Pdbio 305 - Digestive System

Front 1

Mastication (chewing) is important because it does what to the food? Why is this important?

Back 1

Increases the surface area of the food

Rate of digestion depends on the total surface area exposed

Front 2

There are 3 processed involved with digestion that start in the mouth. What are they?

Back 2

1. Mastication (chewing)
2. Food is lubricated w/saliva
3. Digestion starts w/amylase

Front 3

What does 'amylase' do?

Back 3

ONLY breaks down starch/carbohydrates

Front 4

Saliva contains a substance that acts as an antibiotic. What is it?

Back 4

Lysozyme

Front 5

What is the daily amount of saliva secretion?

Back 5

800-1500 ml

Front 6

What is the pH of saliva?

Back 6

6-7 (slightly acidic)

Front 7

True of False:

The salivary glands are under sympathetic control.

Back 7

FALSE

Salivary glands are under PARASYMPATHETIC control

(Rest/Digest)

Front 8

There are 3 paired glands involved in saliva secretion. What are the 3 paired glands?

Back 8

1. Large parotid
2. Submandibular gland
3. Sublingual gland

Front 9

Which two salivary glands secrete both serous and mucous enzymes?

Back 9

1. Submandibular gland
2. Sublingual gland

Front 10

What salivary gland secretes only serous fluid-enzymes?

Back 10

Large Parotid

Front 11

What are the characteristics of 'mumps'?

Back 11

Viral disease of the parotid salivary gland

Front 12

What are the characteristics of 'parotitis' disease?

Back 12

Inflammation of parotid gland

Front 13

What are the characteristics of 'ptyalocele' disease?

Back 13

Cystic tumor of a salivary gland

Front 14

How many taste buds do humans have? How many taste cells are there per bud?

Back 14

4000 Taste buds

30-100 Taste cells/bud

Front 15

The esophagus is a 'thin' muscular tube that moves food from the ________ to the _______.

Back 15

Pharynx to the Stomach

Front 16

The lower end of the esophagus has a sphincter that is called by two names. What are they?

Back 16

1. Cardiac sphincter
2. Gastroesophageal sphincter

Front 17

The esophageal sphincters prevent what from entering into the esophagus?

Back 17

Stomach acid

Front 18

What are some of the characteristics of 'heartburn'?

Back 18

Regurgitation of gastric contents into esophagus

Front 19

What is the definition of 'achalasia'?

Back 19

Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) fails to relax.

Front 20

Someone with 'achalasia' will have which of the following symptoms? (There are 4 of them)

Back 20

1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
2. Substernal pain (mimics angina)
3. Food may remain in esophagus for hours
4. Possible regurgitation into pharynx

Front 21

What are the characteristics of 'angina'?

Back 21

Painful constriction or tightness somewhere in the body

Front 22

What are some of the causes of 'achalasia'? (There are 3 of them)

Back 22

1. Abnormal parasympathetic stimulation
2. Drinking cold liquids
3. Excess gastrin secretion

Front 23

What is the scientific name for an esophageal tumor and what are the characteristics of them?

Back 23

Carcinoma

Obstruction of the esophagus

Accounts for about 2% of all cancer deaths in the U.S.

Front 24

Which 3 substances are very common in the absorption in the stomach?

Back 24

1. Aspirin
2. Alcohol
3. Water

Front 25

How much does the stomach absorb?

Back 25

Very little

Front 26

What do parietal cells in the stomach do?

Back 26

Secrete HCl and secrete intrinsic factor.

Front 27

What functions do the 'mucus cells' in the stomach have?

Back 27

Secrete mucus

Protects the stomach lining

Front 28

What functions do the 'zymogenic cells' (chief cells) in the stomach have?

Back 28

Secrete pepsinogen

In acidic conditions. Pepsinogen becomes pepsin.

Front 29

What does the 'pepsin' enzyme do?

Back 29

Digests proteins

Front 30

What are some of the characteristics of 'pyloric stenosis'?

Back 30

Narrowing of pyloric sphincter
Projectile vomiting = 3-4 feet

Caused by enlargement of circular muscle fibers

Front 31

Peptic ulcers are usually caused when the stomach, esophagus or duodenum is attacked and digested by what TWO enzymes?

Back 31

1. HCl
2. Pepsin

Front 32

Where does a gastric ulcer occur?

Back 32

Stomach

Front 33

Where does a duodenal ulcer occur?

Back 33

First part of the small intestine (Duodenum)

Front 34

Where does a esophageal ulcer?

Back 34

Lower part of the esophagus

Front 35

There are 7 causes for peptic ulcers. What are some of them?

Back 35

1. Stress
2. Poor eating habits
3. Excess vagal stimulation
4. Hypersecretion of HCl/Pepsin
5. Hypersecretion of adrenal coriticoids
6. Lack of mucus
7. Presence of irritating chemicals (steroids, anti-inflammatory agents, caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, or aspirin)

Front 36

__% of all peptic ULCERS are caused by ___________ ______?

Back 36

1. 80%
2. Helicobacter pylori

Front 37

What is the pH of Gastric Juice?

Back 37

2

Front 38

What is the pH of Urine?

Back 38

4.5-6

Front 39

What is the pH of Sweat?

Back 39

4-7

Front 40

What is the pH of Saliva?

Back 40

6.4

Front 41

What is the pH of Breast Milk?

Back 41

7

Front 42

What is the pH of Arterial Blood?

Back 42

7.4

Front 43

What is the pH of Pancreatic Juice?

Back 43

7.5-9

Front 44

How long is the small intestine?

Back 44

20 feet

Front 45

What are the characteristics of intestinal juice? (/Amount/pH)

Back 45

Amount = 1000-2000 ml/day
pH = 7.6

Front 46

What percetage of digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine?

Back 46

90%

Front 47

The small intestine is separated into three different division, what are the three divisions and how long is each one?

Back 47

1. Duodenum (10-12 inches)
2. Jejunum (8 feet)
3. Ileum (12 feet)

Front 48

The small intestine produces 3 enzymes to help digest the three major food materials.

What are the 3 enzymes and what food material do they digest?

Back 48

1. Peptidase - PROTEINS
2. Carbohydrase - CARBOHYDRATES
3. Lipase - FATS or LIPIDS

Front 49

What is the large intestine also known as?

Back 49

Colon

Front 50

The large intestine is divided structurally into 3 parts. What are the 3 parts?

Back 50

1. Cecum
2. Colon
3. Anal canal

Front 51

The colon (large intestine) is separated into 4 sections. What are the 4 sections?

Back 51

1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
4. Sigmoid colon

Front 52

What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?

Back 52

1. Absorption of water/electrolytes
2. Storage
3. Expulsion of feces from digestive

Front 53

What is diarrhea?

Back 53

Intestinal wall becomes irritated and peristalsis increases

Lack of absorption of water
helps body rid of infectious organisms.

Front 54

What are the 2 major causes of diarrhea?

Back 54

1. Infection of lower GI tract
2. Nervous stimulation

Front 55

True or False:

Laxatives should be used whenever needed. The body can not become dependent on laxatives.

Back 55

FALSE

Laxatives should ONLY be used when necessary because the body CAN become dependent on laxatives.

Front 56

What are some of the symptoms of appendicitis?

Back 56

1. Severe pain in the right abdominal region
2. Tenderness/Swelling

Front 57

What is a colostomy?

Back 57

Surgical procedure in which an abdominal exit is made for the colon. *(Colon bypass or 'bag')

Front 58

What is dysentery?

Back 58

Inflammation of intestinal mucosa with bleeding and mucus discharge with the stools.

Front 59

The largest 'gland' of the body is the ______ weighing in at about __ pounds.

Back 59

1. Liver
2. 3 pounds

Front 60

The liver is composed of lobules that contain what type of cells? What do these cells produce?

Back 60

1. Hepatocytes
2. Bile

Front 61

What is the purpose of bile. How does it work?

Back 61

Necessary for emulsification/digestion of fats

Increases surface area of fats

Front 62

There are 8 functions of the LIVER. What are they?

Back 62

1. Bile production
2. Storage of iron/copper
3. Storage of glucose
4. Synthesis/Storage/Release of Vitamins
5. Synthesis of fibrinogen/prothrombin used in clotting
6. Phagocytosis of foreign object in blood
7. Detoxification of substances in blood
8. Plasma protein synthesis

Front 63

What 3 common proteins are synthesized in the liver?

Back 63

1. Albumin
2. Fibrinogen
3. Angiotensinogen

Front 64

What are the characteristics of 'Cirrhosis'. What may cause this disease?

Back 64

Normal liver epithelium is replaced by connective tissue causing blockage of sinusoids

Alcohol/Malnutrition may cause cirrhosis

Front 65

What are the characteristics of 'Hepatitis'?

Back 65

Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, protozoa and bacteria.

Front 66

What are the characteristics of 'Jaundice'? What causes this disease?

Back 66

Yellowish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes.

Caused by excessive accumulation of free or conjugated 'BILIRUBIN'.

Front 67

What are some of the functions and characteristics of the gallbladder?

Back 67

Sac-like organ attached to common bile duct that sits under the liver.

Stores/Concentrates and releases bile.

Front 68

How much bile does the 'liver' secrete a day?

Back 68

600-1000 bile ml/day

Front 69

How much bile can the 'gallbladder' store? How concentrated is the bile stored here compared to that of the liver?

Back 69

1. Storage = 30-70 ml

2. Up to 20 times more concentrated than bile from liver

Front 70

How is bile regulated?

Back 70

Fat/Partially digested proteins in S.I. (small intestine) tract causes release of CCK (cholecystokinin) which goes to the gallbladder and stimulates contraction.

Front 71

What does cholecystokinin (cck) stimulate?

Back 71

Stimulates contraction of gallbladder (releasing bile).

Front 72

How are gallstones formed?

Back 72

Precipitation of substances contained in bile (cholesterol/bilirubin)

Front 73

There are 3 factors which cause cholesterol to become hyperconcentrated in the bile which causes gallstones. What are the 3 factors?

Back 73

1. Stasis of bile (too much absorption of water)
2. High levels of cholesterol in blood
3. Inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 74

What is the major mixed gland (endocrine/exocrine) of the body?

Back 74

Pancreas

Front 75

What are some characteristics and functions of the pancreas

Back 75

Endocrine (hormones and blood) function of insulin and glucagon secretion into blood.

Exocrine function is to secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

Front 76

How much fluid does the pancreas release each day? What is the pH of the fluid?

Back 76

1200-1500 ml/day of fluid

pH = 7.1-8.2

Front 77

The pancreas secretes 4 digestive enzymes. What are they?

Back 77

1. Amylase
2. Lipase
3. Peptidase
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
4. Bicarbonate

Front 78

What is the function of 'amylase'?

Back 78

Hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into disaccharides

Front 79

What is the function of 'lipase'?

Back 79

Converts fats into fatty acids and monoglycerols

Front 80

What is the function of 'peptidases/proteolytic enzymes'?
(Trypsin/Chymotripsin/Carboxypeptidase)

Back 80

Convert proteins or partially digested proteins into amino acids

Front 81

What is the functions of 'bicarbonate'? (There are two of them)

Back 81

Neutralizes acid in the stomach

Provides environment for pancreatic enzymes to function

Front 82

What is 'Acute Pancreatitis'?

Back 82

Damaged pancreas that builds a pool of secretions in damaged areas

Front 83

In 'Gastro-Intestinal Tract Regulation', there are 2 controls that regulate gastric secretion. What are the 2 controls?

Back 83

1. Nervous Control
2. Hormonal Control

Front 84

In 'Nervous Control' regulation of gastric secretion, there is one factor that regulates secretion. What is it and what three things does it cause to happen?

Back 84

Increased parasympathetic activity (vagus nerve)

Increased release of gastrin (hormone)

Front 85

Where is gastrin released?

Back 85

From the 'G cells'

Front 86

What are the 2 main factors that will stimulate secretion of gastrin from the 'Hormonal Control' system in G.I. tract regulation?

Back 86

1. Alcohol/Caffeine
2. Histamine/Calcium

Front 87

What activates Trypsinogen to Trypsin?

Back 87

Enterokinase Enzyme

Front 88

What are the two hormones that help regulate pancreatic secretions?

Back 88

1. Secretin
2. CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Front 89

What are some of the characteristics of the 'Secretin' hormone? (There are 5 of them)

Back 89

1. Secreted from 'S' cells when pH drops in duodenum

2. Travels in blood to pancreas. Pancreas causes secretion of pancreatic juice rich in 'BICARBONATE'

3. Bicarbonate neutralizes the acid.

Front 90

What are some of the characteristics of the 'Cholecystiokinin (CCK)' hormone?

Back 90

Stimulate secretion of pancreatic juice rich in 'ENZYMES' for digestion.

Front 91

How does CCK regulate Bile Secretion?

Back 91

It stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and the release of bile.

Front 92

Catabolism:

Back 92

Breaking 'down' process

Glucose is broken down to yield energy.

Front 93

Anabolism:

Back 93

The construction of complex molecules from simple building blocks.

Front 94

When carbohydrates get low, what does the body use as secondary or supplementary fuel?

Back 94

Fats and Proteins

Front 95

Nervous tissue can only utilize what as an energy source.

Back 95

Glucose

Front 96

What is the process of taking a fat to the final product in the digestive system? What is the final product?

Back 96

Fat chopped up by Bile = Fat Globules
Fat Globules disintegrated by Lipase = Glycerol and fatty acids

Front 97

When proteins are digested they form amino acids. How is this process performed?

Back 97

Proteins -> Polypeptides -> Small polypeptides and amino acids -> Amino acids

Front 98

True or False

ALL electrolytes are easily absorbed and do not require active transport.

Back 98

FALSE:

Some electrolytes REQUIRE Active Transport

Front 99

True or False

After transport into the cells, glucose can be used IMMEDIATELY for the release of energy to cells or be stored in the form of glycogen.

Back 99

TRUE

Can be used immediately
Can be stored as glycogen

Front 100

What is the process of making glycogen from glucose?

Back 100

Glycogenesis

Front 101

What is the process of breaking down glycogen to glucose?

Back 101

Glycogenolysis

Front 102

When the body breaks down one molecule of glucose, what does it turn into? (3 Things)

Back 102

1. Carbon Dioxide
2. Water
3. Energy (ATP)

Front 103

What is 'glycolosis'?

Back 103

Splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

Front 104

How much ATP is formed from 'glycolysis'?

Back 104

2 ATP

Front 105

True or False:

Under 'anaerobic' conditions, cell respiration can occur and more then 2 ATP's are formed.

Back 105

FALSE:

Under 'anaerobic' conditions, cell respiration CANNOT occur.

Only 2 ATP's are then formed.

Front 106

What is the 'net result' of the 'Krebs Cycle' for each molecule of glucose?

Back 106

Release of 16 Hydrogen atoms
Production of only 2 ATP

Front 107

What is the 'net result' of the 'Electron Transport Chain' for each molecule of glucose?

Back 107

32 ATP

Front 108

What is the total amount of ATP produced in Glucose Catabolism? (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain)?

Back 108

36 ATP

Front 109

What is the name of the reaction that occur in the matrix of the mitochondria and requires O2.

Back 109

Aerobic respiration

Front 110

Lipogenesis

Back 110

Conversion of glucose into fats.

Front 111

True or False

Proteins (amino acids) cannot be converted into acetyl CoA.

Back 111

FALSE:

Proteins CAN be converted into Acetyl CoA

(*Only if needed)

Front 112

Lipolysis

Back 112

Degradation of fatty acids.

Front 113

What are the two side products of ketone bodies?

Back 113

Acetoacetic acid
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid