Pda2 Test 1 Set 1

Front 1

CNS consists mainly of...(2)

Back 1

brain
spinal cord

Front 2

Segment of spine in order and # of segment in them (6)

Back 2

1)Cranial
2)cervical (7)
3)Thoracic (12)
4)Lumbar (5)
6)Saccral (5)
7)Coccygeal (1)

Front 3

There are __ cranial nerves what is #10? (and its fxn)

Back 3

12

vagus nerve, main PSNS nerve

Front 4

Gray matter?

Back 4

part of spine that contains nerve cell bodies

Front 5

White matter?

Back 5

part of spine that contains myleinated axons

Front 6

Receptor/Afferent nerves enter the spine...(and other name for these nerves)

Back 6

dorsally, SENSORY FIBERS

Front 7

Effector nerves exit the spine...(and other name for these nerves)

Back 7

ventrally, MOTOR FIBERS

Front 8

Sensory fibers convery...

Back 8

status (like pain, etc)

Front 9

Sensory fibers are...

Back 9

AFFERENT

Front 10

Somatic Motor System
1)efferent to...
2)NT is...
3)arise from...
4)one peripheral synapse @...

Back 10

1)voluntary skeletal striated muscle
2)ACh
3)ALL levels of spine
4)@ NEUROMUSCULAR JXN

Front 11

When you see NEUROMUSCULAR JXN think....

Back 11

Somatic Motor system

Front 12

Somatic motor neuron exit the spine

Back 12

ventrally

Front 13

Autonomic system
a)efferent to...
b)2 peripheral synapses to...

Back 13

a)involuntary visceral organs/smooth muscle
b)ganglion then organ

Front 14

Smooth muscle will always be innervated with...

Back 14

autonomic system

Front 15

Basic setup of an ANS neuron

Back 15

1)Preganglionic neuron arises from CNS and synapses to ganglion
2)Postganglionic neuron arises from a ganglion and synapses @ and organ cell

Front 16

Unmyleinated/myleinated setup of ANS?

Back 16

Preganglionic is MYLEINATED

Postganglionic is UNMYLEINATED

Front 17

3 different types of visceral effectors

Back 17

1)smooth muscle
2)gland cell
3)cardiac muscle

Front 18

Location of Preganglionic neuron body?

Back 18

intermediolateral part of gray matter

Front 19

Efferent neurons always leave the spine....

Back 19

VENTRALLY

Front 20

Divergence?

Back 20

Postganglionic fibers are more numerous than preganglionic

Front 21

2 ways to classify ANS?

Back 21

1)anatomical
2)physiological

Front 22

ANATOMICAL desc. of parasympathetic neurons (4)

Back 22

1)arise from cranial and sacral cord regions ONLY
2)long preganglionic nerve
3)short postganglionic nerve
4)ganglia really close to organ

Front 23

Vagus nerve effects...(4)

Back 23

1)lungs
2)heart
3)stomach
4)small intestine

Front 24

ANATOMICAL desc. of sympathetic neurons (4)

Back 24

1)arise from thoracic and lumbar regions ONLY
2)short preganglionic nerve
3)long postganglioic nerve
4)most ganglia are in SYMPATHETIC CHAIN

Front 25

2 classes of ANS via PHYSIOLOGICAL desc. (and this classification is by...)

Back 25

1)cholinergic
2)adrenergic

based on NT released

Front 26

Cholinergic neurons
1)NT is...
2)released by...(3)

Back 26

1)NT is ACh
2a)ALL preganglionic autonomic neurons
2b)ALL postganglionic parasympathetic neuron
2c)SOME postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Front 27

Adrenergic neurons
1)NT is...
2)released by...

Back 27

1)NE
2)MOST postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Front 28

Adrenal Medulla
a)ratio release of E/NE
b)is a modified....
c)innervated by...

Back 28

a)80/20
b)sympathetic ganglion
c)preganglionic sympathetic neurons (cholinergic)

Front 29

Somatic nerve layout (pic)

Back 29

.

Front 30

Autonomic Parasympathetic nerve layout (pic)

Back 30

.

Front 31

Autonomic sympathetic adrenergic nerve layout (pic)

Back 31

.

Front 32

Autonomic sympathetic cholinergic nerve layout (pic)

Back 32

.

Front 33

How is ACh released in cholinergic systems (5)

Back 33

1)action potential hit nerve ending
2)Ca++ influx
3)vesicle fuses with terminal
4)vesicle contents (NTs) released to synapse via exocytosis
5)NTs react with receptors on dendrite of receiving neuron

Front 34

ACh can act on 2 types of receptors

Back 34

1)muscarinic
2)nicotinic

Front 35

ACh synthesis steps (3)

Back 35

1)choline + acetyl CoA
2)in presence of choline acetyl-transferase
3)ACh is formed

Front 36

Release of ACh is dependent upon....

Back 36

Calcium-dependent

Front 37

Termination of effect of ACh via (2)...and desc. of 1

Back 37

1)acetylcholinesterase is found in synapse and is very efficient so effects of ACh are brief
2)reuptake

Front 38

NE receptor types (2)

Back 38

alpha & beta

Front 39

NE synthesis steps (4)

Back 39

1)tyrosine & tyrosine hydroxylase forms DOPA
2)DOPA and DOPA decarboxylase forms dopamine
3)DOPAMINE IS THEN TAKEN INTO VESICLE
4)dopamine reacts with dopamine-B-hydroxylase inside vesicle to form NE

Front 40

Making E from NE? (3)

Back 40

1)inside vesicle
2)NE reacts with phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase
3)THIS ENZYME IS ONLY IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

Front 41

4 catecholamines and what makes them catecholamines?

Back 41

1)DOPA
2)dopamine
3)NE
4)E

b/c have 2 adjacent OH's

Front 42

How is NE's effect stopped (3)

Back 42

1)reuptake
2)broken down via MAO and COMT in receiving cell
3)activation of alpha2 receptors on releasing nerve

Front 43

2 pools of NE?

Back 43

1)vesicles of NE
2)NE reuptaken/NE that has leaked out of vesicles

Front 44

NE release steps

Back 44

1)Action potential
2)Ca++ influx
3)vesicle fuses with terminal
4)vesicle contents released to synapse via exocytosis
5)NTs react w/ receptors on dendrite of receiving neuron

Front 45

Adrenal medulla lacks...and why?

Back 45

axons, it just dumps NE/E into the blood

Front 46

Release of NE/E is via...

Back 46

exocytosis

Front 47

How does the "adrenergic effect" initiate?

Back 47

NE/E interacts w/ an adrenergic receptor

Front 48

What can be done with reuptaken NE? (2)

Back 48

1)it can be put into vesicles
2)stay in an extravesicular pool

Front 49

When NE interacts with COMT it creates ____ which is ___

Back 49

normetanephrine

INACTIVE

Front 50

When NE interacts with MAO it does what to NE? making it...

Back 50

deamination

INACTIVE

Front 51

The actions of COMT and MAO both eventually break down NE/E to....

Back 51

vanylmandelic acid (VMA)

Front 52

___ is disposed of in the same way as NE

Back 52

E

Front 53

COMT and MAO are found where?

Back 53

in liver

Front 54

Other metabolism pathways for E/NE include...(2)

Back 54

1)sulfate
2)glucuronide conjugation

Front 55

ACh levels can't be measured b/c....

Back 55

it is quickly degraded and doesn't escape the synapse easily

Front 56

mimetics fxn?

Back 56

mimic effects of natural transmitter

Front 57

....mimics effects of ACh

Back 57

cholinomimetic

Front 58

Direct cholinomimetic action?

Back 58

interacts w/ cholinergic receptor

Front 59

Indirect cholinomimetic action?

Back 59

facilitates ability of endogenous ACh to promote release or prevent termination of ACh

Front 60

Mixed acting cholinomimetic action?

Back 60

has both direct and indirect action

Front 61

Direct cholinomimetic action at a MUSCARINIC receptor
a)location
b)activated by...(3)
c)types of muscarinic receptors (5)

Back 61

a)in/on membrane of cell
b1)ACh released from postganglionic PSNS neurons
b2)some postganglionic SNS neurons
b3)muscarinic receptor agonists
c)M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

Front 62

Direct cholinomimetic action at a NICOTINIC receptor
a)location (4)
b)activated by...(3)
c)types of nicotinic receptors (2)

Back 62

a1)in/on membrane of dendrite
a2)cell body of postganglionic autonomic neurons
a3)cells of adrenal medulla
a4)skeletal muscles cells
b1)ACh released from ALL preganglionic neurons
b2)nicotinic receptor agonists
b3)ACh released from ALL somatic motor neurons
c)Nn, Nm

Front 63

___ mimics effects of NE

Back 63

adrenomimetic

Front 64

____ prevents reuptake of NE

Back 64

cocaine

Front 65

Adrenomimetics direct action?

Back 65

interacts w/ adrenergic receptor

Front 66

Adrenomimetics indirect action?

Back 66

facilitates ability to produce or prevent termination of action of NE

Front 67

Indirect acting adrenomimetics act where?

Back 67

ON EXTRAVESICULAR NE POOL

Front 68

Mixed acting adrenomimetic?

Back 68

has both direct and indirect action

Front 69

What type of receptor do cholinomimetics act on?(2)

Back 69

nicotinic
muscarinic

Front 70

What type of receptors do adrenomimetics act on?(2)

Back 70

alpha or beta adrenergic receptors

Front 71

Alpha receptor adrenomimetics
a)location
b)activated by...(3)
c)receptor types(2)

Back 71

a)in/on membrane of cells
b1)NE released from postganglionic sympathetic neurons
b2)E released from adrenal medulla
b3)alpha receptor agonists
c)alpha1, alpha2

Front 72

Beta receptor adrenomimetics
a)location
b)activated by...(3)
c)receptor types(3)

Back 72

a)in/on cell membrane
b1)NE released from potganglionic sympathetic neurons
b2)E released from adrenal medulla
b3)Beta receptor agonists
c)Beta1, Beta2, Beta3

Front 73

Most end organs contain both...but...

Back 73

alpha and beta receptor but one type will predominates

Front 74

Lytics?

Back 74

antagonize effects of nerve stimulation

Front 75

____ blocks effects of cholinergic nerve stimulation

Back 75

Cholinolytic

Front 76

Cholinolytic fxn(2)

Back 76

1)prevent release of ACh
2)compete w/ ACh @ muscarinic/nicotinic receptors

Front 77

...blocks effects of adrenergic nerve stimulation

Back 77

adrenolytic

Front 78

Adrenolytic fxn(2)

Back 78

1)prevent release of NE
2)compete w/ NE/E @ alpha/beta receptors

Front 79

2 muscles control size of pupil (also known as the ____ smooth muscles)

Back 79

1)sphincter muscle
2)radial muscle

IRIS

Front 80

Sphincter smooth muscle fxn (2) (and which predominates)

Back 80

1)contraction and miosis (smaller pupil) via M3 activation
2)Beta2 activation causes relaxation/mydriasis(bigger pupil)

M3 ACTIVATION PREDOMINATES

Front 81

Radial smooth muscle fxn

Back 81

alpha1 activation causes contraction and mydriasis(bigger pupil)

Front 82

Accomodation?

Back 82

change in lens shape to focus image on retina when viewing objects @ different distances

Front 83

_____ is responsible for accomodation

Back 83

CILIARY SMOOTH MUSCLE

Front 84

Ciliary smooth muscles fxns(2)

Back 84

1)M3 receptor activation causes contraction and accomodation for NEAR vision (MAKING LENS FATTER!!)
2)slight B2 receptor mediated relaxation for distant objects

Front 85

Lacrimal glands receptor?

Back 85

M3

Front 86

Atropine does what?

Back 86

Activates the Beta2 receptor of ciliary smooth muscle to dilate the pupil

Front 87

Airway smooth muscle fxns (2)

Back 87

1)M3 receptor causes bronchoconstriction
2)B2 receptor causes bronchodilation

Front 88

Asmatics usually get what type of drug

Back 88

B2 agonists for bronchodilation

Front 89

Bronchial glands fxn

Back 89

M3 receptor activation causes secretion

Front 90

...(2) comprise enteric nervous system

Back 90

myenteric plexus
submucosal plexus

Front 91

Myenteric plexus sends its output to...(2)

Back 91

circular muscle
longitudinal muscle

Front 92

Circular muscle and longitudinal muscle fxns(2)

Back 92

1)M3 receptor causes contraction (incr motility)
2)alpha1/2, beta1/2 receptors cause relaxation (decr motility)

Front 93

Submucosal plexus sends output to...(2)

Back 93

1)submucosa
2)mucosa

Front 94

Gastrointestinal sphincters fxns (2)

Back 94

1)M3 receptor causes relaxation (letting stuff pass thru more easily)
2)alpha1 receptor causes contraction

Front 95

GI glands fxns (2)

Back 95

1)M3 receptor causes secretion from pancreatic, gastric, intestinal glands
2)B2 causes inhibition of gastric acid secretion

Front 96

___ prevent ACh from acting on circular/longitudinal smooth muscle causing...

Back 96

T3-L3 in spine

relaxation of the circular/longitudinal smooth muscle

Front 97

____(2) causes CONTRACTION of circular/longitudinal smooth muscle and....

Back 97

S2-S4 in spine, vagus

release of ACH @ glands to cause secretion