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201 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
THE AVERAGE YOUNG ADULT HAS HOW MUCH 'BLOOD'? (*VOLUME)
4-6 L
'BLOOD' is separated into 2 different components. What are the 2 components?
Plasm and Formed Elements (Cells)
What 3 types of 'CELLS' are found in 'BLOOD' composition?
1. ERYTHROCYTES
2. LEUKOCYTES
3. THROMBOCYTES
What are the 5 functions of 'BLOOD'?
1. CARRIAGE OF O2 TO CELLS
2. TRANSPORT OF HORMONES IN BODY
3. REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM CELLS
4. DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE
5. REGULATE ACID/BASE BALANCE
In the 'SOLUTE' portion of the 'PLASMA' in blood there are 4 major substances. What are they?
1. PROTEINS (7%)
2. ELECTROLYTES
3. UREA
4. GLUCOSE
What 'PROTEIN' is found in the most abundance in blood plasma?
ALBUMIN
What is considered to be the 'NORMAL' hematocrit?
45% = NORMAL
What is the normal 'HEMATOCRIT' range for males?
42-48% = MALES
What is the normal 'HEMATOCRIT' range for females?
38-44% = FEMALES
'PLASMA' minus the 'coagulation factors' is referred to as what?
SERUM
What is the ratio of 'RED BLOOD CELLS' to other 'BLOOD CELLS'?
500:1
'PLASMA PROTEINS' can be separated into 4 basic groups. What are the 4 basic groups?
1. ALBUMIN
2. GLOBULINS (ALPHA/BETA/GAMMA)
3. CLOTTING FACTORS
4. OTHERS (ENZYMES/HORMONES)
WHERE ARE THE 'ALPHA/BETA' GLOBULINS FORMED?
LIVER
What is the main function of 'ALBUMIN' proteins found in the blood?

What is a important characteristic of this protein?
OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATION

IS THE 'SMALLEST' MOST 'ABUNDANT' PLASMA PROTEIN
What are the functions of the 'ALPHA/BETA' globulins?

How do they work?
CARRIER VEHICLES

PREVENT SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD FROM LEAVING THE CAPILLARY TOO QUICKLY.
What is the function of 'GAMMA' globulins as a blood plasma protein?

What 2 types of this are possible?
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

1. NATURAL IMMUNITY
2. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Where are 'GAMMA GLOBULINS' formed?
LYMPHOID TISSUES
What are the 4 characteristics of 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
1. NO NUCLEUS
2. CANNOT MULTIPLY
3. BICONCAVE DISCS
4. DO NOT SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
What are the 2 functions of 'ERYTHROCYTES'?
1. TRANSPORT HEMOGLOBIN
2. PARTICIPATE IN CO2 TRANSPORT
'MALES' have an average of approximately how many 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
5.5 million/mm^3
'FEMALES' have an average of approximately how many 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
4.5 million/mm^3 = FEMALES
Under what conditions will there be an 'INCREASE' of 'ERYTHROCYTES' (RBCs)?
1. ALTITUDE
2. MUSCULAR EXERCISE
3. TEMPERATURE
4. AGE - HIGHER IN INFANTS
The synthesis of 'RED BLOOD CELLS' is known as what?
ERYTHROPOIESIS
The synthesis of 'ALL BLOOD CELLS' is known as what?
HEMATOPOIESIS
Where does synthesis of 'BLOOD CELLS' take place during the following times of life:

- EARLY EMBRYO
- MIDDLE PREGNANCY
- ADULT
1. EARLY EMBRYO = YOLK SAC
2. MIDDLE PREGNANCY = LIVER, SPLEEN AND BONE MARROW
3. ADULT = BONE MARROW, VERTEBRAE, RIBS, STERNUM
What is considered to be the most important step in the process of 'RED BLOOD CELL' synthesis?
RETICULOCYTE: Cell leaves marrow and enters blood-stream 'W/OUT' a 'NUCLEUS'
Between what 2 processes does the 'RED BLOOD CELL' lose its nucleus?
NORMOBLAST -> RETICULOCYTE
Without this 'hormone' red blood will not forms and 'stem cells' will NOT be stimulated.
ERYTHROPOIETIN
If the 'OXYGEN' delivery to certain cells of the kidney decreases, what is secreted?
ERYTHROPOIETIN = SECRETED

SECRETED FROM 'KIDNEYS'

(*STARTS 'ERYTHROPOIESIS')
'ERYTHROPOIETIN' (EPO) goes into the blood and stimulates what to become what. Where does this 'generally' occur?
'STEM CELLS' to become 'PROERYTHROBLASTS'

GENERALLY OCCURS IN 'BONE MARROW'
It takes approximately how many days for (RBCs) to increase after 'ERYTHROPOIETIN' is stimulated?
5 DAYS
'ERYTHROPOIETIN' is part of the group of 'CYTOKINES' called what?
HEMATOPOEITIC GROWTH FACTORS (HGFs)
How do (RBCs) become 'worn out'?
THROUGH WEAR/TEAR OF PASSING THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS.
Approximately how many 'RED BLOOD CELLS' (RBCs) are 'destroyed' each second?
~2,500,000 RED BLOOD CELLS / SECOND
What is 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
Substance the can 'reversibly' bind to 'OXYGEN'
'HEMOGLOBIN' consists of 2 parts. What are the 2 parts?
1. GLOBIN (4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS)
2. HEME (Fe++ w/ PORPHYRIN)
The 'GLOBIN' portion of 'HEMEGLOBIN' is considered to be a what?

What is it made of?
PROTEIN

MADE OF 4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS. (2 ALPHA CHAINS AND 2 BETA CHAINS)
4 DISK-SHAPED MOLECULES ARE WHAT MAKE UP THIS COMPOUND.
'HEME' IN HEMO-GLOBIN
Each 'HEME' has what molecule in the center?
IRON
When 'IRON' (Fe++) is combined with 'PORPHYRIN', what is the result?
A 'HEME' GROUP
In 100 ml of 'BLOOD' there are approximately how many 'GRAMS' of 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
15 GRAMS
What amount of 'OXYGEN' in 'ml' will combine on a 'per gram' basis with 'HEMOGLOBIN'?
1.34 ml OXYGEN / 1g Hb
What is 'OXYHEMOGLOBIN' defined as?
HEMOGLOBIN that is 'SATURATED' with O2 (OXYGEN)
When 'HEMOGLOBIN' combines with CO2 what is the molecule called?
CARBAMINO HEMOGLOBIN
When 'HEMOGLOBIN' combines with CO what is the molecule called?
CARBOXY HEMOGLOBIN
What happens to 'HEMOGLOBIN' when RBCs are worn out and destroyed? What is this referred to as?
CATABOLISM (BREAKDOWN) OF HEMOGLOBIN
What is the process for 'HEMOGLOBIN' destruction?

(*3 STEPS)
1. HEMOGLOBIN -> HEME + GLOBIN
GLOBIN = REABSORBED/REUSED

2. HEME -> IRON + PORPHRYIN
IRON = REABSORBED

3. PORPHYRIN -> BILIVERDIN -> BILIRUBIN -> SECRETED FROM BODY
Where is 'BILIRUBIN' delivered to?
LIVER
After 'BILIRUBIN' has been delivered to the 'LIVER', what is its function?
EXCRETED FROM LIVER WITH 'BILE'
When 'BILIRUBIN' is excreted in the form of 'FECES' what is it called?
STERCOBILIN
When 'BILIRUBIN' is reabsorbed back into the blood, delivered to 'KIDNEYS' and excreted in the form of 'URINE' what is it called?
UROBILIN
What is it called when the 'YELLOWISH' colored 'BILIRUBIN' accumlates in the blood to an abnormally 'HIGH' degree?
JAUNDICE (HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA)

HIGH BLOOD BILIRUBIN LEVELS
There are 3 causes of 'JAUNDICE', what are they?
1. LIVER DISEASE
2. EXCESS RED CELL DESTRUCTION
3. BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION
What is 'ANEMIA' defined as?
'DECREASED' OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE BLOOD.
There are 2 main 'CAUSES' of 'ANEMIA', what are they?
1. DECREASED NUMBER OF RBCs
2. DECREASED HEMOGLOBIN/CELL
What are the 3 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ANEMIA'?
1. PALE SKIN COLOR
2. FATIGUE
3. RAPID HEART RATE
What are the 4 basic 'TYPES' of 'ANEMIA'?
1. HEMORRHAGIC
2. APLASTIC
3. NUTRITIONAL
4. HEMOLYTIC
What is 'HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA' defined as?
'ANEMIA' DUE TO BLOOD LOSS
What is 'APLASTIC ANEMIA' defined as?
'ANEMIA' DUE TO BONE MARROW DESTRUCTION

(*LEAST COMMON)
What is 'NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA' defined as?

What 2 'SUB-GROUPS' are included in this type of 'ANEMIA'?
Dietary deficiency of a factor needed for erythopoiesis


Iron deficiency and Folic Acid deficiency
Why is Ferritin important?
Stores iron.
What is considered to be the 'MOST COMMON' type of 'ANEMIA'?
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
What is the definition of 'FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA'?
Folic Acid = REQUIRED FOR 'MITOSIS'.

WITHOUT 'FOLIC ACID', CELL DIVISION IMPAIRMENT OCCURS. IMPACTS GREATER ON 'RBC' PRODUCTION
What is 'PERNICIOUS ANEMIA'? What type of 'ANEMIA' is this considered to be?
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA

VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY = Required for Mitosis

FAILURE OF VITAMIN B12 TO BE 'ABSORBED' FROM THE G-I TRACT.
What is the process in which 'PERNICIOUS ANEMIA' occurs?
PARIETAL CELLS -> INTRINSIC FACTOR -> VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION -> MITOSIS (RBC) PRODUCTION
What is 'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA' defined as?
RBC DESTRUCTION
What happens in 'SICKEL CELL ANEMIA'?
Substituted Amino Acid
What is the definition of 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
'INCREASED' RBC NUMBERS 'ABOVE' NORMAL LEVELS
What are the 2 different types of 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
1. Primary Polycythemia (Way High)
2. Secondary/ Physiologic Polycythemia (A little High)
What are the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'PHYSIOLOGIC/SECONDARY' 'POLYCYTHEMIA'?
NO ACTUAL RBC PATHOLOGY (nothing is actually wrong)

(High altitudes, low oxygen pressure).
What is the cause of Primary Polycythemia?
'TUMOR OF THE BONE MARROW'
What are some of the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'Primary Polycythemia' (Vera)?

(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)
1. 11 MILLION CELLS/MM^3 (RBCs)
2. HEMATOCRIT = 80%
3. BLOOD IS VERY VISCOUS/SLUGGISH
4. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
5. HIGH RISK OF STROKE/HEART ATTACK
What is the 'average' number of 'LEUKOCYTES' in a person?
6,000 - 12,000 /mm^3 (1/500 of RBC count)
What 3 types of 'LEUKOCYTES' are considered to be 'GRANULOCYTES'?
1. NEUTROPHILS (65-70%)
2. EOSINOPHILS (1-2%)
3. BASOPHILS (0-.5%)
What 2 types of 'LEUKOCYTES' are considered to be 'AGRANULOCYTES'?
1. LYMPHOCYTES (20-24%)
2. MONOCYTES (5%)
Where are 'AGRANULOCYTES' formed?
IN THE 'LYMPH NODES'
Where are 'GRANULOCYTES' formed?
BONE MARROW
Neutrophils defend against...
acute conditions such as appendicitis, sore throat, and pneumonia.
Eosinophilis increase in number during...
allergic conditions.
Basophils secrete an...
anticoagulant called heparin, and the chemical called histamine.
Lymphocytes are very active in the...
What are the two types?
immune response.
--B-Lymphocytes produce antibodies
--T-lymphocytes directly destroy specific target cells.
Monocytes defend against...
Chronic conditions (tuberculosis and venereal diseases).
Where are the 'LEUKOCYTE' production sites for an 'EMBRYO'?

(*THERE ARE 3 SITES)
1. BONE MARROW
2. LIVER
3. SPLEEN
What is the definition of 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'? What cells 'commonly' participate in this?
ABILITY TO 'ENGULF' FOREIGN BODIES

'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES)
What is 'DIAPEDESIS'?

What cells 'commonly' participate in this?
ABILITY TO 'SQUEEZE' THROUGH CAPILLARY WALLS

'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES)
What is 'AMEBOID MOTION' described as?

What cells 'commonly' participate in this?
ability to move once they leave the circulation by streaming of the cytoplasm as an amoeba.

'WHITE BLOOD CELLS' (LEUKOCYTES)
What is 'CHEMOTAXIS' defined as?
(signaling) Leukocytes are 'drawn' toward an area of 'infection.'
What is 'LEUCOTAXINE'?
a 'CHEMOTAXINE' substance released by an injured cell.
These 'LEUKOCYTES' release 'HISTAMINE' and 'HEPARIN'.
BASOPHILS
These 'LEUKOCYTES' are 'very active' in an 'IMMUNE RESPONSE'.
LYMPHOCYTES
What are the 2 types of 'LYMPHOCYTES'?
1. B-LYMPHOCYTES
2. T-LYMPHOCYTES
What are the functions of 'B-LYMPHOCYTES'?
1. PRODUCE ANTIBODIES (ANTIBODIES ALSO PRODUCED BY PLASMA CELLS)
What are the functions of 'T-LYMPHOCYTES'?
DIRECTLY 'DESTROY' SPECIFIC TARGET CELLS

(*HINT - 'T' STANDS FOR 'TERMINATOR')
'MONOCYTES'
Defense against chronic conditions (tuberculosis and venereal disease).
These type of 'LEUKOCYTE' become 'MACROPHAGES' and are 'very active' in 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'. They can live for months and even years.
MONOCYTES
What is 'LEUKEMIA' defined as?
'INCREASED' NUMBER OF 'LEUKOCYTES'
With 'LEUKEMIA', what could be considered to be 'FATAL'?

Why?
A SMALL 'INFECTION'

INCREASED NUMBER OF 'LEUKOCYTES' ARE VERY 'IMMATURE' AND ARE UNABLE TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION.
During 'LEUKEMIA', the 'WBC' count may reach what number?
500,000/mm^3 'WBCs'
What are considered to be the 'most common' reasons for death among 'LEUKEMIA' patients?

*There are 2 of them
1. INFECTIONS
2. HEMORRHAGE
What is 'LEUKOPENIA' defined as?
DECREASED PRODUCTION OF 'WHITE BLOOD CELLS'
What is the 'AVERAGE' number of 'THROMBOCYTES' (PLATELETS) in the body?
150,000-350,000/mm^3 PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
What are 'THROMBOCYTES' also referred to as?
PLATELETS
What is a 'MEGAKARYOCYTE'?
VERY LARGE 'BONE MARROW CELL'
How are 'THROMBOCYTES' (PLATELETS) formed?
Pieces of 'CYTOPLASM' that chip off the 'MEGAKARYOCYTE'
What produces 'PLATELETS'?
MEGAKARYOCYTES
Where does the 'DESTRUCTION' of 'PLATELETS' occur?
IN THE 'SPLEEN'
What do 'PLATELETS' play an important role in?
BLOOD CLOTTING
How do 'PLATELETS' perform 'BLOOD CLOTTING'?
'PLATELET PLUG' IS FORMED

'PLATELET PLUG' STOPS BLEEDING BEFORE ACTUAL CLOT IS FORMED
When do 'PLATELETS' begin to stick together?
WHEN EXPOSED TO 'COLLAGEN' (A PROTEIN)
As 'PLATELETS' begin to stick together, 3 things are released. What are the 3 substances?
1. ADP
2. SEROTONIN
3. PROSTAGLANDIN (THROMBOXANE A2)
The 'chemicals' that are released upon the formation of a 'PLATELET PLUG' stimulate what process to occur?
STIMULATE 'VASOCONSTRICTION'

OTHER 'PLATELETS' BECOME STICKY
'PLATELETS' also contain a very high concentration of what 2 molecules that are also found in muscle tissue?
1. ACTIN
2. MYOSIN
Because of the 'ACTIN' and 'MYOSIN', 'PLATELETS' have the ability to do what in 'aggregated platelets'?
CONTRACT
The 'PLATELET PLUG' does 'NOT' expand and spread from damaged endothelium. Why does this happen?
UNDAMAGED 'ENDOTHELIAL CELLS' secrete 'PROSTAGLANDIN I2' (PGI2).

THIS INHIBITS 'PLATELET AGGREGATION'
'PROSTAGLANDIN I2' (PGI2) is also known as what?
PROSTACYCLIN
There are 2 chemicals that the body secretes in order to 'INHIBIT' 'PLATELET AGGREGATION' on 'undamaged endothelial cells'. What are the 2 chemicals?
1. PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2)
2. NITRIC OXIDE (NO)
What is the definition of 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA'?
ABNORMALLY 'LOW' NUMBER OF PLATELETS

(50,000 AND BELOW)
What is one of the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'THROMBOCYTOPENIA'?
EXCESS BLEEDING
'THROMBOCYTOPENIA' may result from 2 causes. What are the 2 causes?
1. IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA (UNKNOWN CAUSES)
2. AUTOIMMUNITY ATTACK ON PLATELETS
What numbers of 'PLATELETS' (THROMBOCYTES) is considered to be 'LETHAL'?
~10,000/mm^3 PLATELETS
The 'BLEEDING' from many small vessels is known as what?
THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA

(*HINT - 'PURPURA' = PURPLE)
When the 'ENDOTHELIAL LINING' of a vessel is exposed to 'COLLAGEN PROTEINS', a process of 3 separate but overlapping mechanisms occurs. What are they?
1. VASOCONSTRICTION
2. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
3. FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOT
'VASOCONSTRICTION' is 'STIMULATED' by what during the 'BLOOD CLOTTING' process?
SEROTONIN
What causes 'VASOCONSTRICTION' during 'BLOOD CLOTTING'? What are some of the characteristics?

(*There are 3 things)
1. VESSEL WALL IS CUT OR BROKEN
2. MUSCLES STIMULATED TO CONTRACT
3. BLOOD LOSS IS 'DECREASED'
What does the 'PLATELET PLUG' temporarily do?
TEMPORARILY 'CLOSES' THE VESSEL UNTIL CLOTTING MECHANISMS CAN FORM A CLOT.
What is the 'PLATELET PLUG' strengthened by?
PROTEIN FIBERS CALLED 'FIBRIN'
What are the two 'pathways' that result in the formation of 'FIBRIN'?
1. INTRINSIC PATHWAY (Inside)
2. EXTRINSIC PATHWAY (Outside)
Where are 'PROTHROMBIN' and 'FIBRINOGEN' made?

(*Hint - They are 'PLASMA PROTEINS')
MADE IN THE LIVER
What 'CONVERTS' 'PROTHROMBIN' to 'THROMBIN'?
CALCIUM
When 'THROMBIN' reacts with 'FIBRINOGEN' what is the result?
FIBRIN CLOT
'CLOT RETRACTION' is also referred to as what?
SYNERESIS
Why is 'CLOT RETRACTION' important?
DURING 'INTRAVASCULAR CLOTS' THE CLOT IS ABLE TO PULL AWAY FROM THE WALL AND 'RESTORE BLOOD FLOW'

ALLOWS CLOT TO 'SHRINK IN SIZE' AFTER TIME
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN'?
VIII (8)
What is the clotting factor 'NUMBER' for 'CHRISTMAS FACTOR'?
IX (9)
What 'CLOTTING FACTORS' cause 'HEMOPHILIA' A and 'HEMOPHILIA' B?
FACTOR VIII (8) and (9)
What do 'ANTICOAGULANTS' do?
PREVENT 'BLOOD CLOTTING'
Name the 4 kinds of Anticoagulants
1. Dicoumarol
2. Heparin
3. Citrates, Oxalates, and EDTA
4. Smooth inside surface of blood cells
What is 'DICOUMARAL' (COUMADIN)?
INTERFERES WITH 'VITAMIN K'

*LIVER 'MUST' HAVE VITAMIN K TO PRODUCE CLOTTING FACTORS
What is 'HEPARIN'?
INTERFERES WITH THE FORMATION OF 'THROMBIN' FROM 'PROTHROMBIN'
How do 'CITRATES', 'OXALATES' and 'EDTA' work as 'ANTICOAGULANTS?
TIE UP CALCIUM
What is the definition of 'FRIBRINOLYSIS'?
LYSIS OF CLOTS
When an 'ACTIVATOR' is stimulated after a clot is formed, what is the 'PATHWAY' for the clot to decompose?

(*There are 4 steps)
'PLASMINOGEN' -> 'PLASMIN' -> 'FIBRIN' -> DEGRADED FIBRIN PRODUCTS
What is the 'NATURALLY' ocurrig agent in the body that breaks up clots?
'PLASMIN'
What are the 4 conditions that can cause 'EXCESSIVE' bleeding in humans?
1. LIVER DISEASE
2. VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY
3. HEMOPHILIA
4. THROMBOCYTOPENIA
When 'LIVER DISEASE' is a factor in excessive bleeding, what is happning?
LIVER IS 'DECREASING' PRODUCTION OF 'CLOTTING FACTORS'
Where are the 'MAJORITY' of clotting factors produced?
LIVER
Vitamin K deficiency
DECREASES FORMATION OF:
1. PROTHROMBIN
2. OTHER FACTORS
When 'HEMOPHILIA' is diagnosed, what is its most 'COMMON' form?
HEMOPHILIA A

(LACK OF FACTOR VIII (8))
Someone who is lacking 'FACTOR IX (9)' would be diagnosed with what?
HEMOPHILIA B
What is a 'THROMBUS' defined as?
CLOT THAT IS 'ATTACHED' TO A BLOOD VESSEL WALL
What is an 'EMBOLUS' defined as?
CLOT THAT 'DETACHES' from the wall and floats freely in the circulation.
'THROMBUS' formation is usually due to what 3 causes?
1. TRAUMA (INJURY) TO BLOOD VESSEL
2. SLOW BLOOD FLOW (USUALLY IN VEINS)
3. ROUGH SURFACE ON INSIDE OF BLOOD VESSELS (ARTERIOSCLEROTIC PLAQUES)
What is 'THROMBOcytopenia' defined as?
Reduced numbers of platelets.

50,000 mm^3 OR LESS
How does 'ASPIRIN' help fight against 'HEART ATTACKS'?
INHIBITS PLATELET AGGREGATION AND THE RELEASE OF PLATELET CLOTTING FACTORS

THEREBY 'DECREASES CLOT FORMATION'
Thrombocythemia
Excess platelets (more than 500,000 per mm^3)
There are 3 general 'LINES OF DEFENSE' in the body. What are they?
1. EXTERNAL DEFENSE
2. PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
3. IMMUNITY
What is the 'MAIN' source of 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' in the body?
SKIN
How does 'SKIN' work as an 'EXTERNAL DEFENSE' mechanism?
SECRETIONS OF 'LYSOZYME' WHICH DESTROY BACTERIA
What are the 2 types of 'IMMUNITY'?
1. NON-SPECIFIC
2. SPECIFIC
What is 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' defined as?
IMMUNITY THAT IS 'INHERIT AGAINST DISEASE'
What are the 5 different types of 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
1. INFLAMMATION
2. INTERFERON
3. FEVER
4. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
How is 'INFLAMMATION' help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?

(*THERE ARE 3 REASONS)
1. HELPS ISOLATE, DESTROY, INACTIVATE INVADING AGENTS.

2. REMOVE DEBRIS

3. PREPARE FOR HEALING AND REPAIR
What are 'INTERFERONS' and how do they help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?

(*THERE ARE 3)
PROTEINS THAT ARE RELEASE FROM VIRUS-INFECTED

PROVIDES PROTECTION TO OTHER CELLS THAT MAY BE INFECTED BY THE 'VIRUS'
How does 'FEVER' help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?

(*THERE ARE 2 REASONS)
INHIBITS 'BACTERIA GROWTH'

MAY AID IN RECOVERY FROM INFECTION
What are 'NATURAL KILLER CELLS' and how do they help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
LYMPHOCYTE-LIKE CELLS THAT DESTROY VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS/CANCER CELLS
What is the 'COMPLEMENT SYSTEM' and how is it a help as defense against disease in 'NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY'?
PLASMA 'PROTEINS' THAT DESTROY FOREIGN CELLS BY ATTACKING THEIR PLASMA MEMBRANES
What is 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' defined as?

How does it work?
SYSTEM THAT RESPONDS 'SELECTIVELY' TO INVADING AGENTS

'ANTIBODIES' ARE FORMED FROM PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED DISEASE.

'ANTIBODIES' SELECTIVE TARGET INVADERS AND DESTROY THEM.
Why in 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' does the first exposure cause harm to the individual whereas the second exposure does not?
TAKES BODY SEVERAL DAYS TO MOUNT AN 'IMMUNE RESPONSE'

'ANTIBODIES' (SPECIFIC PROTEINS) ARE FORMED TO COMBINE WITH 'ANTIGEN' AFTER 1st EXPOSURE
What is an 'ANTIGEN'
AN 'INVANDING AGENT' THAT INITATES A 'SPECIFIC IMMUNITY' RESPONSE
What is the 2nd exposure of the reaction between an 'ANTIGEN' and an 'ANTIBODY' called?
IMMUNE REACTION
There are 2 'BROAD TYPES' of 'SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES'. What are they?
1. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
2. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
What is 'HUMORAL IMMUNITY' defined as?
B-LYMPHOCYTES COMBAT INFECTION / BACTERIA
What is 'CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY' defined as?
DESTRUCTION BY THE 'T-LYMPHOCYTES'
What is 'SELF-RECOGNITION' or 'TOLERANCE' defined as?
Distinguishes self from non-self.
What is 'AUTOIMMUNITY' defined as?
FORMATION OF 'ANTIBODIES' AGAINST A PERSON'S OWN TISSUES
What are some examples of 'AUTOIMMUNE' diseases?

(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)
1. RHEUMATIC FEVER
2. GRAVE'S DISEASE
What is 'RHEUMATIC FEVER' defined as?
ANTIBODIES THAT ARE PRODUCED AGAINST 'STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIA' CROSS REACT WITH THE HEART AND KIDNEY TISSUES.
What is 'GRAVE'S DISEASE'?
ANTIBODIES STIMULATE THYROID GLAND WHICH MIMIC 'THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)'.
What is 'ACTIVE IMMUNITY'?
THE BODY 'ACTIVELY' FORMS ANTIBODIES AGAINST ANTIGENS THAT IT HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY EXPOSED TO.

(SELF PRODUCING)
What are some examples of 'ACTIVE IMMUNITY'?

(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)
1. MEASELS
2. CHICKEN POX
3. MUMPS
4. VACCINE
What is a 'VACCINE'?
DEAD PIECES OF THE INVADER

ANTIBODIES CREATED FROM DEAD 'ANTIGENS'
What is 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
TRANSFUSING A PERSON WITH 'ANTIBODIES' IN PLASMA FROM SOMEONE ELSE THAT HAS BEEN ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED AGAINST A 'SPECIFIC ANTIGEN'.
What are some examples of 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY'?
1. RHOGAM SHOT
2. MOTHER'S MILK
A person with type 'A' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
TYPE A ANTIGENS
A person with type 'B' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
TYPE B ANTIGENS
A person with type 'AB' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
TYPE AB ANTIGENS
A person with type 'O' blood has what type of 'ANTIGENS' on the surface of each red blood cell?
'NO' ANTIGENS
Agglutinate causes what?
Cells to clump together.
What is 'HEMOLYSIS'?
RED BLOOD CELLS RUPTURE (LYSE)

CAUSED BY 'AGGLUTINATION' IN THE BLOOD FROM TRANSFUSION ERRORS
How many types of 'Rh' antigens are there? Which is the most common?
6 COMMON TYPES OF 'Rh' ANTIGENS. ALSO CALLED 'Rh FACTOR'

TYPE 'D' IS MOST PREVALENT
Are more people 'Rh-' or 'Rh+'?
MORE ARE 'Rh+'
When the 'Rh GROUP' is 'NOT' compatible during pregnancy and the 'MOTHER'S' antibodies attack the 'ANTIGENS' of the baby, what is this called?
'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS'
What is 'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS' defined as?
'HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA' IN NEWBORN 'Rh +' BABY.

CAUSE IS FROM 'MATERNAL ANTIBODIES' THAT ARE AGAINST THE 'Rh FACTOR' OF THE NEWBORN.

'MOTHER'S ANTIBODIES' CROSS THE PLACENTA AND INTERACT WITH BABY 'Rh FACTOR'
What would be the result of the following situation during a pregnancy:

MOTHER = 'Rh -'
FATHER = 'Rh +'
BABY = 'Rh +'
'ANTIBODIES' ARE CREATED

'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS' WILL OCCUR ON NEXT (Rh +) PREGNANCY UNLESS MOTHER IS GIVEN A 'RHOGAM SHOT' WHICH WILL INDUCE 'PASSIVE (SHORT TERM) IMMUNITY' TO 'Rh + ANTIGENS'.
What would be the result of the following situation during a pregnancy:

MOTHER = 'Rh -'
FATHER = 'Rh +'
BABY = 'Rh -'
NO 'ANTIBODIES' CREATED
What does a woman who is 'Rh -' need to be injected with after giving birth to a 'Rh +' baby?

Why?
'RHOGAM SHOT'

THIS CREATES 'PASSIVE IMMUNITY' WHICH IS SHORT TERM. IF NOT, MOTHER WILL CREATE 'ANTIBODIES' AGAINST 'Rh + FACTOR' CAUSING ALL FUTURE PREGNANCIES WITH 'Rh + TYPE BLOOD' TO GO THROUGH 'ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS'
'A BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
'A ANTIGENS'

'ANTI-B ANTIBODIES'
'B BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
'B ANTIGENS'

'ANTI-A ANTIBODIES'
'AB BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
'A & B ANTIGENS'

'NO ANTIBODIES'
'O BLOOD' type has what kind of 'ANTIGENS' and what type of 'ANTIBODIES'?
'NO ANTIGENS'

'ANTI-A & ANTI-B ANTIBODIES'

(*UNIVERSAL DONOR)
A PERSON WHO HAS 'NEITHER' A NOR B ALLGUTININS IN HIS OR HER BLOOD IS WHICH BLOOD TYPE?

1. TYPE O
2. TYPE AB
3. TYPE A
4. TYPE B
2. TYPE AB

(*UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT)