Pd Bio 305 Exam 2

Front 1

What are the 4 types of glial cells in the Central Nervous System?

Back 1

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal Cells

Front 2

Astrocytes

Back 2

1. Physically support neurons in proper spatial relationships
2. Serve as a scaffold during fetal brain development
3. Induce formation of blood-brain barrier
4. Form neural scar tissue
5. Take up and degrade released neurotransmitters into raw materials for synthesis of more neurotransmitters
6. Take up excess K+ to help maintain proper brain ECF ion concentration and normal neural excitability
7. Enhance synapse formation and strengthen synaptic transmission via chemical signaling with neurons

Front 3

Oligodendrocytes

Back 3

the plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes serve as an insulator around axons- allows for action potentials to be transmitted faster

Front 4

Microglia

Back 4

Play role in defense of brain as phagocytic scavengers-they are motile in response to chemical signals

Front 5

Ependymal cells

Back 5

1. Serve as neural stem cells with the potential to form new glial cells (and neurons in the hippocampus)
2. Line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
3. Contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid

Front 6

How many cranial neurons are there?

Back 6

12

Front 7

How many spinal neurons are there?

Back 7

31

Front 8

What is the Cauda Equina?

Back 8

a thick bundle of nerve roots at lower vertebral canal

Front 9

How many cervical neurons are there?

Back 9

8

Front 10

How many thoracic neurons are there?

Back 10

12

Front 11

How many lumbar neurons are there?

Back 11

5

Front 12

How many sacral neurons are there?

Back 12

5

Front 13

How many coccygeal neurons are there?

Back 13

1

Front 14

What are the functions of the cerebral spinal fluid?

Back 14

shock absorption, brain floating, and some circulation.

Front 15

Where is the cerebral spinal fluid?

Back 15

fills ventricles and subarachnoid space

Front 16

How is anything transported through the tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier?

Back 16

It has to be lipid soluble so it can diffuse through the cells. It has to be carried through the blood.

Front 17

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

Back 17

In the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Front 18

what is the function of the thalamus?

Back 18

relay synaptic input and motor pathways.

Front 19

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Back 19

# Regulation of many homeostatic functions: Body Temperature, Thirst, Urine Output, Food intake
# Emotion
# Basic Behavior patterns
# Role in Sleep-Wake Cycle
# Regulates Anterior pituary Function (Growth, Sexual function, Stress Hormone Release, Lactation, Thyroid Function)
# In class he discussed that it produces and secreates nuerohormones

Front 20

What are the functions of the Basal Nuclei?

Back 20

# Inhibition of muscle tone
# Coordination of slow, sustained movements
# Suppression of useless patterns of movement
# Dysfunctions-resting tremors (Parkinsons disease); muscular rigidity

Front 21

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Back 21

* subconscious control of motor activity
* monitors and makes corrective adjustments in motor activities elicited by other parts of the brain
* compares actual position and rate of change of position with intentions
* used in skilled voluntary muscle activity, stores procedural memories
* vital role in maintaining balance.

Front 22

Oculomotor nerves-

Back 22

efferent- controls skeletal muscles that move eyeball up, down, and medially, muscle that raise upper eyelid, and controls smooth muscle that constrict pupil and alters lens shape for near and far vision

Front 23

Olfactory nerves-

Back 23

afferent nerve- carries sensory input from receptors in olfactory (smell) neuroepithelium

Front 24

Optic nerves

Back 24

afferent nerve- carries sensory input from receptors in eye

Front 25

Trigeminal nerves-

Back 25

1. efferent- innervates skeletal chewing muscles 2. afferent- transmits information from receptors in skin, skeletal muscles of face, nose, and mouth, and teeth sockets.

Front 26

Vagus nerves-

Back 26

1. efferent-innervates skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx, and smooth muscle and glands of thorax and abdomen 2. afferent- transmits information from receptors in thorax and abdomen.

Front 27

Vestibulocochlear nerves

Back 27

-afferent- transmits information from receptors in ear

Front 28

Sensory Receptor-

Back 28

an afferent neuron's peripheral ending which is specialized to respond to a particular stimulus in its environment.

Front 29

Receptor Site-

Back 29

membrane protein that binds with a specific extracellular chemical messenger

Front 30

Mechanoreceptors-

Back 30

sense tension. i.e. stretching or bending

Front 31

Nociceptors-

Back 31

sense pain

Front 32

Photoreceptors-

Back 32

sense light.

Front 33

Acetylcholinesterase-

Back 33

enzyme that breaks down ACh to Cholin and acetate at the neuromuscular junction in a muscle fiber.

Front 34

where is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

Back 34

at the choroid plexus by ultrafiltration of the blood.

Front 35

How is the blood-brain barrier formed?

Back 35

By astrocytes and tight-junctions between the capillary cells.

Front 36

What are the special senses.

Back 36

# Taste
# Smell
# Vision
# Balance
# Hearing

Front 37

Sleep Stage 1 -

Back 37

transition between sleep and wakefulness, eyes begin to roll, lasts only a few minutes

Front 38

Sleep Stage 2

Back 38

peaks of brain waves become higher, lasts only a few minutes

Front 39

Sleep Stage 3

Back 39

20-50% slow brain waves (delta waves) aka "Delta Sleep"

Front 40

Sleep Stage 4

Back 40

same as stage three but more than 50 % delta waves

Front 41

Sleep Stage 5

Back 41

frequent bursts of rapid eye movement, vivid dreaming, muscle twitches

Front 42

Slow-Wave Sleep Stage

Back 42

1. Consists of first four stages and accounts for 80% of sleep.
2. Dreams are rare
3. Decreased blood pressure, heart rate, respiration
4. EEG slow waves .5-2/second

Front 43

REM Sleep Stage

Back 43

1. Occurs every 90 minutes and lasts 5-30 minutes
2. Active dreaming (remembered)
3. Muscle tone depressed
4. Brain highly active- EEG comparable to an awake person
5. Asleep with active EEG=Paradox

Front 44

ascending tract

Back 44

afferent nerves

Front 45

descending tract

Back 45

efferent nerves

Front 46

What are the components of a reflex arc.

Back 46

1. Stimulus (hammer on knee @ doctor's office)
2. Sensory Receptor:
1. Sensitive to changes in the internal or external environment
2. Generates action potentials in the sensory neuron
3. Sensory Neuron(Afferent):
1. Neuron associated with the receptor that transmits impulses to the CNS
4. CNS Integrating Center(Inter-Neuron):
1. Sensory information is received and meaningful responses generated
5. Motor Neuron(Efferent):
1. Transmits the action potential to the muscle
6. Effector Organ(Muscle):
1. Muscle that responds by contracting

Front 47

What are the cranial nerves?

Back 47

Olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trigeminal, vagus, vestibulocochlear

Front 48

What are the monosynaptic reflexes?

Back 48

muscle spindle stretch reflex

Front 49

What are the polysynaptic reflexes?

Back 49

all other reflexes besides muscle spindle stretch.

Front 50

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Back 50

it is the system that controls the visceral organs and is comprised of the sympathetic and para sympathetic systems.

Front 51

What is the somatic nervous system?

Back 51

It is the system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles and motor neurons.

Front 52

What does the brain need to make ATP?

Back 52

glucose and oxygen

Front 53

Perception:

Back 53

Mental awareness of sensory stimulation; occurs when the cerebral cortex interprets the meaning of sensations

Front 54

Sensation:

Back 54

Conscious or subconscious awareness of the external environment or internal conditions of the body

Front 55

what are the four conditions necessary to generate a sensation?

Back 55

1. stimulus
2. stimulus converted into A.P.
3. impulse must travel to brain
4. brain must integrate impulse into a sensation

Front 56

Phasic Receptors:

Back 56

sensory receptors that adapt almost completely to stimuli after a period of time

Front 57

Tonic receptors:

Back 57

sensory receptors that adapt only partially

Front 58

Pitch

Back 58

tone or frequency; a low note will have low frequency, where as a high note will have high frequency

Front 59

Intensity

Back 59

(loudness) depends on amplitude; a sound with a small amplitude will be soft and a sound that has high amplitude will be loud

Front 60

Timbre:

Back 60

(quality) depends on overtones; timbre allows us to distinguish between the sounds of a saxophone and a trumpet

Front 61

Tympanic membrane-

Back 61

receives vibrations from the ear canal and passes it into the inner ear

Front 62

Malleus/Incus/Stapes-

Back 62

help pass vibrations to the inner ear; they preserve the frequency of a stimulus while amplifying it

Front 63

Oval window

Back 63

stapes vibrates through the oval window which creates vibrations through fluid in the cochlea

Front 64

Perilymph-

Back 64

the fluid in the cochlea that ripples

Front 65

Endolymph

Back 65

fluid in the cochlear duct

Front 66

Hair Cells in the cochlear duct

Back 66

are immersed in endolymph; they rub against an overhanging membrane which produces a receptor potential

Front 67

What is the order of the structures of the ear?

Back 67

1. tympanic membrane
2. Maleus/incus/stapes
3. Oval window
4. Parilymph
5. Endolymph
6. Hair cells

Front 68

What is the range of human hearing?

Back 68

20-20,000 Hz

Front 69

How do we descriminate between high and low frequency sounds?

Back 69

High freq. waves are discerned early in the cochlear duct while low freq. sounds are detected deeper in the duct.

Front 70

how is an AP transmitted at a neuromuscular junction?

Back 70

1 Ca voltage gated channels open and Ca rushes into neuron
2 ACh is released and goes to motor end plate
3 ACh opens chem channels in muscle cell causing diffussion of Na and K

Front 71

What filaments are present in the I band of a sarcomere?

Back 71

actin only

Front 72

What filaments are present in the A Band of a sarcomere?

Back 72

myosin primarily, actin also

Front 73

What filaments are present in the H zone of a sarcomere?

Back 73

myosin only

Front 74

What filaments are present in the M line of a sarcomere?

Back 74

myosin only-no cross bridges

Front 75

what is muscle tension?

Back 75

the constant subconscious tensing of muscles to keep balance.

Front 76

Lubb

Back 76

Closure of artioventricular valves

Front 77

Dubb -

Back 77

closure of semilunar valves: The Pulmonary valve and the Aortic valve

Front 78

P Wave -

Back 78

atrial depolarization

Front 79

QRS complex -

Back 79

ventricular depolarization

Front 80

t-wave

Back 80

ventricular repolarization

Front 81

Mean arterial pressure=

Back 81

1/3 sys + 2/3 dias or, dais+ 1/3 pulse pressure

Front 82

Arterial pressure=

Back 82

Cardiac output X Total peripheral resistance.

Front 83

Systemic veins volume

Back 83

64%

Front 84

Systemic arteries volume

Back 84

13%

Front 85

Pulmonary vessels volume

Back 85

9%

Front 86

Heart volume

Back 86

7%

Front 87

Systemic capillaries volume

Back 87

5%

Front 88

Systemic arterioles volume

Back 88

2%

Front 89

Where is the cerebral spinal fluid formed?

Back 89

in the coroid plexus

Front 90

What center of the brain controls breathing, digestion, circulation?

Back 90

the brainstem

Front 91

What's weird about the primary motor cortex?

Back 91

the left side controls the right side of body and vis versa.

Front 92

What center of the brain performs preliminary processing?

Back 92

the thalamus

Front 93

What is the ideal serving temperature for Dry Sherry and Dry Madeira?

Back 93

43-47 degrees F
6-8 degrees C