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88 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 3 types of 'CONTRACTILE TISSUE' in the body?
1. SMOOTH MUSCLE
2. CARDIAC MUSCLE
3. SKELETAL MUSCLE
What are the 2 'RESPONSIBILITIES' for the 3 types of contractile tissue in the body?
1. MOVEMENT OF THE BODY
2. MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN BODY
What do 'MUSCLE CELLS' give the body in general?

(*3 THINGS)
1. FORM STABILITY TO BODY
2. WORK IN OPPOSITION TO GRAVITY
3. MAINTAIN BODY POSTURE
What do 'SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS' release as an end product?
HEAT

(*END PRODUCT OF 'METABOLISM')
What muscle cells play a role in 'TEMPERATURE REGULATION'?
SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
What skin cells are all 3 'MUSCLE CELL TYPES' 'DERIVED' from and what are they 'COMPOSED' of?
1. DERIVED = MESODERM
2. COMPOSED OF = 'CONTRACTILE FIBERS' (ELONGATED CELLS)
What is 'MYOGENIC' contraction defined as?
SPONTANEOUS CONTRACTION
What is 'NEUROGENIC' contraction defined as?
INNERVATION CONTRACTION
What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'SMOOTH MUSCLE'?
1. ELONGATED
2. 'NO' CROSS STRIATIONS
3. INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
4. ONLY 'ONE' NUCLEUS
What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'CARDIAC MUSCLE'?
1. 'YES' CROSS STRIATIONS
2. ONLY 'ONE' NUCLEUS
3. INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
4. INTERCALATED DISCS
What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'SKELETAL MUSCLE'?
1. ELONGATED
2. 'MULTI' NUCLEATED
3. VOLUNTARY CONTROL
4. WELL DEVELOPED 'CROSS STRIATIONS'
What is the 'PRIMARY FUNCTION' of 'SMOOTH MUSCLE'?

Where are they 'PRIMARILY LOCATED'?
1. CONTRACTION OF INTERNAL ORGANS

2. PRESENT IN WALLS OF MANY ORGANS
What is a 'SYNCYTIUM'?

What 'MUSCLE TISSUE' is responsible for this?
WHEN 'CARDIAC MUSCLE' TISSUE BIFURCATES AND JOINS ADJACENT FIBERS.

CREATES 'INTERCALATED FIBERS'

ONLY 'CARDIAC MUSCLE'
What is the function of 'SYNCYTIUM ARRANGEMENT'?

Where are these located?
INTEGRATED/UNIFIED CARDIAC CONTRACTION.

*LOCATED WITHIN THE WALLS OF THE HEART
What are the 4 'FUNCTIONS' of 'SKELETAL MUSCLES'?
1. MOVEMENT OF BONES
2. BODY POSTURE
3. FACIAL EXPRESSION
4. BREATHING MOVEMENTS
Which type of 'MUSCLE TISSUE' makes up most of the muscles in the body?
'SKELETAL MUSCLE'
What is the only 'MUSCLE TISSUE' that is 'MULTINUCLEATED'?
'SKELETAL MUSCLE'
What 'MUSCLE TISSUE' does 'NOT' have 'CROSS STRIATIONS'?
'SMOOTH MUSCLE'
Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is a 'MUSCLE CELL' called?
MUSCLE FIBER
Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'PLASMA MEMBRANE' called?
MUSCLE SARCOLEMMA
Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'CYTOPLASM' called?
MUSCLE SARCOPLASM
Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' called?
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A 'MUSCLE FIBER' is broken down into 4 things. What is it broken down into from biggest to smallest?
MUSCLE FIBER -> (MYOFIB)RILS -> (MYOFIL)AMENTS -> ACTIN/MYOSIN
A 'MUSCLE FIBER' is defined as what?
MANY SMALL/ROUND PARALLEL BUNDLES (100s-1000s) CALLED 'MYOFIBRILS'
What are 'MYOFIBRILS' composed of?
MYOFILAMANETS
What are 'MYOFILAMENTS' composed of?
ACTIN (THIN)
MYOSIN (THICK)
What parts of a 'MUSCLE FIBER' contain the 'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS'?
MYOFILAMENTS
What are the 'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS' in 'MUSCLE FIBERS' called?

(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)
1. ACTIN
2. MYOSIN
What are the 2 'PROTEINS' that are associated with 'ACTIN' called?
1. TROPONIN
2. TROPOMYOSIN
'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS' are arranged into 'COMPARTMENTS'. What are these called?
SARCOMERES
A 'SARCOMERE' has both 'dark' and 'light' striations. What are these caused by?
ARRANGEMENT OF 'ACTIN' AND 'MYOSIN'.
The 'DARK BANDS' in a 'SARCOMERE' are called what?
A-BANDS (ANISOTROPIC)
The 'LIGHT BANDS' in a 'SARCOMERE' are called what?
I-BANDS (ISOTROPIC)
TRUE OR FALSE

THE 'I-BAND' CONTAINS 'BOTH' ACTIN/MYOSIN.
FALSE

I-BAND = ACTIN ONLY
TRUE OR FALSE

THE 'A-BAND' CONTAINS 'BOTH' ACTIN/MYOSIN.
TRUE

A-BAND = ACTIN/MYOSIN
The 'LIGHTER CENTRAL REGION' of the 'SARCOMERE' is called what?
H-ZONE
What are the 3 'CHARACTERISTICS' of the 'H-ZONE'?
1. LIGHTER 'CENTRAL' REGION THAT IS CONNECTED TO THE 'A-BAND'
2. CONTAINS ONLY 'MYOSIN'
3. 'NO MYOSIN HEADS'
Which 'BANDS' of the 'SARCOMERE' are 'BISECTED' by 'Z-LINES'?
I-BANDS
What are the 3 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'Z-LINES'?
1. AREA WHERE 'ACTIN' FILAMENTS OF ADJACENET SARCOMERES JOIN

2. 2 SUCCESSIVE 'Z-LINES' DEFINE THE LIMITS OF ONE SARCOMERE

3. DARK IN COLOR
TRUE OR FALSE

DURING 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION', ACTIN AND MYOSIN CHANGE IN LENGTH.
FALSE

ACTIN AND MYOSIN DO 'NOT' CHANGE IN LENGTH ONLY 'SARCOMERE CHANGES IN LENGTH'.
What happens to 'ACTIN' and 'MYOSIN' filaments during 'MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS?

(*3 THINGS)
1. ACTIN PULLED OVER MYOSIN
2. SARCOMERE LENGTH DECREASES
3. ACTIN/MYOSIN MAINTAIN LENGTH
Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':

ACTIN
MYOSIN
DARK BAND
A-BAND (ANISOTROPIC)
Which 'AREAS' of 'MUSCLE CELL' line up?
DARK AREA & LIGHT AREA
Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':

MYOSIN
LIGHT BAND
H-ZONE
Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':

ACTIN
LIGHT BAND
I-BAND (ISOTROPIC)
When 'MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS' occur what type of 'MYOFILAMENT' is created?
THIN MYOFILAMENT
What is a 'MOTOR UNIT' composed of?

(*2 THINGS)
1. SINGLE MOTOR NEURON
2. MUSCLE FIBERS IT INNERVATES
Can the muscle fibers in a 'MOTOR UNIT' vary?
YES
What types of muscles have very few 'MUSCLE FIBERS PER MOTOR UNIT'?

(APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY MUSCLES FIBERS ARE THERE)
MUSCLES CONCERNED WITH 'FINE', 'GRADED' AND 'PRECISE MOVEMENT'.

HANDS AND EYES = ~3-6 FIBERS/UNIT
What types of muscles 'many' 'MUSCLE FIBERS PER MOTOR UNIT'?
LARGE MUSCLES OF THE BACK = ~120-500 FIBERS/UNIT
What is a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?
AXON OF A 'MOTOR NEURON'
What are the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?

(*3 THINGS)
1. LOSES 'MYELIN SHEATH FROM 'MOTOR NEURON'
2. TERMINAL BUTTONS/END-FEET
3. COMPARABLE TO SYNAPTIC CLEFT
The 'END-FEET' or 'BUTTONS' of a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' contain what?

What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is released?
MANY SMALL, CLEAR VESICLES

NEUROTRANSMITTER = ACETYLCHOLINE
There are 6 events at a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION', what are they?

(*SIMILAR TO SYNAPSE)
1. ACTION POTENTIAL TRIGGERS ENTRY/RELEASE OF 'CALCIUM' INTO THE TERMINAL.
2. 'CALCIUM' TRIGGERS 'ACETYLCHOLINE' RELEASE
3. 'ACETYLCHLINE' DIFFUSES ACROSS SPACE/BINDS WITH RECEPTORS ON MUSCLE
4. 'SODIUM' CHANNELS OPEN GENERATING ACTION POTENTIAL
5. 'IMPULSE' FLOWS THROUGH MUSCLE CELL VIA 'TRANVERSE (T) TUBULE SYSTEM'
6. 'ACETYLCHLINE' BROKEN DOWN BY 'ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
What are the 'DIFFERENCES' between a 'SYNAPSE' and a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?
1. SYNAPSE = JUNCTION BETWEEN 2 NEURONS
2. MYONEURAL JUNCTION = NEURON AND MUSCLE CELL
3. 1:1 TRANSMISSION OF 'ACTION POTENTIALS' AT A 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'
4. AT SYNAPSE POSSIBLE 'EPSP' OR 'IPSP' WHICH EFFECT 2nd NEURON
5. 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' IS 'ALWAYS' EXCITATORY
TRUE OR FALSE

A 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' IS ALWAYS 'EXCITATORY' AND NEVER 'INHIBITORY'
TRUE

'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' = ALWAYS EXCITATORY


(*THERE ARE NO EPSP/IPSP)
In a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION', what triggers the 'exocytosis' or 'release' of 'ACETYLCHOLINE' from the vesicles?
CALCIUM
'ACTIN FILAMENTS' are composed of what 3 molecules?
1. ACTIN
2. TROPOMYOSIN
3. TROPONIN
What does 'G-ACTIN' stand for?
GLOBULAR ACTIN
What are 'GLOBULAR ACTIN' (G-ACTIN) molecules arranged into?
FIBROUS ACTIN (F-ACTIN)
What is 'FIBROUS ACTIN' (F-ACTIN)?
DOUBLE SPHERICAL CHAINS OF 'G-ACTIN'
What are the characteristics of 'TROPOMYOSIN'?

(*THERE ARE 3)
1. LONG, THREAD-LIKE MOLECULES
2. LIE ALONG 'F-ACTIN' STRANDS
3. PHYSICALLY COVER ACTING BINDING SITES (DURING MUSCLE RESTING STATE)
How many 'G-ACTIN' subunits does one molecule of 'TROPOMYOSIN' cover?
7 'G-ACTIN' (GLOBULAR ACTIN) MOLECULES
What are the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'TROPONIN' molecules?
1. SMALL OVAL-SHAPED MOLECULE
2. ATTACHED TO EACH 'TROPOMYOSIN'
3. INVOLVED IN CALCIUM ION REGULATION
What are the 3 subunits of 'TROPONIN'?
1. TROPONIN-I
2. TROPONIN-T
3. TROPONIN-C
What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-I'?
BINDS TO ACTIN
What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-T'?
BINDS TO TROPOMYOSIN

(*HINT - (T) = (T)ROPOMYOSIN BINDING)
What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-C'?
BINDS CALCIUM (INITIATES CONTRACTION)

(*HINT - (C) = (C)ALCIUM BINDING)
Is 'ACTIN' thick or thin?
THIN
Is 'MYOSIN' thick or thin?
THICK
The 'MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGE' has 2 binding sites. What are they?
1. ACTING BINDING SITE
2. ATPase BINDING SITE
'MYOSIN FILAMENTS' (thick myofilaments) are composed of what 2 'COMPONENTS'?
1. LIGHT 'MEROMYOSIN' (LMM)
2. HEAVY 'MEROMYOSIN' (HMM)
What is the characteristic of 'LIGHT MEROMYOSIN' (LMM) filameNts?
MAKE UP THE 'RODLIKE' BACKBONE OF THE 'MYOSIN' FILAMENTS
What are the characteristics of 'HEAVY MEROMYOSIN' (HMM) filaments?

(*THERE ARE 2)
FROM SHORTER GLOBULAR LATERAL 'CROSS BRIDGES' (HEADS)

LINK WITH BINDING SITES ON 'ACTIN MOLECULES' DURING CONTRACTION
The 'SEQUENCE OF EVENTS' in 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION' can be summed up in what type of mechanism?
'SLIDING-FILAMENT' MECHANISM
The 'CROSS BRIDGES' of 'MYOSIN HEADS' are made of what?
HEAVY MEROMYOSIN (HMM)
During 'CONTRACTION' what is pulled over what?
'ACTIN' PULLED OVER 'MYOSIN'
Where are 'CALCIUM IONS' released during contraction of a muscle?
TERMINAL CISTERNAE
What is unique about the release of 'CALCIUM IONS' in 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION'?
AROUND 10x MORE THAN IS NEEDED TO INITIATE CONTRACTION IN MUSCLE IS RELEASED

'CALCIUM IONS' COMPLETELY SATURATE THE 'SKELETAL MUSCLE'
What molecules do 'CALCIUM IONS' released during 'CONTRACTION' bind to?

What does this cause to happen?
TROPONIN-C

'CONFORMATION CHANGE' OF 'TROPONIN' AND 'TROPOMYOSIN' MOVES TO ONE SIDE, EXPOSING 'ACTIN' BINDING SITES
What do 'MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGES' bind to?
ACTIN
When the 'MYOSIN HEAD' tilts due to a 'conformational change'. What is this also called?
'POWER STROKE' DUE TO 'SARCOMERE SHORTENING'

'ACTIN' FILAMENT PULLED OVER 'MYOSIN' FILAMENT
What happens after the 'POWER STROKE' occurs?

(*2 THINGS)
'ATP' CAN BIND TO HMM (MYOSIN HEAD)
CROSS-BRIDGES DETACH FROM 'ACTIN' BINDING SITES
What molecule causes the 'CROSS-BRIDGES' (MYOSIN HEADS) to detach from the 'ACTIN' binding site?
ATP

(USED TO 'RECOCK' AND 'ENERGIZE' THE MYOSIN HEAD)
After a 'POWER STROKE' and after 'ATP' has detached 'MYOSIN HEAD' from 'ACTIN'. If 'CALCIUM IONS' are present in the muscle tissue, what will happen?
ANOTHER 'POWER STROKE' WILL BE PRODUCED
TRUE OR FALSE

During a single 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION', the sliding filament process occurs only once.
FALSE

RATCHET MECHANISM AND SLIDING FILAMENT PROCESS OCCUR 'REPEATEDLY' BETWEEN NUMEROUS BINDING SITES/MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGES DURING A 'SINGLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION'
Where is the 'ACTIVE CALCIUM PUMP' located?

What does it do?
'SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM'

IT CONTINUALLY PUMPS 'CALCIUM IONS' OUT OF 'SARCOPLASM' BACK INTO THE 'TERMINAL CISTERNAE'
Without 'CALCIUM IONS' in the 'SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM', what happens?
NO 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION' CAN OCCUR

MUSCLE IS AT A 'RELAXED STATE'