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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type II restriction endonucleases
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Cleave DNAs at specific base sequences
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DNA ligase
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Joins two DNA molecules or fragments
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DNA polymerase I (E. Coli)
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Fills gaps in duplexes by stepwise addition of nucleotides to 3' ends
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Reverse transcriptase
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Make a DNA copy of an RNA molecule
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Polylnucleotide kinase
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Adds a phosphate to the 5' - OH end of a polynucleotide to label it or permit ligation
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Terminal transferase
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Adds homopolymer tails to the 3'-OH end of a linear duplex
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Exonuclease III
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Removes nucleotide residues from the 3' ends of a DNA strand
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Bacteriophage exonuclease
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Removes nucleotides from the 5' ends of a duplex to expose single stranded 3' ends
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Alkaline phosphatase
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Removes terminal phosphates from either the 5' or 3' end (or both)
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Transgene
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Any gene transferred to a living cell/organism using recombinant DNA technology
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Heterologous expression
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Expression of a gene/protein from one species in cells from another species
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Homologous expression
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Expression of a gene/protein from one species in cells from the same species
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Transient or Ectopic expression
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Upon transformation, the expression vector carrying the transgene remains as an independent plasmid and expresses the protein of interest in the host cell cytoplasm
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Stable or Chromosomal expression
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Expression vector carrying the transgene is physically 'lodged' in the host chromosome
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Constitutive promotor
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Expression of gene for YFP take place during 'normal' host cell growth
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Inducible promotor
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Expression requires presence of an inducer
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Terminator
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Transcription stop
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Enhancer
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Enhances expression
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Introns
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Accurate mRNA processing
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Ribosome entry site
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accurate translation initiation
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Poly A tail
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Enhances stability of mRNA
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Signal sequence
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Proper secretion/localization of YFP
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Fusion protein
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Improves stability, purification of YFP
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Peptide tag
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Allows detection and purification of YFP
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Ibritumomab (Zevalin) structure and indication
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Murine
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
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Muromonab (Orthoclone OKT3) structure and indication
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Murine
Transplant rejection |
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Infliximab (Remicade) structure and indication
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Chimeric
Crohn's Disease, Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Rituximab (Rituxan structure and indication
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Chimeric
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
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Trastuzumab (Herceptin) structure and function
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Humanized
Metastatic breast cancer |
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Bevacizumab (Avastin) structure and function
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Humanized
Metastatic colorectal cancer |
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Daclizumab (Zenapax) structure and function
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Humanized
Transplant rejection |
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Panitumumab structure and function
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human
Metastatic breast cancer |
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Adalimumab (Humira) structure and function
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Human
RA |
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Alefacept (Amevavie) component and application
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HLA-3 BD and IgG heavy chain
Immunosuppression |
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Rinolacept (Arcalyst) component and application
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IL-1 receptor ECD and IgG Fc
For treating certain autoimmune syndromes |
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Etanercept (Enbrel) component and application
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TNF receptor ECD human IgG Fc
For treating autoimmune diseases |
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Abatacept (Orencia) component and application
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CTLA4 ECD and IgG Fc
For treatment of RA |
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Examples of receptor-antibody fusions as therapeutics
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Alefacept (Amevavie)
Rinolacept (Arcalyst) Etanercept (Enbrel) Abatacept (Orencia) |
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Abciximab (ReoPro) component and application
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Anti-GPIIb/IIIa Fab murine-human chimera
Platelet aggregation inhibition |
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Ranibizumab (Lucentis) components and application
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Anti-VEGF A humanized Fab
Macular degeneration |
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Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) components and application
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Anti-TNF-alpha humanized Fab
Chrohn's disease |
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Examples of antibody fragments as therapeutics
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Abciximab (ReoPro)
Ranibiumab (Lucentis) Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) |
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Examples of antibodies as drug carriers
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Ibrutumomab (Zevalin)
Tositumomab (Bexxar) |
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Ibrutumomab (Zevalin) components
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Anti-CD20 murine mAb coupled to either Y90 or In111
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Tositumomab (Bexxar) components
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Anti-CD20 murine mAb coupled to I131
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Sources of drug action variability
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Morphometric
Demographic Physiologic Drug specific Genetics Environment |
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Gene
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Segment(s) of DNA necessary to produce a functional polypeptide or RNA production
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Allele
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A different form of a gene present in a population
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Genotype
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Gene(s) associated with a given trait
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Phenotype
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Observable expression of a genotype as a morphological, molecular, biochemical, or clinical trait
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Expressivity
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Extent to which a trait is manifest; a trait can vary in expression from mild to severe
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Mutation
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Any change in the chemical structure, number, or sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of an organism
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Autosome
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A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; in humans, chromosomes 1-22
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Sex chromosome
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the chromosomes involved in sex determination; in humans designated X and Y
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Genomics
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The study of the organization and function of the complete genetic material of an organism
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Proteomics
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the study of the structure and function of the complete set of proteins encoded by the genome
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Mitosis
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Somatic cell division. In humans, the somatic cell chromosome number, or diploid number, 46, generally is maintained, ensuring the genetic continuity of somatic cells during development
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Meiosis
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Cell division that forms gametes; the chromosome number is halved to the haploid number, 23, with one representative of each chromosome pair going to each reproductive cell, ovum, or sperm. The process also results in increased variation through the exchange of genetic material between the paired maternally and paternally derived chromosomes.
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Penetrance
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An all or non term indicating the frequency of expression of a genotype. If there is no detectable manifestation of the genotype, the trait is said to be nonpenetrant or to show lack of penetrance. If there is even a minor detectable manifestation, the gene is penetrant.
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Genetic anticipation
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Severity of a dominant mutation increases through the generations
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Genetic imprinting
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Expression of one parental allele (paternal or material) while silencing the other parental allele
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Lyon Hypothesis
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Genetic inactivation of one of the X chromosomes in females
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Uniparental disomy
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Inheritance of both chromosomes of a homologous pair by the same individual
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Difference between the genes of complex and single-gene disorders
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Complex - segregates
Single gene - segregates |
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Difference between the disorder of complex and single-gene
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Complex - aggregates
Single gene - segregates |
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Difference in the gene product involved in complex and single gene disorders
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Complex - multiple
Single gene - primarily one |
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Difference in the role of environment in complex and single gene disorders
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Complex - important
Single gene - often over-ridden by effects of gene mutation |
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Difference in age of onset in complex and single gene disorders
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Complex - older
Single gene - younger |
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Difference in risks for relatives in complex and single gene disorders
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Complex - smaller, less predictable
Single gene - larger, more predictable |
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Difference in health care burden for complex and single gene disorders
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Complex - high
Single gene - low |
