Pd Definitions

Front 1

APGAR

Back 1

assessment of heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

Front 2

Cheyne Stokes respirations

Back 2

alteration between apnea and tachypnea; associated with midbrain/respiratory center CNS damage

Front 3

Chvostek’s sign

Back 3

tapping over the facial nerve elicits abnormal muscle contraction; associated with hypocalcemia

Front 4

Cushing’s triad

Back 4

elevated systolic blood pressure, bradycardia, and irregular respirations associated with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), often a harbinger of impending cerebral herniation

Front 5

Hirsutism

Back 5

typically, excess facial hair in women; may also describe increased female body hair

Front 6

Kussmaul breathing/respirations

Back 6

hyperpnea with labored respirations; associated with metabolic acidosis (most commonly, DKA)

Front 7

Lethargic

Back 7

the patient is drowsy but opens the eyes to look at you, responds to questions, then falls asleep

Front 8

Obtunded

Back 8

the patient opens the eyes to look at you but responds slowly; is somewhat confused

Front 9

Orthostatic hypotension

Back 9

a drop in systolic blood pressure of >/= 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of >/=10 mm Hg within three minutes of standing.

Front 10

Postural/orthostatic hypotension

Back 10

a sudden drop in blood pressure when older patients rise to standing

Front 11

Trousseau’s sign

Back 11

involuntary carpal spasm with digit extension associated with hypocalcemia when a blood pressure cuff is elevated above the systolic blood pressure and maintained for up to 3 minutes;

Front 12

ADLs

Back 12

Activities of Daily Living, which include basic self-care abilities

Front 13

Age-Associated Cognitive Impairment (AACI)

Back 13

even milder cognitive change that occurs later in the life cycle; people report cognitive loss but such deterioration cannot be documented on cognitive testing

Front 14

Amnestic MCI

Back 14

when memory is the domain affected by mild cognitive impairment

Front 15

Delirium

Back 15

acute onset of altered mental status, fluctuating with lucid intervals; lasts hours to weeks and disrupts the sleep/wake cycle; general medical illness or drug toxicity or both may be contributing factors

Front 16

Dementia

Back 16

an acquired syndrome of slow, insidious decline in memory and at least one other cognitive domain such as language, visuospatial, or executive function sufficient to interfere with social or occupational functioning in an alert person. Prominent features include short- and long-term memory deficits and impaired judgment. Common causes include Alzheimer’s or vascular multi-infarct dementia.

Front 17

Elder mistreatment

Back 17

includes abuse, neglect, exploitation or abandonment of older patients. Depression, dementia, and malnutrition are independent risk factors.

Front 18

Geriatric conditions

Back 18

a collection of symptoms and signs common in older adults not necessarily related to a single specific disease, such as delirium, cognitive impairment, falls, dizziness, depression, urinary incontinence, and functional impairment.

Front 19

IADLs

Back 19

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, which define a patient’s functional independence

Front 20

Mild Cognitive Impairment

Back 20

milder syndrome of cognitive loss compared to dementia

Front 21

Palliative Care

Back 21

medical care with the goal of relieving suffering and improving the quality of life for patients with advanced illnesses and their families through specific knowledge and skills; includes communication with patients and family members; management of pain and other symptoms; psychosocial, spiritual and bereavement support; and coordination of an array of medical and social services.

Front 22

Adie’s pupil (also known as ‘Tonic pupil’)

Back 22

pupil is large and regular; usually unilateral; reaction to light is severely reduced and slowed or absent; near reaction, although very slow, is present; slow accommodation causes blurred vision; may be associated with decreased deep tendon reflexes; must be differentiated from other causes of anisocoria or unilateral pupillary dilation

Front 23

Afferent Pupillary Defect (APD), also known as a Marcus Gunn pupil

Back 23

abnormality discovered between the eyes with the swinging flashlight test;

Front 24

No Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect

Back 24

Both pupils constrict equally without evidence of pupillary re-dilation with the "swinging flashlight test", except possibly for "hippus". Hippus refers to non-rhythmic fluctuations in pupillary size when there is a steady illumination.

Front 25

Mild Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect

Back 25

The affected pupil shows a weak initial constriction, followed by dilation to a greater size.

Front 26

Moderate Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect

Back 26

The affected pupil shows a stable or unchanged level of constriction, followed by dilation to a greater size.

Front 27

Severe Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect

Back 27

The affected pupil shows an immediate dilation to a greater size.

Front 28

Anisocoria

Back 28

unequal pupil size, different by >0.4mm in diameter; seen in up to 38% of healthy individuals

Front 29

Argyll Robertson pupil

Back 29

associated with tertiary syphilis; small, irregular pupils that accommodate but do not react to light

Front 30

Angular cheilitis

Back 30

maceration of the skin at the corners of the mouth; may be due to a nutritional deficiency or overclosure of the mouth (such as occurs with edentulous patients or patients with ill-fitting dentures)

Front 31

Arcus senilis

Back 31

a benign whitish/grey/pale blue appearing ring at the edge of the iris; usually more noticeable in dark eyed patients and is associated with aging; if found in young patients, may be a sign of hyperlipoproteinemia

Front 32

Atrophic glossitis

Back 32

smooth, red (often sore) “beefy” tongue with few or no papillae; suggests deficiency in riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, B12, B6 (pyridoxine), or iron, or chemotherapy treatment;

Front 33

Battle’s sign

Back 33

mastoid ecchymoses associated with basilar skull fracture

Front 34

Bitemporal hemianopsia

Back 34

patient is missing both temporal fields of vision on visual field testing due to a defect in the optic chiasm;

Front 35

Blue sclera

Back 35

sclera appear blue due to thinning of the collagen of the sclera, allowing the underlying uvea to be seen; may be due to connective tissue disorders (such as Ehler-Danlos, Marfan’s, or others) or congenital glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure causes thinning of the sclera)

Front 36

Brown sclera

Back 36

may be a typical variant in darker skinned individuals, particularly those with significant sun exposure (such as working outdoors), and is usually patchy, not confluent; is also associated if onset in the 30s-50s with alkaptonuria;

Front 37

Brushfield spots

Back 37

ring of white specks in the iris of the newborn; sometimes present in healthy children but may suggest Down’s Syndrome

Front 38

CNIII paralysis eye findings

Back 38

the dilated pupil is fixed to light and near effort; ptosis of the upper eyelid and lateral deviation of the eye are almost always present

Front 39

CN IV paralysis eye findings

Back 39

Ask the patient to look down and in (medially) with the bad eye; this will produce diplopia. The false image will lie below the true image (vertical diplopia) and will be somewhat oblique (torsional diplopia). The weakness of downward movement of the affected eye, most markedly when the eye is turned inward, results in the patient reporting difficulty with reading or going downstairs.

Front 40

CNVI paralysis eye findings

Back 40

the eyes are conjugate in lateral gaze in one direction, but the affected eye does not move past midline when attempting lateral gaze in the opposite direction

Front 41

CN X paralysis

Back 41

the soft palate fails to rise and the uvula deviates to the opposite side

Front 42

“Central VII paralysis”

Back 42

includes paralysis of the ipsilateral lower face only

Front 43

“Peripheral VII” paralysis (such as with Bell’s palsy)

Back 43

occurs on the ipsilateral upper and lower face

Front 44

Conductive hearing loss

Back 44

arises from problems in the external or middle ear; evaluated with Weber testing and direct otoscopic examination

Front 45

Diplopia

Back 45

double vision; may be described as horizontal or vertical depending on cause; review DDX of etiologies

Front 46

Dix-Hallpike maneuver

Back 46

elicitation of extreme vertigo and nystagmus upon lateral movement of a patient’s head when lying in a supine position, associated with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

Front 47

Ectropion

Back 47

the margin of the lower lid is turned outward, exposing the palpebral conjunctiva

Front 48

Entropion

Back 48

inward turning of the lid margin, more common in the elderly;

Front 49

Episcleritis

Back 49

localized ocular redness from inflammation of the episcleral vessels

Front 50

Epistaxis

Back 50

nosebleed

Front 51

Epley’s maneuvers

Back 51

maneuvers performed to re-position otoliths in BPPV

Front 52

Exophthalmos

Back 52

abnormal protrusion of the eye from the orbit

Front 53

Geographic tongue

Back 53

benign condition of the tongue with both scattered smooth red areas denuded of papillae and typical rough or coated areas of the tongue, causing the appearance of a map

Front 54

Goiter

Back 54

enlarged thyroid gland; may be tender on non-tender, symmetric or asymmetric, nodular;

Front 55

Hairy leukoplakia

Back 55

white colored raised areas on the sides of the tongue; cannot be scraped off; associated with HIV and AIDS

Front 56

Hairy tongue

Back 56

benign discoloration of tongue papillae, appearing as “hairy” yellow, brown or black

Front 57

Hematemesis

Back 57

throwing up blood; source may be GI or the oropharynx (swallowed)

Front 58

Hemoptysis

Back 58

coughing up blood; source may be pulmonary, oropharynx, or upper respiratory

Front 59

Homonymous hemianopsia

Back 59

patient is missing half of a field of vision in both eyes (left nasal and right temporal vs. left temporal and right nasal) on visual field testing due to a defect in the optic tract fibers originating on the same side of both eyes;

Front 60

Horner’s Syndrome

Back 60

“ptosis-miosis-anhydrosis”; the affected pupil is small but reacts briskly to light; ptosis is present; loss of sweating of the forehead on the ipsilateral side; may be due to injury to the sympathetic fibers around the carotid artery (dissection, compression) or upper pulmonary disease

Front 61

Hutchinson’s teeth

Back 61

small, widely spaced teeth with notched biting surfaces, associated with congenital syphilis

Front 62

Hyperopia

Back 62

farsightedness; impaired near vision; light rays from a distance focus posterior to the retina

Front 63

Koplik’s spots

Back 63

white spots on the oral mucosa associated with measles

Front 64

Legal blindness

Back 64

vision corrected by glasses of 20/200 or less in the better eye; may also result from a constricted field of vision of 20° or less in the better eye;

Front 65

Leukokoria

Back 65

abnormal white retinal reflex in a newborn (the expected red reflex is absent); further evaluation is needed to determine the cause

Front 66

Leukoplakia

Back 66

thickened white patch on the oral mucosa; may be a precursor to oral cancer

Front 67

Lid lag

Back 67

associated with hyperthyroidism; a rim of sclera is visible above the iris with downward gaze; may also be associated with “retracted lids”

Front 68

Miosis

Back 68

pupillary constriction

Front 69

Mydriasis

Back 69

pupillary dilation

Front 70

Myopia

Back 70

nearsightedness; impaired far vision; light rays from a distance focus anterior to the retina; retinal structures appear larger than typical

Front 71

Nystagmus

Back 71

fine, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes; described as horizontal, vertical or rotatory/rotational; may be due to peripheral or central CNVIII dysfunction, cerebellar pathology, or drug induced (common drug causes: benzodiazepines, PCP, significant alcohol intake, dilantin (phenytoin) toxicity); note direction of fast vs. slow phase, fatiguability;

Front 72

Papilledema

Back 72

swelling of the optic disc and anterior bulging of the physiologic cup on fundoscopic examination; implies increased intracranial pressure (ICP) transmitted to the optic nerve; increased ICP may be due to meningitis (aseptic or bacterial), subarachnoid hemorrhage, trauma, mass lesions, or other disorders

Front 73

Pinguecula

Back 73

benign yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris; associated with aging; commonly confused with pterygium

Front 74

Pterygium

Back 74

triangular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly across the outer surface of the cornea; reddening may occur; may impair vision

Front 75

Presbycusis

Back 75

age associated hearing loss, usually after age 50

Front 76

Presybopia

Back 76

loss of near vision arising from decreased elasticity of the lens related to aging

Front 77

Raccoon Eyes

Back 77

periorbital ecchymoses; in the setting of trauma, is associated with basilar skull fracture; in children, consider abuse or infiltrative tumor

Front 78

Rhinorrhea

Back 78

drainage from the nose; describe the color and consistency

Front 79

Scotomas

Back 79

fixed defects in the visual field(s) or areas where the patient cannot see; may be specks or larger; “floaters”, in contrast, move with eye movements

Front 80

Sensorineural hearing loss

Back 80

arises from problems in the inner ear, cochlear nerve, or in central CNS connections

Front 81

Stye or Hordeolum

Back 81

painful, tender erythematous swelling in a gland at the lid margin; commonly due to Staphlococcus aureus

Front 82

The Red Eye

Back 82

note location of redness…conjunctival? Subconjunctival? Ciliary or peri-limbal injection? Requires evaluation for infection (cornea, conjunctivae, eyelids, lacrimal ducts), possible glaucoma (measure intraocular pressure), trauma, systemic disease processes (is iritis present?)

Front 83

Tinnitus

Back 83

a perceived sound without external stimulus, described as a musical ringing or rushing or roaring noise, involving one or both ears;

Front 84

Tori mandibulares

Back 84

rounded bony growths on the inner surfaces of the mandible; typically bilateral, asymptomatic, and benign

Front 85

Torus palatinus

Back 85

a midline bony growth in the hard palate; benign

Front 86

Tympanosclerosis

Back 86

a chalky, white irregular patch on the tympanic membrane, which is a deposition of hyaline material within the layers of the TM that sometimes follows a severe episode of otitis media;

Front 87

Vertigo

Back 87

the perception that the patient or the environment is rotating or spinning; must be differentiated from “dizziness”, “dysequilibrium”, and “near-syncope”, as each may have different causes; if true vertigo, evaluate for BPPV (peripheral cranial nerve VIII etiology) with the Dix-Hallpike maneuver

Front 88

Xanthelasma

Back 88

raised, yellow (pale) plaques appearing along the nasal portions of one or both eyelids; may be associated with lipid disorders

Front 89

Specific to the Fundoscopic Examination

Back 89

Angioid streaks, A-V nicking; Cherry red spot of macula; Copper wiring; Cotton wool exudates; Flame hemorrhages; Neovascularization; Waxy exudates; Roth spots

Front 90

Actinic keratosis

Back 90

superficial, flattened papules covered by a dry scale; pink, tan or grayish; usually appear on sun-exposed skin of older, fair-skinned patients

Front 91

Actinic purpura

Back 91

purple patches or macules of the skin of elderly patients caused by blood that has leaked through poorly supported capillaries and spread within the dermis

Front 92

Alopecia

Back 92

hair loss; diffuse, patchy, or total

Front 93

Basal cell carcinoma

Back 93

initially a translucent nodule that spreads and leaves a depressed center with a firm elevated border

Front 94

Beau’s lines

Back 94

traverse ridges on nails; may be due to multiple etiologies, including prior trauma or acute severe illness; will grow out with the nail gradually over months

Front 95

Carotenemia

Back 95

yellow/orange color of the skin associated with excessive carotene, noted particularly in the palms, soles, and face

Front 96

Clubbing

Back 96

the angle between the finger nail and the nail base is about 160° in the “normal” nail; clubbing causes the angle between the nail and nail base to first straighten out and then exceed 180°; may be a normal variant or due to many causes (chronic hypoxia, cancer); contrast with a normal variant of curved nails

Front 97

Herpes Zoster (shingles)

Back 97

reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus in the dorsal root ganglia; will follow a nerve root distribution; risk increases with age and impaired cell-mediated immunity

Front 98

Jaundice

Back 98

yellow discoloration of the skins; associated with liver disease or hemolysis

Front 99

Paronychia

Back 99

inflammation of the skin around the fingernail with redness and tenderness; pus may be visible

Front 100

Seborrheic keratosis

Back 100

common, benign, yellowish to brown raised lesions; feel greasy, velvety or wart-like;

Front 101

Senile lentigines

Back 101

liver spots, brown macules commonly found on the backs of hands, forearms and face

Front 102

Splinter hemorrhages

Back 102

red or brown linear streaks in the nail bed, parallel to the long axis of the fingers; associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis, trichinosis, minor trauma, or without apparent cause; may be seen in up to 10-20% of hospitalized adult patients

Front 103

Spoon nails

Back 103

concave curvature of the fingernails; sometimes associated with iron deficiency anemia, but not specific for the disorder

Front 104

Squamous cell carcinoma

Back 104

firm reddish-appearing lesion often in a sun-exposed area

Front 105

Additional descriptive skin terms

Back 105

fissure, erosion, papule, plaque, nodule, tumor, wheal, vesicle, bulla, pustule, ulcer, crust, scale, lichenification, atrophy, excoriation, scar, keloid, macule, petechiae, purpura, cherry angioma, spider angioma, telangiectasia (see references for photos and additional definitions)

Front 106

Cough

Back 106

a common symptom which is a reflex response to stimuli that irritate receptors in the larynx, trachea, or large bronchi. These stimuli can include pus, mucus, and blood as well as external agents such as dust, foreign bodies, or even extremely hot or cold air.

Front 107

Acute cough

Back 107

a cough lasting less than 3 weeks.

Front 108

The most common cause of acute cough

Back 108

viral upper respiratory infection.

Front 109

Causes of acute cough (6)

Back 109

viral upper respiratory infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, left ventricular heart failure, asthma, foreign body.

Front 110

Subacute cough

Back 110

a cough of 3 to 8 weeks duration.

Front 111

Causes of subacute cough (3)

Back 111

postinfectious cough, bacterial sinusitis, asthma.

Front 112

Chronic cough

Back 112

a cough lasting more than 8 weeks.

Front 113

Causes of chronic cough (5)

Back 113

postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis.

Front 114

Dyspnea

Back 114

a nonpainful but uncomfortable awareness of breathing that is inappropriate to the level of exertion, also called shortness of breath.

Front 115

Hampton’s hump

Back 115

wedge shaped consolidation at lung periphery on chest x-ray with base on the pleura associated with lung tissue infarction due to pulmonary embolus

Front 116

Kerley B lines

Back 116

horizontal opaque lines extending to the pulmonary periphery associated with pulmonary edema

Front 117

Mucoid sputum

Back 117

translucent, white or gray sputum

Front 118

Purulent sputum

Back 118

yellowish or greenish colored sputum

Front 119

Adverse effects of smoking on health and dz (5)

Back 119

coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, COPD mortality, lung cancer mortality

Front 120

Stridor

Back 120

an audible, high-pitched wheeze, and is an ominous sign of airway obstruction in the larynx or trachea.

Front 121

Causes of unilateral decrease or delay in chest expansion (5)

Back 121

chronic fibrosis of the underlying lung or pleura, pleural effusion, lobar pneumonia, pleural pain with associated splinting, and unilateral bronchial obstruction.

Front 122

Causes of Decreased Tactile Fremitus

Back 122

Soft voice, transmission of vibrations from the larynx to the surface of the chest is impeded, Thick chest wall, COPD, Separation of pleural surfaces by fluid – pleural effusion, Separation of pleural surfaces by fibrosis – pleural thickening, Separation of pleural surfaces by air – penumothorax

Front 123

Causes of Increased tactile fremitus

Back 123

pneumonia

Front 124

Dullness to percussion

Back 124

medium intensity, medium pitched sound which replaces resonance when fluid or solid tissue replaces air-containing lung or occupies the pleural space beneath percussing fingers. Examples: lobar pneumonia, pleural effusion, hemothorax, empyema, fibrosis, tumor.

Front 125

Generalized hyperresonance

Back 125

loud intensity, low-pitched sound that can be heard over hyperinflated lungs in COPD or asthma. Not a reliable sign.

Front 126

Decreased breath sounds

Back 126

heard when air flow is decreased, such as obstructive lung disease or muscular weakness, or when transmission of sound is poor, i.e. pleural effusion, pneumothorax, COPD.

Front 127

Bronchophony

Back 127

louder, clearer voice sounds heard when auscultating lungs

Front 128

Egophony

Back 128

E-to-A change; heard in lobar consolidation from pneumonia

Front 129

Whispered pectoriloquy

Back 129

louder, clearer whispered sounds

Front 130

Anacrotic pulse (aka pulsus parvus et tardus)

Back 130

small, slow rising, delayed pulse with a notch or shoulder on the ascending limb; seen in aortic stenosis

Front 131

Waterhammer Pulse

Back 131

rapid and sudden systolic expansion seen in aortic regurgitation

Front 132

Bisfiriens Pulse

Back 132

double-peaked pulse with a midsystolic dip; seen in aortic regurgitation, combined aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

Front 133

Pulsus Alternans

Back 133

alternating amplitude of pulse pressure seen in CHF

Front 134

Bigeminal Pulse

Back 134

may mimic pulsus alternans; it is caused by a normal beat alternating with a premature ventricular contraction; the stroke volume of the premature beat is diminished in relation to that of the normal eats, and the pulse varies in amplitude accordingly

Front 135

Paradoxical Pulse

Back 135

detected by blood pressure assessment; an exaggerated drop in systolic blood pressure of 10mm Hg or more during inspiration; seen in cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis and COPD

Front 136

Austin Flint murmur

Back 136

mid-diastolic rumble heard at apex associated with aortic insufficiency

Front 137

Beck’s triad

Back 137

hypotension, increased central venous pressure (JVP), and distant/muffled heart sounds associated with cardiac tamponade

Front 138

Elevated JVP

Back 138

greater than 4 cm above the sternal angle, equivalent to 9 cm above the right atrium. 98% specific for an increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure and low left ventricular ejection fraction, and it increased the risk of death from heart failure.

Front 139

Cardiac Thrills

Back 139

can be noted in aortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, and mitral stenosis, and can be palpated in positions that accentuate the murmur.

Front 140

PMI

Back 140

can be displaced laterally due to cardiac enlargement from congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease, or deformities in the thorax or mediastinal shift.

Front 141

Midsystolic murmurs

Back 141

murmur that typically occurs across the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves.

Front 142

Pansystolic murmurs

Back 142

murmur that typically occurs with regurgitant flow across the atrioventricular valves.

Front 143

Early diastolic murmurs

Back 143

murmurs that typically accompany regurgitant flow across incompetent semilunar valves.

Front 144

Middiastolic and presystolic murmurs

Back 144

murmurs that reflect turbulent flow across the atrioventricular valves.

Front 145

Grade 1 murmur

Back 145

very faint murmur heard only after listener has “tuned in”; may not be heard in all positions

Front 146

Grade 2 murmur

Back 146

Quiet murmur, but heard immediately after placing the stethoscope on the chest

Front 147

Grade 3 murmur

Back 147

Moderately loud murmur

Front 148

Grade 4 murmur

Back 148

Loud murmur with palpable thrill

Front 149

Grade 5 murmur

Back 149

Very loud murmur with thrill. May be heard when the stethoscope is partly off the chest

Front 150

Grade 6 murmur

Back 150

Very loud murmur with thrill. May be heard with stethoscope completely off the chest

Front 151

Clicks

Back 151

high-pitched sounds that occur early in systole at the onset of ejection and are produced by the opening of pathologically deformed semilunar valves

Front 152

Midsytolic click

Back 152

not ejection clicks; they occur in the middle of systole and can be single or multiple, and can change position during the cardiac cycle; commonly associated with mitral valve prolapse or tricuspid valve prolapse

Front 153

carotid thrill

Back 153

a vibration that can be felt on palpation of the carotid artery

Front 154

carotid bruit

Back 154

a murmur-like sound of vascular origin that can be heard on auscultation of the carotid artery.

Front 155

Dyspnea

Back 155

an uncomfortable awareness of breathing that is inappropriate to a given level of exertion.

Front 156

Edema

Back 156

accumulation of excessive fluid in the extravascular interstitial space. May be pitting (need to grade it 1-4+) or non-pitting. Note location, particularly of dependent areas.

Front 157

Orthopnea

Back 157

dyspnea that occurs when the patient is lying down and improves when the patient sits up.

Front 158

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)

Back 158

episodes of sudden dyspnea and orthopnea that awaken the patient from sleep, prompting the patient to sit up, stand up or go to a window for air.

Front 159

Normal Blood pressure

Back 159

< 120/80

Front 160

Palpitations

Back 160

the unpleasant awareness of the heartbeat.

Front 161

Pre-Hypertension

Back 161

systolic BP of 120-139, diastolic blood pressures of 80 -89. Initiate therapeutic lifestyle interventions.

Front 162

Stage I Hypertension

Back 162

systolic BP of 140 to 159, diastolic blood pressure of 90-99 mm Hg or both, warrants antihypertensive therapy.

Front 163

Stage II Hypertension

Back 163

systolic BP of >160 mm Hg, diastolic BP of >100 or both.

Front 164

Anorexia

Back 164

loss or lack of appetite

Front 165

BRBPR

Back 165

bright red blood per rectum (may be on toilet paper, may be around stool, or spontaneous)

Front 166

Caput medusa

Back 166

distended veins radiating from the umbilicus associated with portal hypertension; the patient may also have signs of esophageal varices and/or significant rectal vein dilation (hemorrhoids)

Front 167

Charcot’s triad

Back 167

jaundice, fever/chills, RUQ pain associated with ascending cholangitis

Front 168

Cullen’s sign

Back 168

ecchymosis around the umbilicus; associated with intraabdominal hemorrhage, such as with hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Front 169

Dysphagia

Back 169

difficulty swallowing from impaired passage of solid foods or liquids from the mouth to the stomach

Front 170

Dyspepsia

Back 170

chronic or recurrent discomfort or pain centered in the upper abdomen

Front 171

Grey-Turner Sign

Back 171

ecchymoses of the flanks associated with fulminant hemorrhagic pancreatitis; very poor prognostic sign

Front 172

Hematochezia

Back 172

red or maroon colored stools

Front 173

Incarcerated hernia

Back 173

the hernia contents cannot be reduced into the abdominal cavity

Front 174

Strangulated hernia

Back 174

the blood supply to an incarcerated hernia is compromised

Front 175

Involuntary guarding

Back 175

the abdominal wall has a muscular spasm despite attempts to relax the abdominal wall musculature; implies peritoneal inflammation

Front 176

“voluntary guarding”

Back 176

the patient is afraid of possible pain with anticipation of the abdominal examination

Front 177

Kehr’s sign

Back 177

pain referred to the left shoulder due to sub-diaphragmatic irritation or peritoneal blood

Front 178

Melena

Back 178

black, tarry, sticky stool; if guaiac positive on stool card examination, defines lower GI blood loss (source may be upper GI or lower GI bleeding; at least 60 cc lost; usually is from esophagus, stomach or duodenum but may also be from jejunum, ileum, or ascending colon)

Front 179

McBurney’s point

Back 179

position in the mid-RLQ associated with increased tenderness to palpation with appendicitis

Front 180

Murphy’s sign

Back 180

Palpation of the right upper quadrant at the liver edge or where the rectus muscle intersects with the costal margin during inspiration causes a sharp increase in tenderness; is associated with acute cholecystitis (must be used with other physical exam findings to assess likelihood)

Front 181

Odynophagia

Back 181

pain on swallowing

Front 182

Obstipation

Back 182

no passage of feces/stool or gas/flatus

Front 183

Obturator sign

Back 183

Flex the patient’s right thigh at the hip, with the knee bent, and rotate the leg internally at the hip to stretch the internal obturator muscle. Right hypogastric pain produced during this maneuver is a positive obturator sign, suggesting irritation of the obturator muscle by an inflamed appendix. (must be used with other physical exam findings to assess likelihood)

Front 184

Psoas sign

Back 184

increased abdominal pain with psoas stretching maneuvers (1. place your hand above the patient’s right knee and ask the patient to raise that thigh against your hand’s resistance OR 2. Ask the patient to lie on the left side. Extend the patient’s right leg at the hip.) Pain with either of these maneuvers implies irritation of the psoas muscle by an inflamed overlying appendix. (must be used with other physical exam findings to assess likelihood)

Front 185

Rebound

Back 185

abdominal pain that is induced or increased by quick withdrawal of the examining hand; implies an inflamed peritoneum

Front 186

Retching

Back 186

involuntary spasm of the stomach, diaphragm, and esophagus that precedes and culminates in vomiting

Front 187

Rovsing’s sign

Back 187

pain perceived in the right lower quadrant during left-sided abdominal pressure applied with abdominal exam; implies appendicitis (must be used with other physical exam findings to assess likelihood)

Front 188

Tenesmus

Back 188

an urge to defecate with inability to do so (or with very little stool passed); may be associated with pain, cramping, and straining

Front 189

Amenorrhea

Back 189

absence of menses. “Primary” is failure of periods to initiate; “secondary” is cessation of periods after they have been established

Front 190

Balanitis

Back 190

inflammation of the glans of the penis (commonly due to yeast)

Front 191

Balanoposthitis

Back 191

inflammation of the glans and prepuce

Front 192

Blue dot sign

Back 192

small area of blue discoloration on the affected testicle associated with torsion of the appendix testis

Front 193

Braxton Hicks contractions

Back 193

the contractions of “false labor”; sporadic; may be due to multiple causes and must be differentiated from true labor

Front 194

Chadwick’s sign

Back 194

cyanosis/bluish/purple/violaceous discoloration of vulva, vagina and cervix associated with pregnancy due to increased blood flow

Front 195

Chadwick’s sign

Back 195

cyanosis/bluish/purple/violaceous discoloration of vulva, vagina and cervix associated with pregnancy due to increased blood flow

Front 196

CMT/cervical motion tenderness

Back 196

as assessed when examining the cervix on bimanual pelvic examination

Front 197

Condyloma acuminatum

Back 197

warts associated with human papillomavirus

Front 198

Condyloma latum

Back 198

wart-like papules associated with secondary syphilis; contagious

Front 199

Cystocele

Back 199

bulging of the upper two third of te anterior vaginal wall and bladder due to weakened supporting tissues

Front 200

Cystourethrocele

Back 200

when the entire vaginal wall together with the bladder and urethra bulges out of the vagina

Front 201

Cryptorchidism

Back 201

an undescended testicle

Front 202

Dysmenorrhea

Back 202

pain with menses

Front 203

Dyspareunia

Back 203

painful intercourse

Front 204

Hypospadias

Back 204

congenital, ventral displacement of the urethral meatus on the penis or perineum

Front 205

Incontinence

Back 205

involuntary loss of bowel or bladder function;

Front 206

Stress Incontinence

Back 206

urinary incontinence when straining or coughing

Front 207

Overflow Incontinence

Back 207

when the pressure in the bladder exceeds the urethral pressure in the absence of bladder contraction

Front 208

Lie

Back 208

descriptive terms to describe the position of the testicle in the scrotum; “expected” or “normal” is a vertical ___; a horizontal ___ in a patient with low abdominal pain and/or testicular pain implies a testicular torsion, requiring urgent evaluation;

Front 209

Menopause

Back 209

absence of menses for 12 consecutive months, usually occurring between 48 and 55 years

Front 210

Menorrhagia

Back 210

excessive menstrual flow

Front 211

Metorrhagia

Back 211

intermenstrual bleeding, sometimes referred to as “break through bleeding”

Front 212

Nabothian cyst

Back 212

translucent nodule(s), also known as a retention cyst, seen on the surface of the cervix; benign

Front 213

Oligomenorrhea

Back 213

infrequent menstrual bleeding

Front 214

Paraphimosis

Back 214

tight prepuce (foreskin) that, once retracted, cannot be returned over the glans of the penis; requires urgent intervention if blood flow to/from the glans is impaired

Front 215

Phimosis

Back 215

tight prepuce (foreskin) that cannot be retracted over the glans

Front 216

Phren’s sign

Back 216

pain relief upon scotal elevation

Front 217

Polymenorrhea

Back 217

fewer than 21 days between menses

Front 218

Postcoital bleeding

Back 218

suggests cervical polyps or cancer, or in an older woman atrophic vaginitis

Front 219

Postmenopausal bleeding

Back 219

bleeding occurring 6 months or more after cessation of menses

Front 220

Premenstrual syndrome

Back 220

includes emotional and behavioral symptoms such as depression, angry outbursts, irritability, anxiety, confusion, crying spells, sleep disturbance, poor concentration, and social withdrawal that interfere with daily activities and which occur within 5 days before menses in at least 3 consecutive cycles; symptoms and signs stop within 4 days after cessation of menses

Front 221

Prolapse of the Uterus

Back 221

results from weakness of the supporting structures of the pelvic floor

Front 222

First degree prolapse

Back 222

the cervix is still within the vagina

Front 223

Second degree prolapse

Back 223

the cervix is at the introitus

Front 224

Third degree prolapse (procidentia)

Back 224

the cervix and vagina are outside the introitus

Front 225

Rectocele

Back 225

herniation of the rectum into the posterior vaginal wall due to weakness or a defect in the supporting structures

Front 226

Retroverted uterus

Back 226

the entire uterus including the body and the cervix are tilted backwards; contrasts with anteverted, anteflexed, or mid-position uterus

Front 227

Retroflexed uterus

Back 227

the body of the uterus is tilted backwards in relation to the cervix; the cervix maintains its usual position

Front 228

Tanner stages

Back 228

stages of development of secondary sexual characteristics

Front 229

Uterine fibroids

Back 229

benign myomas of the uterus

Front 230

Vaginismus

Back 230

an involuntary spasm of the muscles surrounding the vaginal orifice that makes penetration during intercourse painful or impossible

Front 231

Varicocele

Back 231

multiple tortuous veins of the spermatic cord in the proximal testicle; may be palpable or visible;

Front 232

Virilization

Back 232

extensive hirsutism associated with receding temporal hair, a deepening of the voice, and clitoral enlargement

Front 233

Fibroadenoma

Back 233

round, discoid or lobular nodule in the breast; usually well delineated, very mobile, nontender, without skin retraction;

Front 234

Gynecomastia

Back 234

increase in the size of breast tissue in men; attributed to an imbalance of estrogens and androgens; if irregular/hard/ulcerating, may need to consider breast cancer

Front 235

Nonpuerperal galactorrhea

Back 235

milky discharge elicited from the breast unrelated to a prior pregnancy or lactation; leading causes are hormonal or drug-related

Front 236

Peau d’orange

Back 236

characteristic “orange peel” appearance of breast skin due to edema produced by lymphatic blockage associated with breast cancer;

Front 237

Adson’s sign

Back 237

obliteration of the radial pulse when the arm is abducted to a position above the shoulder, causing compression of the proximal vessel; associated with thoracic outlet syndrome

Front 238

Allen’s test

Back 238

tests for presence of palmar ulnar-radial anastomosis and integrity of the palmar arch; should be performed before invasive procedures are performed on the radial artery

Front 239

Baker’s cyst

Back 239

popliteal fossa cyst due to distention of the gastrocnemius semimembranosus bursa; frequently associated with joint inflammatory disorders, such as recurrent gout, prior trauma, or osteoarthritis

Front 240

Barlow maneuver

Back 240

newborn hip evaluation maneuver with adduction of the hip to evaluate for congenital dislocation; associated also with the Ortolani maneuver

Front 241

Boutonniere deformity

Back 241

associated with chronic rheumatoid arthritis; persistent flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint with hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint

Front 242

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 242

check Phalen’s (compression of backs of hands for 30-60 seconds) and Tinel’s (tap over volar median nerve) signs; symptoms usually follow the median nerve distribution

Front 243

Phalen’s sign

Back 243

compression of backs of hands for 30-60 seconds; test for carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 244

Tinel’s

Back 244

tap over volar median nerve; test for carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 245

Depuytren’s contracture

Back 245

flexion contracture in the ring, small, or long fingers from thickening of the palmar fascia

Front 246

De Quervain’s tenosynovitis

Back 246

associated with a positive Finkelstein’s test

Front 247

Finkelstein’s test

Back 247

the flexed thumb is placed under the flexed digits, then the wrist is laterally abducted to stretch the radial side musculature; pain elicited with this maneuver is a positive sign

Front 248

“Empty can test” and “Drop arm sign”

Back 248

Additional examination techniques for possible rotator cuff tear

Front 249

Felon

Back 249

localized infection in the fascial space(s) of a finger pad

Front 250

Hawkin’s impingement sign

Back 250

flex the patient’s shoulder and elvow to 90 degrees with the palm facing down; then with one hand on the forearm and one on the arm, rotate the arm internally to compress the greater tuberosity against the coracoacromial ligament. Pain during this maneuver is a positive test.

Front 251

Janeway lesion

Back 251

palmar or plantar erythematous or hemorrhagic papule(s) associated with infective endocarditis; also associated with Osler’s nodes

Front 252

Kanavel’s signs

Back 252

associated with flexor tenosynovitis of the flexor digitorum; signs include finger held in slight flexion; diffuse swelling of the affected digit; tenderness to palpation along the flexor tendon sheath; and pain with passive extension of the digit

Front 253

Knee stability maneuvers

Back 253

McMurray Test (menisci), Valgus Stress Test (MCL), Varus Stress Test (LCL), Anterior Drawer Sign (Anterrior cruciate), Lachman’s Test (ACL/PCL), Posterior Drawer Sign (PCL)

Front 254

Neer’s impingement sign

Back 254

maneuver to assess possible rotator cuff tear; press on the scapula to prevent scapular motion with one hand, and raise the patient’s arm with the other to compress the greater tuberosity of the humerus against the acromion; pain during this maneuver is a positive test.

Front 255

Ortolani maneuver

Back 255

palpable clunk on anterior-posterior pressure applied to the newborn hip examination, associated with congenital hip dislocation

Front 256

Osler’s nodes

Back 256

painful red lesions/soft tissue swellings on the pads of the fingers and plantar surfaces, associated with endocarditis

Front 257

Osteoarthritis

Back 257

Heberden’s nodes at the DIP joints, Bouchard’s nodes at the PIP joints

Front 258

Analgesia

Back 258

absence of pain sensation

Front 259

Hypalgesia

Back 259

decreased sensitivity to pain

Front 260

Hyperalgesia

Back 260

increased sensitivity to pain

Front 261

Anesthesia

Back 261

absence of touch sensation

Front 262

Hypesthesia

Back 262

decreased sensitivity to touch

Front 263

Hyperesthesia

Back 263

increased sensitivity to touch

Front 264

Pronator drift

Back 264

pronation of one forearm during pronator drift test; indicates corticospinal tract lesion originating from contralateral hemisphere

Front 265

Spondylolisthesis

Back 265

forward movement of one vertebra on another, which may compress the spinal cord or contribute to low back pain

Front 266

Swan neck deformities

Back 266

hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joints with fixed flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints; associated with chronic rheumatoid arthritis

Front 267

Tophi

Back 267

local accumulation of sodium urate in the joints or soft tissue(s), with or without inflammation

Front 268

Varus

Back 268

“genu varum”= “bowlegs”

Front 269

Valgus

Back 269

“genu valgum” = “knock knees”

Front 270

Agnosia

Back 270

the failure to recognize a sensory stimulus despite normal primary sensation

Front 271

Apraxia

Back 271

the inability to perform a voluntary movement in the absence of deficits in motor strength, sensation or coordination

Front 272

Amaurosis fugax

Back 272

transient visual loss lasting up to 3 minutes, a feature of internal carotid artery disease or other embolic disease

Front 273

Aphasia

Back 273

disorder in producing or understanding language, usually described as “receptive” (disorder in processing information, such as to follow commands) or “expressive” (patient is unable to find a correct word to name an object or is unable to speak)

Front 274

Astereognosis

Back 274

the inability to identify objects placed in the hand

Front 275

Asterixis

Back 275

sudden, brief, nonrhythmic flexion of the hands that occurs when arms are extended and hands pointed up to the ceiling with fingers spread; seen in liver disease, uremia, and hypercapnia

Front 276

Ataxia

Back 276

a gait that lacks coordination, with reeling and instability; term may also describe movements (“ataxic”) or respirations

Front 277

Aura

Back 277

physiologic event preceding migraine which can include transient autonomic, visual, motor or sensory phenomena

Front 278

Brudzinski’s sign

Back 278

neck flexion elicits hip and knee flexion; associated as a sign of possible meningitis; associated also with Kernig’s sign; “Brudzinski’s reflex” is the phenomenon when passive flexion of the knee to the abdomen elicits flexion of the contralateral hip and knee

Front 279

Constructional Apraxia

Back 279

where the patient is unable to draw or construct simple designs after the examiner draws a shape and asks the patient to copy it

Front 280

Dysarthria

Back 280

defective articulation of speech due to a defect in the muscular components to produce speech (lips, palate, tongue, pharynx)

Front 281

Decerebrate ridigity

Back 281

jaws are clenched, neck is extended, arms are adducted and stiffly extended at the elbows, with forearms pronated and wrists and fingers flexed; legs are stiffly extended at the knees, feet are plantar flexed; is caused by a lesion in the diencephalon, midbrain, or pons; may also be due to severe metabolic disorders such as hypoxia or hypoglycemia

Front 282

Decorticate rigidity (abnormal flexor response)

Back 282

upper arms are flexed tightly to the sides with elbow, wrists, and fingers flexed; legs are extended and internall y rotated; feet are plantar flexed; implies destructive lesion of the corticospinal tracts within or near the cerebral hemispheres

Front 283

Dizziness

Back 283

a nonspecific term used by patients which can mean a lot of different things, it is important for the examiner to try to sort out what dizziness means to their patient.

Front 284

Vertigo

Back 284

a spinning sensation accompanied by nystagmus and ataxia; usually from peripheral vestibular dysfunction (40% of “dizzy” patients) but may be from central brainstem lesion (10% - causes may include atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, vertebrobasilar migraine, TIA)

Front 285

Presyncope

Back 285

a near faint from “feeling faint or lightheaded”; causes include orthostatic hypotension, especially from medication, arrhythmias and vasovagal attacks (5%)

Front 286

Dysequilibrium

Back 286

unsteadiness or imbalance when walking, especially in older patients; causes include fear of walking, visual loss, weakness from musculoskeletal problems, and peripheral neuropathy

Front 287

Psychiatric

Back 287

causes include anxiety, panic disorder, hyperventilation, depression, somatization disorder, alcohol, and substance abuse (~10%)

Front 288

Types of dizziness

Back 288

vertigo, presyncope, disequilibrium, psychiatric, Multifactorial or unknown

Front 289

Dysidadochokinesis

Back 289

abnormality of rapid alternating movements

Front 290

Dysmetria

Back 290

during the finger to nose test when the movements are clumsy, unsteady and inappropriately varying in their speed, force and direction which occurs in cerebellar disease; the finger may initially miss its mark but finally reaches it well

Front 291

Dysphonia

Back 291

difficulty in phonation which leads to alteration in the tone and volume of the voice; may be associated with structural head and neck disorders

Front 292

Expressive Aphasia

Back 292

speech pattern is hesitant and labored, with poor articulation but the patient has no problem with comprehension

Front 293

Flaccidity of muscle

Back 293

marked loss of tone which usually results from disease of peripheral motor neuron

Front 294

Hoffman’s sign

Back 294

tapping/downward flicking distal phalanx of long or ringer finger elcitis flexion of the distal thumb; associated with corticospinal tract lesions

Front 295

Hyperactive reflexes

Back 295

suggest a central nervous lesion along the descending corticospinal tract

Front 296

Hypoactive reflexes

Back 296

suggest disease in the spinal nerve roots, spinal nerves, plexuses or peripheral nerves

Front 297

Kernig’s sign

Back 297

when the hip and knee is fully flexes, extension of the knee elicits pain and/or opisthotonus; associated with possible meningitis; associated with Brudzinski’s sign

Front 298

Migraine Headache

Back 298

a biphasic type of headache associated with a prodromal phase, called the aura, followed by the headache phase

Front 299

Muscle atrophy

Back 299

loss of muscle bulk or wasting of muscles that occurs due to peripheral neuropathy or other disease of muscles

Front 300

Muscle hypertrophy

Back 300

increase of muscle bulk with proportionate increase in strength

Front 301

Near syncope/presyncope

Back 301

symptoms of feeling faint, lightheaded or weak, but without actual loss of consciousness; cause may be neurologic, cardiac, volume-related, drug related, etc.

Front 302

Oculocephalic Reflex (Doll’s Eyes)

Back 302

turn the head quickly, first to one side then to the other (in the non-neck-injured patient). Absence of doll’s eye movements suggests a lesion of the mimdbrain or pons.

Front 303

Paralysis

Back 303

absence of strength; paraplegia= paralysis of the legs; hemiplegia=paralysis of one half of the body; quadriplegia= paralysis of all four limbs

Front 304

Paresis

Back 304

weakness; hemiparesis= weakness of one half of the body

Front 305

Positive Babinski response

Back 305

dorsiflexion of the big toe indicates central nervous system disease and can also be seen in unconscious states due to alcohol or drug intoxication or in the postictal state following a seizure

Front 306

Postictal period

Back 306

period of confusion, decreased awareness/arousal, or decreased level of consciousness post-seizure or convulsion

Front 307

Pseudohypertrophy of muscle

Back 307

increase of muscle bulk with decrease in strength, i.e. Muscular Dystrophy

Front 308

Receptive Aphasia

Back 308

the speech is rapid and appears fluent but is full of syntax errors, with the omission of many words

Front 309

Rigidity

Back 309

increased resistance through the range of movement and in both directions, not rate dependent

Front 310

Sciatica

Back 310

intense pain shooting down the leg in the distribution of the sciatic nerve; may be increased with examination with the straight leg raise

Front 311

Seizure

Back 311

paroxysmal disorder caused by sudden excessive electrical discharge in the cerebral cortex or its underlying structures

Front 312

Spasticity

Back 312

increased resistance that worsens at the extremes of range

Front 313

Stereognosis

Back 313

the ability to identify an object by feeling it

Front 314

Stroke

Back 314

sudden neurologic deficit caused by cerebrovascular ischemia (80-85%) or hemorrhage (15-20%)

Front 315

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Back 315

usually presents as “the worst headache of my life”

Front 316

Sustained clonus of ankle

Back 316

indicates central nervous system disease; is associated with hyperactive reflexes

Front 317

Syncope

Back 317

the sudden but temporary loss of consciousness and postural tone that occurs with decreased blood flow to the brain

Front 318

TIA (transient ischemic attack)

Back 318

sudden focal neurologic deficit lasting less than 24 hours and without any underlying structural defects

Front 319

Tremor

Back 319

involuntary movements that occur with or without other neurologic manifestations

Front 320

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Back 320

aka tic douloureux, the occurrence of severe, jabbing pain lasting only seconds in the distribution of the maxillary or mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve

Front 321

Vasovagal syncope

Back 321

syncope preceded by emotional stress, feeling of warmth, flushing or nausea due to stimulation of the vagus nerve

Front 322

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Back 322

peripheral cause of vertigo; onset usually sudden, upon rolling to one side or tilting head to the side, lasting a few seconds to a few weeks, may recur; hearing not affected; not associated with tinnitus; sometimes associated with nausea, vomiting, nystagmus

Front 323

Vestibular Neuronitis

Back 323

peripheral cause of vertigo; usually sudden onset, lasting hours to weeks, may recur over 12-18 months; hearing is not affected; not associated with tinnitus; can be associated with nausea, vomiting and nystagmus

Front 324

Meniere’s Disease

Back 324

peripheral cause of vertigo; onset sudden; lasts several hours to a day or more, usually recurrent; associated with sensorineural hearing loss – recurs and eventually progresses; associated with tinnitus which can be fluctuating; additional features also associated with pressure or fullness in the associated ear, nausea, vomiting and nystagmus

Front 325

Drug Toxicity

Back 325

peripheral cause of vertigo; onset usually insidious or acute – linked to loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, salicylates, alcohol; duration may or may not be reversible; hearing may be impaired; tinnitus may be present; associated with nausea, vomiting

Front 326

Acoustic Neuroma

Back 326

peripheral cause of vertigo; insidious onset from CNVII compression, vestibular branch; duration variable; hearing impaired on one side; tinnitus present; may also involve CN V and VII

Front 327

Vertigo (central)

Back 327

onset may be sudden, duration variable but rarely continuous, hearing not affected, tinnitus absent, usually associated with other brainstem deficits such as dysarthria, ataxia, and crossed motor and sensory deficits

Front 328

Functional syndrome

Back 328

clusters of medically unexplained symptoms (after complete H&P), such as may occur in irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, TMJ disorder, and multiple chemical sensitivity. Depression, anxiety, or other mental health disorder may be contributing to somatoform symptoms. Chronic pain may also contribute to additional symptoms.

Front 329

Mental Status Examination

Back 329

includes evaluation of attention, memory, orientation, perceptions, thought processes, thought content, insight, judgment, affect, mood, language, and higher cognitive functions.

Front 330

Personality disorders

Back 330

patients with dysfunctional interpersonal coping styles that disrupt or destabilize relationships, including relationships with healthcare providers. Includes paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependt, obsessive-compulsive.

Front 331

Somatoform disorder

Back 331

a disorder which lacks an adequate medical or physical explanation which meets DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria. Includes somatization, conversion, pain, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorders. Somatoform-like disorders include facititious disorder, malingering, and dissociative disorders.