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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The BP on the thigh is the same or lower than the arm
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Coarctation of the aorta
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what is the heart rate range for infants at birth?
Average rate? |
90-190
Avg rate: 140 |
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What is the best single physical finding for ruling out pneumonia?
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Absence of tachypnea
Tachypnea: infants 0-2 months >60/min infants 2-12 months >50/min children >12 months >40/min |
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T/F During childhood, extremely high fever (up to 104 F or 40C) is common
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TRUE
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This is a bluish, mottled appearance on the trunk, arms and legs in response to cooling or chronic exposure to radiant heat
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cutis marmorata
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What is acrocyanosis?
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Blue cast to hands and feet when exposed to cold(common in newborns)
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Causes of central cyanosis
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Congenital heart disease such as:
Tetrology of fallot Transposition of the G.vessels |
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what are the 4 components of Tetrololy of Fallot?
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VSD (severe)
Pulmonic Stenosis Overriding Aorta Right Vent Hypertrophy |
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Name some causes of peripheral cyanosis (acrocyanosis)?
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Coarctation of the aorta
ASD VSD PDA |
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A "clunk" or palpable movement of the femoral head back into place.
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This is a positive Ortolani's sign for hip dysplasia
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T/F A positive Barlow's sign is diagnostic of hip dysplasia.
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FALSE, but it indicates laxity and a dislocatable hip; baby needs to be reexamined in the future
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when do bowleggedness and knock-knees correct themselves?
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Bowleg(genu varum) ~18months
Knock-knees(genu valgus) ~9-10 y/o |
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Name 2 pathologic causes of extreme bowing of the legs
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Rickets
Tibia Vara(Blount's disease) |
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What is a positive Galeazzi or Alice test?
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Femoral shortening, demonstrated by noticing a difference in knee heights when the baby is supine and knees are flexed.
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where is the best area to look for central cyanosis?
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toungue and oral mucosa
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Name some noncardiac findings in infants with cardiac disease
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Faiulure to thrive
Irritablility Tachypnea Hepatomegaly Poor feeding Clubbing |
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MC dysrythmia in children
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PSVT or PAT
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which perinatal problems increase the risk of hearing defects
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Low birth weight
Anoxia Ototoxic meds(amino glycosides, glycopeptides) congenital infections severe hyperbilirubinemia meningitis |
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What are the components of the APGAR score?
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Appearance (color)
Pulse (heart rate) Grimace (irritability) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration Perform at 1 min and 5 min |
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what is the normal term age and weight?
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37-42 weeks
>2500 grams |
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Preterm AGA infants are more prone to these conditions
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RDS
Infections PDA Apnea |
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Preterm SGA infants are more likely to experience these conditions
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Asphyxia
Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia |
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Name some causes of failure to thrive
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GI
Renal Environmental Endocrine Neuro Psychosocial Cardiac |
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causes of macrocephaly
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Hydrocephalus
Subdural hematoma Brain tumor |
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what is the normal systolic BP at birth?
At 1 yr? |
~70mm Hg
1 yr: ~100/50 |
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Extremely rapid and shallow respiration in a newborn are often seen with these conditions
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Cyanotic cardiac disease(normal lungs but right-to-left shunting)
Metabolic acidosis Bronchiolitis Pneumonia |
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T/F Fever (>38 C or 100 F) in infants <2-3 months is very common and may be seen even with minor infections
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FALSE: This is a sign of serious infection or disease and the infanct should be eval promptly
It is common in early childhood |
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T/F Jaundice can be normal
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TRUE: occurs in half of all new borns and appears on the 2nd or 3rd day and disappears within a week
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When is jaundice pathologic?
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When it appears within the first 24 hrs or persist beyond 2-3 weeks
Suspect hemolytic disease Biliary obstruction or Liver disease |
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Significant edema of the hands and feet of a newborn may suggest?
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Turner's syndrome
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why is it important to inspect the fontanelles?
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depression may be a sign of dehydration
Bulging, tense fontanelle is indicative of >ICP |
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what is a cephalohematoma?
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localized swelling of the scalp due to subperioteal hemorrhage from the trauma at birth; resolves withing 3 wks. A bony rim with a soft center may be palpable after the hemorrhage resolves and calcifies
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what is a positive Chvostek's sign?
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Percussion of the cheek produces repeated contractions of the facial muscles
Due to hypocalcemic tetany or tetany due to hyperventilation |
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Unconsolable, irritable infant
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Meningitis
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what is esotropia?
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convergent strabismus
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what are Brushfield spots?
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a ring of white specks in the iris; strongly suggest Down syndrome
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Absense of the red reflex can be caused by?
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If dark light reflex:
Catarats retinopathy If white light reflex: cataract retinal detachment chorioretinitis retinoblastoma |
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Name 2 conditions that can lead to amblyopia(lazy eye)
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strabysmus
anisometropia(eyes with different refractive errors) |
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what test can you do to assess conjugate gaze?
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cover-uncover test
Corneal reflex test |
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common in infants, these whitish lesions are difficult to wipe away and bleed when removed
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Oral candidiasis
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T/F Persistent splitting of S2 is normal in children
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False: it may indicate right vent volume load such as ASD or anomalies of pulmonary venous return, or chronic anemia
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Abnormal abdominal masses in infants can be assoc. with?
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Bladder-urethral obstruction
Kidney-hydronephrosis Bowel-Hirshprung's or intussusception Tumors |
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A "pot-belly" appearance may indicate?
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malabsorption due to:
Cystic Fibrosis Celiac disease Constipation Aerophagia |
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what is meconium ileus?
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When meconium becomes thickened and congested in the ileum; it may be the first simptom of cystic fibrosis
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urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis
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hypospadias
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A defect in the neural tube affecting the vertebral bodies and spinal cord
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Spina Bifida (ie myeolomeningocele)
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what is ankle clonus?
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rapid, rhythmic plantar flexion of the foot in response to abruptly dorsiflexing the ankle
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describe the Moro/startle reflex
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Abruptly lowering the baby causes the:
Arms to abduct and extend hands open legs flex |
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describe the Asymmetric tonic neck reflex
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with baby supine, turn head to one side, holding jaw over shoulder
The arms/legs on side to which head is turned extend while the opposite arm/leg flex Persistence beyond 2 months suggest neurologic disease |
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describe the rooting reflex
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Stroke the perioral skin at the corners of the mouth
The mouth opens and baby will turn the head toward the stimulated side Absence suggest severe generalized or CNS disease |
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Describe the Galant reflex (trunk incurvation)
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Stroke one side of the back 1 cm from midline, from shoulder to buttocks
The spine will curve toward the stimulated side Persistence may indicate delayed developement Absence suggest a transverse spinal cord lesion or injury |
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what is the Ballard scoring system used for?
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to determine gestation age in weeks
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Give examples of benign birthmarks
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Cafe-au-lait spots(less than 5)
Eyelid Patch Salmon Patch Mongolian Spots |
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Give examples of Neurocutaneous syndromes
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Neurofibromatosis(5 or more cafe-au-lait spots)
Axillary freckling Lish nodules Tuberous Sclerosis |
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"Setting sun" eyes
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Hydrocephalus
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what are the characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome
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Short palpebral fissures
microcephaly mental retardation Fish mouth |
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what are the characteristics of congenital hypthyroidism(cretinism)
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Enlarged anterior fontanelle
Enlarged tongue Hoarse cry Cold extremities Myxedema Sparse eyebrows |
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A child presents with open mouth(cannot breath through the nose), edema and discoloration of the lower orbitopalpebral grooves
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Perennial allergic rhinitis
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Name one cause of ambiguous genitalia
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congenital adrenal hyperplasia
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What is Rickets?
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a softening of the bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity(bowlegs)
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What is the Gower maneuver?
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The manner in which children with muscular dystrophy rise from a supine to a standing position
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Grey coating on the posterior pharynx
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Diphtheria
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localized swelling that crosses over suture lines and resolves within 1 or 2 days
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Caput succedaneum
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What is preeclampsia?
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HTN and proteinuria in pregnancy
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What is HELLP
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OB emergency related to preeclampsia
Hemolytic anemia Elevated Liver Enzymes Low Platelets |
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Most likely cause of LGA
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Diabetes
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describe the snout reflex
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pursing of the lips that is elicited by light tapping of the closed lips near the midline
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