Pdbe Growth & Development

Front 1

Define Growth and Define Development

Back 1

Growth: Increase in size
Development: Increase in complexity.

Front 2

What defines the Embryonic Period of In Utero growth and development?

Back 2

1. First 8 weeks following fertilization and implantation.
2. Characterized by rapid change from simple cell multiplication to human form.
3. Defining period for facial structures (head dominates embryo's appearance)

Front 3

What facial structures are defined during the embryonic period?

Back 3

1.Branchial (Pharyngeal)apparatus
2.Facial processes (Prominences)-surround primitive mouth (stomadeum)

Front 4

What are the three facial processes?

Back 4

1.Median frontonasal (median nasal processes and lateral nasal processes)
2.Paired maxillary
3.Paired manibular

Front 5

What period of growth and development is most susceptible to insult?

Back 5

Embryonic Period

Front 6

What clinical relevance does the embryonic period have for the head and neck?

Back 6

1.Cleft lip/palate
2.Syndromes (1st branchial arch)including Mandibulofacial dysplasia (Treacher Collins syndrome) and Pierre Robin syndrome.
3.Pharyngeal fistulae and cycts, DiGeorge's syndrome (branchial pouches)

Front 7

What are the characteristics of the fetal period of growth?

Back 7

1. 9 weeks in utero to birth.
2. Characterized by more growth than development.
3. Body grows more rapidly
4. Ossification begins.

Front 8

What are the Cranial Nerve derivatives of the 5 Branchial Arches?

ARCH I

Back 8

I: Trigeminal (V)
II: Facial (VII)
III: Glossopharyngeal (IX)
IV/VI: Vagus (X)

Front 9

What are the skeletal derivatives of branchial arch I?

Back 9

Maxilla, zygoma, zygomatic process of temporal bone, Meckel's cartilage, mandible, malleus, incus, spheno-mandibular ligament.

Front 10

What are the muscle derivatives of branchial arch I?

Back 10

Muscles of masication and facial expression: Masseter, temporalis,medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, anteior digastric, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani.

Front 11

What are the Skeletal derivatives of branchial arch II?

Back 11

1.Riechert's cartilage 2.stapes
3.styloid process of temporal bone
4.lesser horn and superior body of hyoid bone 5.stylohyoid ligament

Front 12

What are the Muscle derivatives of branchial arch II?

Back 12

1. Frontalis
2. Orbicularis oris
3. Orbicularis oculi
4. Zygomaticus
5. Buccinator
6. Platysma
7. Stapedius
8. Stylohyoid
9. Posterior belly of digastric

Front 13

What are the Skeletal derivatives of branchial arch III?

Back 13

Greater horn and inferior body of hyoid bone.

Front 14

What are the Skeletal derivatives of branchial arch IV/VI?

Back 14

1.Laryngeal cartilages
2.thyroid
3.cricoid
4.arytenoid

Front 15

What are the Muscle derivatives of branchial arch III?

Back 15

Stylopharyngeus muscle

Front 16

What are the Muscle derivatives of branchial arch IV/VI?

Back 16

1.Cricothyroid
2.Instrinsic muscles of larynx
3.Constrictors of pharynx

Front 17

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Genetic
Define Chromosome abnormality:

Back 17

Entire chromosomes or large segments are missing, duplicated, or altered.
ie. Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome.

Front 18

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Genetic
Define Single-Gene disorders:

Back 18

Mutation causes protein product of single gene to be altered or missing.
ie. Sickle cell anemia, Marfan's syndrome.

Front 19

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Genetic
Define Multifactorial disorders (mutation in multiple genes):

Back 19

Frequently coupled with environmental causes.
ie. diabetes, cancer

Front 20

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Genetic
Define Multifactorial Disorders (mutation in nonchromosomal DNA located within the mitochondria)

Back 20

ie. Huntington's Disease

Front 21

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Malformation:

Back 21

Morphologic defect resulting from an intrinsically abnormal development process.

Front 22

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Deformation:

Back 22

Abnormal form of position of a body part caused by nondisruptive mechanical forces.

Front 23

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Disruption:

Back 23

Morophological defect of an organ or body part resulting from breakdown or interference with an initially normal developmental process.

Front 24

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Association:

Back 24

Concurrence, more often than by chance, or two or more anomalies.

Front 25

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Congenital:

Back 25

Existing at birth. An anomaly is not always manifest in the newborn nursery. The term congenital malformation is a tautologism.

Front 26

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Familial:

Back 26

Clustering of a disorder in the same family more so than can be accounted for by chance but not necessarily transmitted in Mendelian fashion

Front 27

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Syndrome (Gr. syn+dramein, to run):

Back 27

Pattern of multiple anomalies pathogenically related and occurring in embryonically noncontiguous areas. craniosynostosis is confu

Front 28

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Nonsyndromic:

Back 28

Condition that does not fit a recognized syndrome. This does not mean that the anomaly is nongenetic: thus, the term nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is confusing and imprecise. For some surgeons, this adjective denotes single-suture synostosis, whereas for others, it means bilateral coronal synostosis for which a proper name cannot be attached (noneponymous).

Front 29

Abnormal Facial Development
Etiology
Environmental
Define Sporadic:

Back 29

Any disorder occuring in the absence of a family history. The term does not imply an etiology. It covers several disparate phenomena, including a new mutation, the chance appearance of a recessive trait, multifactorial origin, environmental phenocopy, and unknown pathogenesis. Thus, the term is of little notational value.

Front 30

Pouch, Groove, Membrane Derivatives
Pouch 1
Pouch 2
Pouch 3
Pouch 4
Groove 1
Grooves 2 to 4
Membrane 1

Back 30

Pouch 1: Tympanic cavity, auditory tube, mastoid antrum.
Pouch 2: Crypt lining of palatine tonsils.
Pouch 3: Inferior parathyroid glands, thymus.
Pouch 4: Superior parathyroid glands, ultimobranchial body-->parafollicular cells
Groove 1: External auditory meatus
Grooves 2 to 4: Cervical sinus
Membrane 1: Tympanic membrane

Front 31

What is the pathogenesis of cleft lip and/or palate?

When is palatal fusion typically completed in utero?

Back 31

Failure of embryonic structures to merge and/or fuse.

Week 11

Front 32

Palate closure oriented at ________ __________.

Secondary palate "zips" closed from _________ to _________.

Primary palate "zips" closed from _________ to __________.

Back 32

Incisive foramen.

Anterior; Posterior

Posterior; Anterior