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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
THE AVERAGE YOUNG ADULT HAS HOW MUCH 'BLOOD'? (*VOLUME)
|
4-6 L
|
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'BLOOD' is separated into 2 different components. What are the 2 components?
|
Plasm and Formed Elements (Cells)
|
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What 3 types of 'CELLS' are found in 'BLOOD' composition?
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1. ERYTHROCYTES
2. LEUKOCYTES 3. THROMBOCYTES |
|
What are the 5 functions of 'BLOOD'?
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1. CARRIAGE OF O2 TO CELLS
2. TRANSPORT OF HORMONES IN BODY 3. REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM CELLS 4. DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE 5. REGULATE ACID/BASE BALANCE |
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In the 'SOLUTE' portion of the 'PLASMA' in blood there are 4 major substances. What are they?
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1. PROTEINS (7%)
2. ELECTROLYTES 3. UREA 4. GLUCOSE |
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What 'PROTEIN' is found in the most abundance in blood plasma?
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ALBUMIN
|
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What is considered to be the 'NORMAL' hematocrit?
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45% = NORMAL
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What is the normal 'HEMATOCRIT' range for males?
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42-48% = MALES
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What is the normal 'HEMATOCRIT' range for females?
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38-44% = FEMALES
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'PLASMA' minus the 'coagulation factors' is referred to as what?
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SERUM
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What is the ratio of 'RED BLOOD CELLS' to other 'BLOOD CELLS'?
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500:1
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'PLASMA PROTEINS' can be separated into 4 basic groups. What are the 4 basic groups?
|
1. ALBUMIN
2. GLOBULINS (ALPHA/BETA/GAMMA) 3. CLOTTING FACTORS 4. OTHERS (ENZYMES/HORMONES) |
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WHERE ARE THE 'ALPHA/BETA' GLOBULINS FORMED?
|
LIVER
|
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What is the main function of 'ALBUMIN' proteins found in the blood?
What is a important characteristic of this protein? |
OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATION
IS THE 'SMALLEST' MOST 'ABUNDANT' PLASMA PROTEIN |
|
What are the functions of the 'ALPHA/BETA' globulins?
How do they work? |
CARRIER VEHICLES
PREVENT SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD FROM LEAVING THE CAPILLARY TOO QUICKLY. |
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What is the function of 'GAMMA' globulins as a blood plasma protein?
What 2 types of this are possible? |
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
1. NATURAL IMMUNITY 2. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY |
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Where are 'GAMMA GLOBULINS' formed?
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LYMPHOID TISSUES
|
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What are the 4 characteristics of 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
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1. NO NUCLEUS
2. CANNOT MULTIPLY 3. BICONCAVE DISCS 4. DO NOT SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS |
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What are the 2 functions of 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
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1. TRANSPORT HEMOGLOBIN
2. PARTICIPATE IN CO2 TRANSPORT |
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'MALES' have an average of approximately how many 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
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5.5 million/mm^3
|
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'FEMALES' have an average of approximately how many 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
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4.5 million/mm^3 = FEMALES
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Under what conditions will there be an 'INCREASE' of 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
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1. ALTITUDE
2. MUSCULAR EXERCISE 3. TEMPERATURE 4. AGE - HIGHER IN INFANTS |
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The synthesis of 'RED BLOOD CELLS' is known as what?
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ERYTHROPOIESIS
|
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The synthesis of 'ALL BLOOD CELLS' is known as what?
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HEMATOPOIESIS
|
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Where does synthesis of 'BLOOD CELLS' take place during the following times of life:
- EARLY EMBRYO - MIDDLE PREGNANCY - ADULT |
1. EARLY EMBRYO = YOLK SAC
2. MIDDLE PREGNANCY = LIVER, SPLEEN AND BONE MARROW 3. ADULT = BONE MARROW, VERTEBRAE, RIBS, STERNUM |
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What is considered to be the most important step in the process of 'RED BLOOD CELL' synthesis?
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RETICULOCYTE: Cell leaves marrow and enters blood-stream 'W/OUT' a 'NUCLEUS'
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Between what 2 processes does the 'RED BLOOD CELL' lose its nucleus?
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NORMOBLAST -> RETICULOCYTE
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Without this 'hormone' red blood will not forms and 'stem cells' will NOT be stimulated.
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ERYTHROPOIETIN
|
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If the 'OXYGEN' delivery to certain cells of the kidney decreases, what is secreted?
|
ERYTHROPOIETIN = SECRETED
SECRETED FROM 'KIDNEYS' (*STARTS 'ERYTHROPOIESIS') |
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'ERYTHROPOIETIN' (EPO) goes into the blood and stimulates what to become what. Where does this 'generally' occur?
|
'STEM CELLS' to become 'PROERYTHROBLASTS'
GENERALLY OCCURS IN 'BONE MARROW' |
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It takes approximately how many days for (RBCs) to increase after 'ERYTHROPOIETIN' is stimulated?
|
5 DAYS
|
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'ERYTHROPOIETIN' is part of the group of 'CYTOKINES' called what?
|
HEMATOPOEITIC GROWTH FACTORS (HGFs)
|
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How do (RBCs) become 'worn out'?
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THROUGH WEAR/TEAR OF PASSING THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS.
|
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Approximately how many 'RED BLOOD CELLS' (RBCs) are 'destroyed' each second?
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~2,500,000 RED BLOOD CELLS / SECOND
|
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What is 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
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Substance the can 'reversibly' bind to 'OXYGEN'
|
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'HEMOGLOBIN' consists of 2 parts. What are the 2 parts?
|
1. GLOBIN (4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS)
2. HEME (Fe++ w/ PORPHYRIN) |
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The 'GLOBIN' portion of 'HEMEGLOBIN' is considered to be a what?
What is it made of? |
PROTEIN
MADE OF 4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS. (2 ALPHA CHAINS AND 2 BETA CHAINS) |
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4 DISK-SHAPED MOLECULES ARE WHAT MAKE UP THIS COMPOUND.
|
'HEME' IN HEMO-GLOBIN
|
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Each 'HEME' has what molecule in the center?
|
IRON
|
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When 'IRON' (Fe++) is combined with 'PORPHYRIN', what is the result?
|
A 'HEME' GROUP
|
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In 100 ml of 'BLOOD' there are approximately how many 'GRAMS' of 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
|
15 GRAMS
|
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What amount of 'OXYGEN' in 'ml' will combine on a 'per gram' basis with 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
|
1.34 ml OXYGEN / 1g Hb
|
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What is 'OXYHEMOGLOBIN' defined as?
|
HEMOGLOBIN that is 'SATURATED' with O2 (OXYGEN)
|
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When 'HEMOGLOBIN' combines with CO2 what is the molecule called?
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CARBAMINO HEMOGLOBIN
|
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When 'HEMOGLOBIN' combines with CO what is the molecule called?
|
CARBOXY HEMOGLOBIN
|
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What happens to 'HEMOGLOBIN' when RBCs are worn out and destroyed? What is this referred to as?
|
CATABOLISM (BREAKDOWN) OF HEMOGLOBIN
|
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What is the process for 'HEMOGLOBIN' destruction?
(*3 STEPS) |
1. HEMOGLOBIN -> HEME + GLOBIN
GLOBIN = REABSORBED/REUSED 2. HEME -> IRON + PORPHRYIN IRON = REABSORBED 3. PORPHYRIN -> BILIVERDIN -> BILIRUBIN -> SECRETED FROM BODY |
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Where is 'BILIRUBIN' delivered to?
|
LIVER
|
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After 'BILIRUBIN' has been delivered to the 'LIVER', what is its function?
|
EXCRETED FROM LIVER WITH 'BILE'
|
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When 'BILIRUBIN' is excreted in the form of 'FECES' what is it called?
|
STERCOBILIN
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When 'BILIRUBIN' is reabsorbed back into the blood, delivered to 'KIDNEYS' and excreted in the form of 'URINE' what is it called?
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UROBILIN
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What is it called when the 'YELLOWISH' colored 'BILIRUBIN' accumlates in the blood to an abnormally 'HIGH' degree?
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JAUNDICE (HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA)
HIGH BLOOD BILIRUBIN LEVELS |
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There are 3 causes of 'JAUNDICE', what are they?
|
1. LIVER DISEASE
2. EXCESS RED CELL DESTRUCTION 3. BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION |
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What is 'ANEMIA' defined as?
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'DECREASED' OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE BLOOD.
|
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There are 2 main 'CAUSES' of 'ANEMIA', what are they?
|
1. DECREASED NUMBER OF RBCs
2. DECREASED HEMOGLOBIN/CELL |
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What are the 3 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ANEMIA'?
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1. PALE SKIN COLOR
2. FATIGUE 3. RAPID HEART RATE |
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What are the 4 basic 'TYPES' of 'ANEMIA'?
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1. HEMORRHAGIC
2. APLASTIC 3. NUTRITIONAL 4. HEMOLYTIC |
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What is 'HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA' defined as?
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'ANEMIA' DUE TO BLOOD LOSS
|
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What is 'APLASTIC ANEMIA' defined as?
|
'ANEMIA' DUE TO BONE MARROW DESTRUCTION
(*LEAST COMMON) |
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What is 'NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA' defined as?
What 2 'SUB-GROUPS' are included in this type of 'ANEMIA'? |
Dietary deficiency of a factor needed for erythopoiesis
Iron deficiency and Folic Acid deficiency |
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Why is Ferritin important?
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Stores iron.
|
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What is considered to be the 'MOST COMMON' type of 'ANEMIA'?
|
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
|
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What is the definition of 'FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA'?
|
Folic Acid = REQUIRED FOR 'MITOSIS'.
WITHOUT 'FOLIC ACID', CELL DIVISION IMPAIRMENT OCCURS. IMPACTS GREATER ON 'RBC' PRODUCTION |
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What is 'PERNICIOUS ANEMIA'? What type of 'ANEMIA' is this considered to be?
|
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY = Required for Mitosis FAILURE OF VITAMIN B12 TO BE 'ABSORBED' FROM THE G-I TRACT. |
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What is the process in which 'PERNICIOUS ANEMIA' occurs?
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PARIETAL CELLS -> INTRINSIC FACTOR -> VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION -> MITOSIS (RBC) PRODUCTION
|
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What is 'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA' defined as?
|
RBC DESTRUCTION
|
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What happens in 'SICKEL CELL ANEMIA'?
|
Substituted Amino Acid
|
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What is the definition of 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
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'INCREASED' RBC NUMBERS 'ABOVE' NORMAL LEVELS
|
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What are the 2 different types of 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
|
1. Primary Polycythemia (Way High)
2. Secondary/ Physiologic Polycythemia (A little High) |
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What are the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'PHYSIOLOGIC/SECONDARY' 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
|
NO ACTUAL RBC PATHOLOGY (nothing is actually wrong)
(High altitudes, low oxygen pressure). |
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What is the cause of Primary Polycythemia?
|
'TUMOR OF THE BONE MARROW'
|
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What are some of the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'Primary Polycythemia' (Vera)?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM) |
1. 11 MILLION CELLS/MM^3 (RBCs)
2. HEMATOCRIT = 80% 3. BLOOD IS VERY VISCOUS/SLUGGISH 4. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE 5. HIGH RISK OF STROKE/HEART ATTACK |
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What is the 'average' number of 'LEUKOCYTES' in a person?
|
6,000 - 12,000 /mm^3 (1/500 of RBC count)
|
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What 3 types of 'LEUKOCYTES' are considered to be 'GRANULOCYTES'?
|
1. NEUTROPHILS (65-70%)
2. EOSINOPHILS (1-2%) 3. BASOPHILS (0-.5%) |
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What 2 types of 'LEUKOCYTES' are considered to be 'AGRANULOCYTES'?
|
1. LYMPHOCYTES (20-24%)
2. MONOCYTES (5%) |
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Where are 'AGRANULOCYTES' formed?
|
IN THE 'LYMPH NODES'
|
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Where are 'GRANULOCYTES' formed?
|
BONE MARROW
|
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Neutrophils defend against...
|
acute conditions such as appendicitis, sore throat, and pneumonia.
|
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Eosinophilis increase in number during...
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allergic conditions.
|
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Basophils secrete an...
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anticoagulant called heparin, and the chemical called histamine.
|
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Lymphocytes are very active in the...
What are the two types? |
immune response.
--B-Lymphocytes produce antibodies --T-lymphocytes directly destroy specific target cells. |
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Monocytes defend against...
|
Chronic conditions (tuberculosis and venereal diseases).
|
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Where are the 'LEUKOCYTE' production sites for an 'EMBRYO'?
(*THERE ARE 3 SITES) |
1. BONE MARROW
2. LIVER 3. SPLEEN |
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What is the definition of 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'? What cells 'commonly' participate in this?
|
ABILITY TO 'ENGULF' FOREIGN BODIES
'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES) |
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What is 'DIAPEDESIS'?
What cells 'commonly' participate in this? |
ABILITY TO 'SQUEEZE' THROUGH CAPILLARY WALLS
'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES) |
|
What is 'AMEBOID MOTION' described as?
What cells 'commonly' participate in this? |
ability to move once they leave the circulation by streaming of the cytoplasm as an amoeba.
'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES) |
|
What is 'CHEMOTAXIS' defined as?
|
(signaling) Leukocytes are 'drawn' toward an area of 'infection.'
|
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What is 'LEUCOTAXINE'?
|
a 'CHEMOTAXINE' substance released by an injured cell.
|
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These 'LEUKOCYTES' release 'HISTAMINE' and 'HEPARIN'.
|
BASOPHILS
|
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These 'LEUKOCYTES' are 'very active' in an 'IMMUNE RESPONSE'.
|
LYMPHOCYTES
|
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What are the 2 types of 'LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
1. B-LYMPHOCYTES
2. T-LYMPHOCYTES |
|
What are the functions of 'B-LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
1. PRODUCE ANTIBODIES (ANTIBODIES ALSO PRODUCED BY PLASMA CELLS)
|
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What are the functions of 'T-LYMPHOCYTES'?
|
DIRECTLY 'DESTROY' SPECIFIC TARGET CELLS
(*HINT - 'T' STANDS FOR 'TERMINATOR') |
|
'MONOCYTES'
|
Defense against chronic conditions (tuberculosis and venereal disease).
|
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These type of 'LEUKOCYTE' become 'MACROPHAGES' and are 'very active' in 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'. They can live for months and even years.
|
MONOCYTES
|
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What is 'LEUKEMIA' defined as?
|
'INCREASED' NUMBER OF 'LEUKOCYTES'
|
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With 'LEUKEMIA', what could be considered to be 'FATAL'?
Why? |
A SMALL 'INFECTION'
INCREASED NUMBER OF 'LEUKOCYTES' ARE VERY 'IMMATURE' AND ARE UNABLE TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION. |
|
During 'LEUKEMIA', the 'WBC' count may reach what number?
|
500,000/mm^3 'WBCs'
|
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What are considered to be the 'most common' reasons for death among 'LEUKEMIA' patients?
*There are 2 of them |
1. INFECTIONS
2. HEMORRHAGE |
|
What is 'LEUKOPENIA' defined as?
|
DECREASED PRODUCTION OF 'WHITE BLOOD CELLS'
|
|
What is the 'AVERAGE' number of 'THROMBOCYTES' (PLATELETS) in the body?
|
150,000-350,000/mm^3 PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
|
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What are 'THROMBOCYTES' also referred to as?
|
PLATELETS
|
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What is a 'MEGAKARYOCYTE'?
|
VERY LARGE 'BONE MARROW CELL'
|
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How are 'THROMBOCYTES' (PLATELETS) formed?
|
Pieces of 'CYTOPLASM' that chip off the 'MEGAKARYOCYTE'
|
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What produces 'PLATELETS'?
|
MEGAKARYOCYTES
|
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Where does the 'DESTRUCTION' of 'PLATELETS' occur?
|
IN THE 'SPLEEN'
|
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What do 'PLATELETS' play an important role in?
|
BLOOD CLOTTING
|
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How do 'PLATELETS' perform 'BLOOD CLOTTING'?
|
'PLATELET PLUG' IS FORMED
'PLATELET PLUG' STOPS BLEEDING BEFORE ACTUAL CLOT IS FORMED |
|
When do 'PLATELETS' begin to stick together?
|
WHEN EXPOSED TO 'COLLAGEN' (A PROTEIN)
|
|
As 'PLATELETS' begin to stick together, 3 things are released. What are the 3 substances?
|
1. ADP
2. SEROTONIN 3. PROSTAGLANDIN (THROMBOXANE A2) |
|
The 'chemicals' that are released upon the formation of a 'PLATELET PLUG' stimulate what process to occur?
|
STIMULATE 'VASOCONSTRICTION'
OTHER 'PLATELETS' BECOME STICKY |
|
'PLATELETS' also contain a very high concentration of what 2 molecules that are also found in muscle tissue?
|
1. ACTIN
2. MYOSIN |
|
Because of the 'ACTIN' and 'MYOSIN', 'PLATELETS' have the ability to do what in 'aggregated platelets'?
|
CONTRACT
|
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The 'PLATELET PLUG' does 'NOT' expand and spread from damaged endothelium. Why does this happen?
|
UNDAMAGED 'ENDOTHELIAL CELLS' secrete 'PROSTAGLANDIN I2' (PGI2).
THIS INHIBITS 'PLATELET AGGREGATION' |
|
'PROSTAGLANDIN I2' (PGI2) is also known as what?
|
PROSTACYCLIN
|
|
There are 2 chemicals that the body secretes in order to 'INHIBIT' 'PLATELET AGGREGATION' on 'undamaged endothelial cells'. What are the 2 chemicals?
|
1. PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2)
2. NITRIC OXIDE (NO) |
|
What is the definition of 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA'?
|
ABNORMALLY 'LOW' NUMBER OF PLATELETS
(50,000 AND BELOW) |
|
What is one of the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA'?
|
EXCESS BLEEDING
|
|
'THROMBOCYTOPENIA' may result from 2 causes. What are the 2 causes?
|
1. IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA (UNKNOWN CAUSES)
2. AUTOIMMUNITY ATTACK ON PLATELETS |
|
What numbers of 'PLATELETS' (THROMBOCYTES) is considered to be 'LETHAL'?
|
~10,000/mm^3 PLATELETS
|
|
The 'BLEEDING' from many small vessels is known as what?
|
THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA
(*HINT - 'PURPURA' = PURPLE) |
|
When the 'ENDOTHELIAL LINING' of a vessel is exposed to 'COLLAGEN PROTEINS', a process of 3 separate but overlapping mechanisms occurs. What are they?
|
1. VASOCONSTRICTION
2. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION 3. FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOT |
|
'VASOCONSTRICTION' is 'STIMULATED' by what during the 'BLOOD CLOTTING' process?
|
SEROTONIN
|
|
What causes 'VASOCONSTRICTION' during 'BLOOD CLOTTING'? What are some of the characteristics?
(*There are 3 things) |
1. VESSEL WALL IS CUT OR BROKEN
2. MUSCLES STIMULATED TO CONTRACT 3. BLOOD LOSS IS 'DECREASED' |
|
What does the 'PLATELET PLUG' temporarily do?
|
TEMPORARILY 'CLOSES' THE VESSEL UNTIL CLOTTING MECHANISMS CAN FORM A CLOT.
|
|
What is the 'PLATELET PLUG' strengthened by?
|
PROTEIN FIBERS CALLED 'FIBRIN'
|
|
What are the two 'pathways' that result in the formation of 'FIBRIN'?
|
1. INTRINSIC PATHWAY (Inside)
2. EXTRINSIC PATHWAY (Outside) |
|
Where are 'PROTHROMBIN' and 'FIBRINOGEN' made?
(*Hint - They are 'PLASMA PROTEINS') |
MADE IN THE LIVER
|
|
What 'CONVERTS' 'PROTHROMBIN' to 'THROMBIN'?
|
CALCIUM
|
|
When 'THROMBIN' reacts with 'FIBRINOGEN' what is the result?
|
FIBRIN CLOT
|
|
'CLOT RETRACTION' is also referred to as what?
|
SYNERESIS
|
|
Why is 'CLOT RETRACTION' important?
|
DURING 'INTRAVASCULAR CLOTS' THE CLOT IS ABLE TO PULL AWAY FROM THE WALL AND 'RESTORE BLOOD FLOW'
ALLOWS CLOT TO 'SHRINK IN SIZE' AFTER TIME |
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN'?
|
VIII (8)
|
|
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'CHRISTMAS FACTOR'?
|
IX (9)
|
|
What 'CLOTTING FACTORS' cause 'HEMOPHILIA' A and 'HEMOPHILIA' B?
|
FACTOR VIII (8) and (9)
|
|
What do 'ANTICOAGULANTS' do?
|
PREVENT 'BLOOD CLOTTING'
|
|
Name the 4 kinds of Anticoagulants
|
1. Dicoumarol
2. Heparin 3. Citrates, Oxalates, and EDTA 4. Smooth inside surface of blood cells |
|
What is 'DICOUMARAL' (COUMADIN)?
|
INTERFERES WITH 'VITAMIN K'
*LIVER 'MUST' HAVE VITAMIN K TO PRODUCE CLOTTING FACTORS |
|
What is 'HEPARIN'?
|
INTERFERES WITH THE FORMATION OF 'THROMBIN' FROM 'PROTHROMBIN'
|
|
How do 'CITRATES', 'OXALATES' and 'EDTA' work as 'ANTICOAGULANTS?
|
TIE UP CALCIUM
|
|
What is the definition of 'FRIBRINOLYSIS'?
|
LYSIS OF CLOTS
|
|
When an 'ACTIVATOR' is stimulated after a clot is formed, what is the 'PATHWAY' for the clot to decompose?
(*There are 4 steps) |
'PLASMINOGEN' -> 'PLASMIN' -> 'FIBRIN' -> DEGRADED FIBRIN PRODUCTS
|
|
What is the 'NATURALLY' ocurrig agent in the body that breaks up clots?
|
'PLASMIN'
|
|
What are the 4 conditions that can cause 'EXCESSIVE' bleeding in humans?
|
1. LIVER DISEASE
2. VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY 3. HEMOPHILIA 4. THROMBOCYTOPENIA |
|
When 'LIVER DISEASE' is a factor in excessive bleeding, what is happning?
|
LIVER IS 'DECREASING' PRODUCTION OF 'CLOTTING FACTORS'
|
|
Where are the 'MAJORITY' of clotting factors produced?
|
LIVER
|
|
Vitamin K deficiency
|
DECREASES FORMATION OF:
1. PROTHROMBIN 2. OTHER FACTORS |
|
When 'HEMOPHILIA' is diagnosed, what is its most 'COMMON' form?
|
HEMOPHILIA A
(LACK OF FACTOR VIII (8)) |
|
Someone who is lacking 'FACTOR IX (9)' would be diagnosed with what?
|
HEMOPHILIA B
|
|
What is a 'THROMBUS' defined as?
|
CLOT THAT IS 'ATTACHED' TO A BLOOD VESSEL WALL
|
|
What is an 'EMBOLUS' defined as?
|
CLOT THAT 'DETACHES' from the wall and floats freely in the circulation.
|
|
'THROMBUS' formation is usually due to what 3 causes?
|
1. TRAUMA (INJURY) TO BLOOD VESSEL
2. SLOW BLOOD FLOW (USUALLY IN VEINS) 3. ROUGH SURFACE ON INSIDE OF BLOOD VESSELS (ARTERIOSCLEROTIC PLAQUES) |
|
What is 'THROMBOcytopenia' defined as?
|
Reduced numbers of platelets.
50,000 mm^3 OR LESS |
|
How does 'ASPIRIN' help fight against 'HEART ATTACKS'?
|
INHIBITS PLATELET AGGREGATION AND THE RELEASE OF PLATELET CLOTTING FACTORS
THEREBY 'DECREASES CLOT FORMATION' |
|
Thrombocythemia
|
Excess platelets (more than 500,000 per mm^3)
|
|
There are 3 general 'LINES OF DEFENSE' in the body. What are they?
|
1. EXTERNAL DEFENSE
2. PHAGOCYTIC CELLS 3. IMMUNITY |
|
What is the 'MAIN' source of 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' in the body?
|
SKIN
|
|
How does 'SKIN' work as an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' mechanism?
|
SECRETIONS OF 'LYSOZYME' WHICH DESTROY BACTERIA
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What are the 2 types of 'IMMUNITY'?
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1. NON-SPECIFIC
2. SPECIFIC |
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What is 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' defined as?
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IMMUNITY THAT IS 'INHERIT AGAINST DISEASE'
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What are the 5 different types of 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
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1. INFLAMMATION
2. INTERFERON 3. FEVER 4. NATURAL KILLER CELLS 5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM |
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How is 'INFLAMMATION' help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
(*THERE ARE 3 REASONS) |
1. HELPS ISOLATE, DESTROY, INACTIVATE INVADING AGENTS.
2. REMOVE DEBRIS 3. PREPARE FOR HEALING AND REPAIR |
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What are 'INTERFERONS' and how do they help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
(*THERE ARE 3) |
PROTEINS THAT ARE RELEASE FROM VIRUS-INFECTED
PROVIDES PROTECTION TO OTHER CELLS THAT MAY BE INFECTED BY THE 'VIRUS' |
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How does 'FEVER' help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
(*THERE ARE 2 REASONS) |
INHIBITS 'BACTERIA GROWTH'
MAY AID IN RECOVERY FROM INFECTION |
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What are 'NATURAL KILLER CELLS' and how do they help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
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LYMPHOCYTE-LIKE CELLS THAT DESTROY VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS/CANCER CELLS
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What is the 'COMPLEMENT SYSTEM' and how is it a help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
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PLASMA 'PROTEINS' THAT DESTROY FOREIGN CELLS BY ATTACKING THEIR PLASMA MEMBRANES
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What is 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' defined as?
How does it work? |
SYSTEM THAT RESPONDS 'SELECTIVELY' TO INVADING AGENTS
'ANTIBODIES' ARE FORMED FROM PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED DISEASE. 'ANTIBODIES' SELECTIVE TARGET INVADERS AND DESTROY THEM. |
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Why in 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' does the first exposure cause harm to the individual whereas the second exposure does not?
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TAKES BODY SEVERAL DAYS TO MOUNT AN 'IMMUNE RESPONSE'
'ANTIBODIES' (SPECIFIC PROTEINS) ARE FORMED TO COMBINE WITH 'ANTIGEN' AFTER 1st EXPOSURE |
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What is an 'ANTIGEN'
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AN 'INVANDING AGENT' THAT INITATES A 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' RESPONSE
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What is the 2nd exposure of the reaction between an 'ANTIGEN' and an 'ANTIBODY' called?
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IMMUNE REACTION
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There are 2 'BROAD TYPES' of 'SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES'. What are they?
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1. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
2. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY |
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What is 'HUMORAL IMMUNITY' defined as?
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B-LYMPHOCYTES COMBAT INFECTION / BACTERIA
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What is 'CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY' defined as?
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DESTRUCTION BY THE 'T-LYMPHOCYTES'
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What is 'SELF-RECOGNITION' or 'TOLERANCE' defined as?
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Distinguishes self from non-self.
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What is 'AUTOIMMUNITY' defined as?
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FORMATION OF 'ANTIBODIES' AGAINST A PERSON'S OWN TISSUES
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What are some examples of 'AUTOIMMUNE' diseases?
(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM) |
1. RHEUMATIC FEVER
2. GRAVE'S DISEASE |
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What is 'RHEUMATIC FEVER' defined as?
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ANTIBODIES THAT ARE PRODUCED AGAINST 'STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIA' CROSS REACT WITH THE HEART AND KIDNEY TISSUES.
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What is 'GRAVE'S DISEASE'?
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ANTIBODIES STIMULATE THYROID GLAND WHICH MIMIC 'THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)'.
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What is 'ACTIVE IMMUNITY'?
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THE BODY 'ACTIVELY' FORMS ANTIBODIES AGAINST ANTIGENS THAT IT HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO.
(SELF PRODUCING) |
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What are some examples of 'ACTIVE IMMUNITY'?
(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM) |
1. MEASELS
2. CHICKEN POX 3. MUMPS 4. VACCINE |
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What is a 'VACCINE'?
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DEAD PIECES OF THE INVADER
ANTIBODIES CREATED FROM DEAD 'ANTIGENS' |
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What is 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
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TRANSFUSING A PERSON WITH 'ANTIBODIES' IN PLASMA FROM SOMEONE ELSE THAT HAS BEEN ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED AGAINST A 'SPECIFIC ANTIGEN'.
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What are some examples of 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
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1. RHOGAM SHOT
2. MOTHER'S MILK |
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A person with type 'A' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
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TYPE A ANTIGENS
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A person with type 'B' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
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TYPE B ANTIGENS
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A person with type 'AB' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
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TYPE AB ANTIGENS
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A person with type 'O' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
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'NO' ANTIGENS
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Agglutinate causes what?
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Cells to clump together.
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What is 'HEMOLYSIS'?
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RED BLOOD CELLS RUPTURE (LYSE)
CAUSED BY 'AGGLUTINATION' IN THE BLOOD FROM TRANSFUSION ERRORS |
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How many types of 'Rh' antigens are there? Which is the most common?
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6 COMMON TYPES OF 'Rh' ANTIGENS. ALSO CALLED 'Rh FACTOR'
TYPE 'D' IS MOST PREVALENT |
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Are more people 'Rh-' or 'Rh+'?
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MORE ARE 'Rh+'
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When the 'Rh GROUP' is 'NOT' compatible during pregnancy and the 'MOTHER'S' antibodies attack the 'ANTIGENS' of the baby, what is this called?
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'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS'
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What is 'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS' defined as?
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'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA' IN NEWBORN 'Rh +' BABY.
CAUSE IS FROM 'MATERNAL ANTIBODIES' THAT ARE AGAINST THE 'Rh FACTOR' OF THE NEWBORN. 'MOTHER'S ANTIBODIES' CROSS THE PLACENTA AND INTERACT WITH BABY 'Rh FACTOR' |
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What would be the result of the following situation during a pregnancy:
MOTHER = 'Rh -' FATHER = 'Rh +' BABY = 'Rh +' |
'ANTIBODIES' ARE CREATED
'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS' WILL OCCUR ON NEXT (Rh +) PREGNANCY UNLESS MOTHER IS GIVEN A 'RHOGAM SHOT' WHICH WILL INDUCE 'PASSIVE (SHORT TERM) IMMUNITY' TO 'Rh + ANTIGENS'. |
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What would be the result of the following situation during a pregnancy:
MOTHER = 'Rh -' FATHER = 'Rh +' BABY = 'Rh -' |
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
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What does a woman who is 'Rh -' need to be injected with after giving birth to a 'Rh +' baby?
Why? |
'RHOGAM SHOT'
THIS CREATES 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY' WHICH IS SHORT TERM. IF NOT, MOTHER WILL CREATE 'ANTIBODIES' AGAINST 'Rh + FACTOR' CAUSING ALL FUTURE PREGNANCIES WITH 'Rh + TYPE BLOOD' TO GO THROUGH 'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS' |
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'A BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
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'A ANTIGENS'
'ANTI-B ANTIBODIES' |
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'B BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
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'B ANTIGENS'
'ANTI-A ANTIBODIES' |
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'AB BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
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'A & B ANTIGENS'
'NO ANTIBODIES' |
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'O BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
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'NO ANTIGENS'
'ANTI-A & ANTI-B ANTIBODIES' (*UNIVERSAL DONOR) |
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A PERSON WHO HAS 'NEITHER' A NOR B ALLGUTININS IN HIS OR HER BLOOD IS WHICH BLOOD TYPE?
1. TYPE O 2. TYPE AB 3. TYPE A 4. TYPE B |
2. TYPE AB
(*UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT) |