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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 'RESPONSIBILITIES' for the 3 types of contractile tissue in the body?
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1. MOVEMENT OF THE BODY
2. MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN BODY |
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What is 'MYOGENIC' contraction defined as?
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SPONTANEOUS CONTRACTION
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What is 'NEUROGENIC' contraction defined as?
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(induced) INNERVATION CONTRACTION
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What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'SMOOTH MUSCLE'?
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1. ELONGATED
2. 'NO' CROSS STRIATIONS 3. INVOLUNTARY CONTROL 4. ONLY 'ONE' NUCLEUS |
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What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'CARDIAC MUSCLE'?
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1. 'YES' CROSS STRIATIONS
2. ONLY 'ONE' NUCLEUS 3. INVOLUNTARY CONTROL 4. INTERCALATED DISCS |
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What are the 4 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'SKELETAL MUSCLE'?
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1. ELONGATED
2. 'MULTI' NUCLEATED 3. VOLUNTARY CONTROL 4. WELL DEVELOPED 'CROSS STRIATIONS' |
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What is the 'PRIMARY FUNCTION' of 'SMOOTH MUSCLE'?
Where are they 'PRIMARILY LOCATED'? |
1. CONTRACTION OF INTERNAL ORGANS
2. PRESENT IN WALLS OF MANY ORGANS |
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What is the function of 'SYNCYTIUM ARRANGEMENT'?
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Join adjacent fibers to facilitate unified cardiac contraction.
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What are the 4 'FUNCTIONS' of 'SKELETAL MUSCLES'?
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1. MOVEMENT OF BONES
2. BODY POSTURE 3. FACIAL EXPRESSION 4. BREATHING MOVEMENTS |
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Which type of 'MUSCLE TISSUE' makes up most of the muscles in the body?
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'SKELETAL MUSCLE'
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What is the only 'MUSCLE TISSUE' that is 'MULTINUCLEATED'?
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'SKELETAL MUSCLE'
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What 'MUSCLE TISSUE' does 'NOT' have 'CROSS STRIATIONS'?
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'SMOOTH MUSCLE'
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Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is a 'MUSCLE CELL' called?
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MUSCLE FIBER
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Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'PLASMA MEMBRANE' called?
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MUSCLE SARCOLEMMA
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Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'CYTOPLASM' called?
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MUSCLE SARCOPLASM
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Under 'MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY' what is the 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' called?
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SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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A 'MUSCLE FIBER' is broken down into 4 things. What is it broken down into from biggest to smallest?
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MUSCLE FIBER -> (MYOFIB)RILS -> (MYOFIL)AMENTS -> ACTIN/MYOSIN
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What parts of a 'MUSCLE FIBER' contain the 'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS'?
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MYOFILAMENTS
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What are the 'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS' in 'MUSCLE FIBERS' called?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. ACTIN
2. MYOSIN |
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What are the 2 'PROTEINS' that are associated with 'ACTIN' called?
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1. TROPONIN
2. TROPOMYOSIN |
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'CONTRACTILE PROTEINS' are arranged into 'COMPARTMENTS'. What are these called?
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SARCOMERES
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The 'DARK BANDS' in a 'SARCOMERE' are called what?
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A-BANDS (ANISOTROPIC)
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The 'LIGHT BANDS' in a 'SARCOMERE' are called what?
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I-BANDS (ISOTROPIC)
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TRUE OR FALSE
THE 'I-BAND' CONTAINS 'BOTH' ACTIN/MYOSIN. |
FALSE
I-BAND = ACTIN ONLY |
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TRUE OR FALSE
THE 'A-BAND' CONTAINS 'BOTH' ACTIN/MYOSIN. |
TRUE
A-BAND = ACTIN/MYOSIN |
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The 'LIGHTER CENTRAL REGION' of the 'SARCOMERE' is called what?
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H-ZONE
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What are the 3 'CHARACTERISTICS' of the 'H-ZONE'?
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1. LIGHTER 'CENTRAL' REGION THAT IS CONNECTED TO THE 'A-BAND'
2. CONTAINS ONLY 'MYOSIN' 3. 'NO MYOSIN HEADS' |
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Which 'BANDS' of the 'SARCOMERE' are 'BISECTED' by 'Z-LINES'?
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I-BANDS
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What are the 3 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'Z-LINES'?
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AREA WHERE 'ACTIN' FILAMENTS OF ADJACENET SARCOMERES JOIN
2 SUCCESSIVE 'Z-LINES' DEFINE THE LIMITS OF ONE SARCOMERE DARK IN COLOR |
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TRUE OR FALSE
DURING 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION', ACTIN AND MYOSIN CHANGE IN LENGTH. |
FALSE
ACTIN AND MYOSIN DO 'NOT' CHANGE IN LENGTH ONLY 'SARCOMERE CHANGES IN LENGTH'. |
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What happens to 'ACTIN' and 'MYOSIN' filaments during 'MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS?
(*3 THINGS) |
1. ACTIN PULLED OVER MYOSIN
2. SARCOMERE LENGTH DECREASES 3. ACTIN/MYOSIN MAINTAIN LENGTH |
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Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':
ACTIN MYOSIN DARK BAND |
A-BAND (ANISOTROPIC)
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Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':
MYOSIN LIGHT BAND |
H-ZONE
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Which band/zone has the following 'CHARACTERISTICS':
ACTIN LIGHT BAND |
I-BAND (ISOTROPIC)
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What is a 'MOTOR UNIT' composed of?
(*2 THINGS) |
Place were single motor neuron and a muscle fiber innervate.
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What is a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?
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AXON OF A 'MOTOR NEURON'
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What are the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?
(*3 THINGS) |
1. LOSES 'MYELIN SHEATH FROM 'MOTOR NEURON'
2. TERMINAL BUTTONS/END-FEET 3. COMPARABLE TO SYNAPTIC CLEFT |
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There are 6 events at a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION', what are they?
(*SIMILAR TO SYNAPSE) |
1. ACTION POTENTIAL TRIGGERS ENTRY/RELEASE OF 'CALCIUM' INTO THE TERMINAL.
2. 'CALCIUM' TRIGGERS 'ACETYLCHOLINE' RELEASE 3. 'ACETYLCHLINE' DIFFUSES ACROSS SPACE/BINDS WITH RECEPTORS ON MUSCLE 4. 'SODIUM' CHANNELS OPEN GENERATING ACTION POTENTIAL 5. 'IMPULSE' FLOWS THROUGH MUSCLE CELL VIA 'TRANVERSE (T) TUBULE SYSTEM' 6. 'ACETYLCHLINE' BROKEN DOWN BY 'ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE |
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What are the 'DIFFERENCES' between a 'SYNAPSE' and a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION'?
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1. SYNAPSE = JUNCTION BETWEEN 2 NEURONS
2. MYONEURAL JUNCTION = NEURON AND MUSCLE CELL 3. AT SYNAPSE POSSIBLE 'EPSP' OR 'IPSP' WHICH EFFECT 2nd NEURON 4. 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' IS 'ALWAYS' EXCITATORY |
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TRUE OR FALSE
A 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' IS ALWAYS 'EXCITATORY' AND NEVER 'INHIBITORY' |
TRUE
'MYONEURAL JUNCTION' = ALWAYS EXCITATORY (*THERE ARE NO EPSP/IPSP) |
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In a 'MYONEURAL JUNCTION', what triggers the 'exocytosis' or 'release' of 'ACETYLCHOLINE' from the vesicles?
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CALCIUM
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'ACTIN FILAMENTS' are composed of what 3 molecules?
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1. ACTIN
2. TROPOMYOSIN 3. TROPONIN |
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What is 'FIBROUS ACTIN' (F-ACTIN)?
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DOUBLE SPHERICAL CHAINS OF 'G-ACTIN'
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What are the characteristics of 'TROPOMYOSIN'?
(*THERE ARE 3) |
1. LONG, THREAD-LIKE MOLECULES
2. LIE ALONG 'F-ACTIN' STRANDS 3. PHYSICALLY COVER ACTING BINDING SITES (DURING MUSCLE RESTING STATE) |
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How many 'G-ACTIN' subunits does one molecule of 'TROPOMYOSIN' cover?
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7 'G-ACTIN' (GLOBULAR ACTIN) MOLECULES
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What are the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'TROPONIN' molecules?
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1. SMALL OVAL-SHAPED MOLECULE
2. ATTACHED TO EACH 'TROPOMYOSIN' 3. INVOLVED IN CALCIUM ION REGULATION |
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What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-I'?
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BINDS TO ACTIN
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What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-T'?
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BINDS TO TROPOMYOSIN
(*HINT - (T) = (T)ROPOMYOSIN BINDING) |
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What is the function of the 'TROPONIN' subunit 'TROPONIN-C'?
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BINDS CALCIUM (INITIATES CONTRACTION)
(*HINT - (C) = (C)ALCIUM BINDING) |
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Is 'ACTIN' thick or thin?
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THIN
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Is 'MYOSIN' thick or thin?
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THICK
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The 'MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGE' has 2 binding sites. What are they?
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1. ACTING BINDING SITE
2. ATPase BINDING SITE |
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What is the characteristic of 'LIGHT MEROMYOSIN' (LMM) filameNts?
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MAKE UP THE 'RODLIKE' BACKBONE OF THE 'MYOSIN' FILAMENTS
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What are the characteristics of 'HEAVY MEROMYOSIN' (HMM) filaments?
(*THERE ARE 2) |
FROM SHORTER GLOBULAR LATERAL 'CROSS BRIDGES' (HEADS)
LINK WITH BINDING SITES ON 'ACTIN MOLECULES' DURING CONTRACTION |
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The 'CROSS BRIDGES' of 'MYOSIN HEADS' are made of what?
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HEAVY MEROMYOSIN (HMM)
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During 'CONTRACTION' what is pulled over what?
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'ACTIN' PULLED OVER 'MYOSIN'
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Where are 'CALCIUM IONS' released during contraction of a muscle?
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TERMINAL CISTERNAE
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What is unique about the release of 'CALCIUM IONS' in 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION'?
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AROUND 10x MORE THAN IS NEEDED TO INITIATE CONTRACTION IN MUSCLE IS RELEASED
'CALCIUM IONS' COMPLETELY SATURATE THE 'SKELETAL MUSCLE' |
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What molecules do 'CALCIUM IONS' released during 'CONTRACTION' bind to?
What does this cause to happen? |
TROPONIN-C
'CONFORMATION CHANGE' OF 'TROPONIN' AND 'TROPOMYOSIN' MOVES TO ONE SIDE, EXPOSING 'ACTIN' BINDING SITES |
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What do 'MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGES' bind to?
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ACTIN
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When the 'MYOSIN HEAD' tilts due to a 'conformational change'. What is this also called?
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'POWER STROKE' DUE TO 'SARCOMERE SHORTENING'
'ACTIN' FILAMENT PULLED OVER 'MYOSIN' FILAMENT |
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What happens after the 'POWER STROKE' occurs?
(*2 THINGS) |
'ATP' CAN BIND TO HMM (MYOSIN HEAD)
CROSS-BRIDGES DETACH FROM 'ACTIN' BINDING SITES |
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What molecule causes the 'CROSS-BRIDGES' (MYOSIN HEADS) to detach from the 'ACTIN' binding site?
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ATP
(USED TO 'RECOCK' AND 'ENERGIZE' THE MYOSIN HEAD) |
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After a 'POWER STROKE' and after 'ATP' has detached 'MYOSIN HEAD' from 'ACTIN'. If 'CALCIUM IONS' are present in the muscle tissue, what will happen?
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ANOTHER 'POWER STROKE' WILL BE PRODUCED
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TRUE OR FALSE
During a single 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION', the sliding filament process occurs only once. |
FALSE
RATCHET MECHANISM AND SLIDING FILAMENT PROCESS OCCUR 'REPEATEDLY' BETWEEN NUMEROUS BINDING SITES/MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGES DURING A 'SINGLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION' |
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Where is the 'ACTIVE CALCIUM PUMP' located?
What does it do? |
'SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM'
IT CONTINUALLY PUMPS 'CALCIUM IONS' OUT OF 'SARCOPLASM' BACK INTO THE 'TERMINAL CISTERNAE' |
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Without 'CALCIUM IONS' in the 'SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM', what happens?
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NO 'MUSCLE CONTRACTION' CAN OCCUR
MUSCLE IS AT A 'RELAXED STATE' |
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Protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which binds up to 43 Ca++ ions
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Calsequestrin
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What do Tansverse (T) tubules do?
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Internal extensions of the sarcolemma.
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What do Lateral sacs (terminal cisternae) do?
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store the calcium that is released.
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What consists of a T-tuble with terminal cistern on both sides?
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Muscle triade
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The T-tuble action potential causes the lateral sacs to release calcium ions via what?
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Ryanodine Receptor Channel
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What is Rigor Mortis?
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"Stiffness of death" Caused by dead cells that cannot produce any more ATP, the actin and myosin are unable to detach.
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Isometric contraction
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muscle at constant length
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Isotonic contraction
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muscle shortens
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A twitch consists three phases:
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Latent period, Contraction, and Relaxation
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The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum as two major components:
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T-tubules and Lateral sacs (terminal cisternae).
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Temporal summation or a wave:
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When the first muscle twitch is not completely over when the second one begins.
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Tetanus:
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When the stimuli are applied in a very rapid succession and the contractions fuse together and cannot be distinguished one from the other.
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Slow-twitch fibers (Distance Runner)
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(Red Fibers, resulting from high concentration of myoglobin (which binds to O2))
Duration: 100 msec. Small in diameter, many mitochondria. |
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Fast-twitch fibers (Sprinter)
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(White Fibers)
Duration: 7 msec Large fibers, high storage of glycogen and few mitochondria. |
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Causes of Muscle Fatigue
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ATP use exceeds production
Lactic acid Glycogen depletion Inhibition of release of calcium from the lateral sacs |
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What makes tetanus impossible in Cardiac Muscles?
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Long absolute and relative refractory periods.
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What are the two drugs that make the heart beat slower and stronger?
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Catecholamines and Digitalis
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What will decrease intracellular concentrations and decrease the force of contraction?
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Cholinergic Agents
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List the duration of muscle contraction from fastest to slowest in the three types of muscles.
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Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
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Is contraction myosin-regulated or action-regulated in cardiac cells?
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myosin-regulated
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Calmodulin is in cardiac muscles is like what in skeletal muscles?
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troponin (where the Ca++ binds)
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