VISCERAL ORGANS'
POORLY LOCALIZED DULL, ACHING |
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When 'CELLS' are 'DAMAGED', they release 3 chemicals that 'STIMULATE' pain neurons. What are the 3 chemicals?
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1. PROSTAGLANDINS
2. BRADYKININ 3. SUBSTANCE P (neurotransmitter) 4. GLUTAMATE (neurotransmitter) |
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The body has 'NATURALLY OCCURRING OPIATE-LIKE CHEMICALS' that is releases. What are the 2?
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1. ENDORPHINS
2. ENKEPHALINS |
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The Central Nervous System (CNS) contains a 'NEURONAL SYSTEM' that can suppress pain.
In what situations would the body naturally use this system? (*2 OF THEM) What are the chemicals the body utilizes to accomplish this? |
1. EXERCISE
2. STRESS |
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There are 2 locations where 'ENDORPHINS' and 'ENKEPHALINS' can block pain. What are the 2 locations?
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1. PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER (SURROUNDS THE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT)
2. RETICULAR FORMATION |
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What is 'CHRONIC PAIN' defined as?
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PAIN THAT OCCURS IN THE 'ABSENCE' OF TISSUE INJURY
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What is the cause of 'CHRONIC PAIN'?
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DAMAGE WITHIN 'PAIN PATHWAYS' IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVES OR (CNS)
(*HYPERSENSITIVITY) |
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What is 'ABNORMAL CHRONIC PAIN' also referred to as?
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NEUROPAHTIC PAIN
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What drugs diminish pain by 'INHIBITING' the production and release of 'PROSTAGLANDINS'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
1. ASPIRIN
2. ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL) 3. IBUPROFEN (ADVIL) |
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Which drugs act 'DIRECTLY' on pain centers in the 'BRAIN'?
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OPIATE DRUGS
1. CODEINE 2. MORPHINE |
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What is 'REFERRED PAIN' defined as?
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Sensation of pain perceived at a site remote from its place of origin.
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What are some of the 'REASONS/CAUSES' for 'REFERRED PAIN'?
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EMBRYONIC ORIGIN OF THE ORGAN
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What is 'EPILEPSY' defined as?
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CHRONIC DISORDER FROM SUDDEN, UNCONTROLLED DISCHARGE OF ACTIVITY BY 'NEURONS' IN THE BRAIN.
(AKA - SEIZURE) |
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What are the 3 most common diseases of the Nervous System?
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Epilepsy
Multiple Sclerosis Alzheimer's Disease |
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'EPILEPSY' can result from 8 different causes. What are they?
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1. HYPERGLYCEMIA
2. FEBRILE DISORDERS 3. HEAD INJURY 4. DRUGS 5. BIRTH TRAUMA 6. STOKE 7. BRAIN TUMORS 8. METABOLIC DISORDERS |
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What are some of the 'NEUROLOGICAL' effects of 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'?
(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM) |
GREAT LOSS OF NEURONS
PLAQUES OF 'ABNORMAL PROTEINS' DEPOSITED OUTSIDE NEURONS TANGLED PROTEIN FILAMENTS WITH NEURONS |
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A DISEASE THAT PROGRESSIVELY DESTROYS THE MYELIN SHEATH IN THE CNS IS KNOWN AS:
1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2. TAY-SACHS DISEASE 3. CEREBRAL PALSY 4. PARAPLEGIA |
1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
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A DISEASE IN WHICH THERE IS A LACK OF DOPAMINE IS:
1. BOTULISM 2. CEREBRAL PALSY 3. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 4. PARKINSON'S DISEASE |
4. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
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THE PORTION OF THE BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR APPETITE IS:
1. THE THALAMUS 2. THE HYPOTHALMUS 3. THE MEDULLA 4. THE PONS |
2. THE HYPOTHALAMUS
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THE CRANIAL NERVE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT IS:
1. V 2. III 3. IX 4. X |
4. X
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ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF CSF IF KNOWN AS:
1. HYDROCEPHALUS 2. SUBARACHNOIDITIS 3. CEREBRAL PALSY 4. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS |
1. HYDROCEPHALUS
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THE DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM WITH AN UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON IS:
1. PARASYMPATHETIC 2. SYMPATHETIC 3. SOMATIC 4. 1 AND 2 |
4. 1 AND 2
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STIMULATION OF BETA-1 RECEPTORS CAUSES WHICH RESULT?
1. INCREASED HEART RATE 2. DECREASED HEART RATE 3. SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION 4. SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
1. INCREASED HEART RATE
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS 'NOT' A MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANT?
1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. METHACHOLINE 3. ATROPINE 4. BETHANECHOL |
3. ATROPINE
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BRAIN WAVES THAT OCCUR BETWEEN ONE AND FIVE WAVE/SECOND ARE:
1. ALPHA 2. BETA 3. THETA 4. DELTA |
4. DELTA
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