Pd Bio 305 Exam 1

Front 1

Describe the structure of Triglycerides

Back 1

Have a glycerol backbone, and 3 fatty acid chains attached to each carbon in the glycerol backbone..

Front 2

Steroids

Back 2

Are lipids, but are circular (the structure consists of 3 hexagons and one pentagon). Examples are Cholesterol, Sex hormones, Adrenal Cortical hormones, and vitamin D derivatives

Front 3

disaccharides

Back 3

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Front 4

polysaccharides

Back 4

glycogen or starch

Front 5

What can Glycerol and fatty acids join to form?

Back 5

triglycerides

Front 6

pH of urine =

Back 6

6.0

Front 7

pH of semen =

Back 7

7.5

Front 8

pH of blood =

Back 8

7.4

Front 9

pH of vaginal secretions =

Back 9

acidic

Front 10

molecules that have polar bonds- may contain O-H groups or S-H groups are hydro________?

Back 10

philic

Front 11

molecules that have long carbon chains are hydro________?

Back 11

phobic

Front 12

Nearnst equation

Back 12

Ek = 62mV log (k+)b / (k+)a

Front 13

Differentiation:

Back 13

Process by which cells become specialized to carry out specific functions

Front 14

Skeletal:

Back 14

* Bones
* Structure, Movement

Front 15

Muscular:

Back 15

* Muscles
* Movement

Front 16

Nervous:

Back 16

* Brain (i.e. memory)
* Spinal Cord
* Nerves
* Sensory, Regulation of everything

Front 17

Integument

Back 17

* Skin
* Maintain body temperature

Front 18

Immune / Lymphatic:

Back 18

* White blood cells
* Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and liver

Front 19

Digestive:

Back 19

* Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine / colon
* obtain energy and nutrients from food

Front 20

What are the 11 body systems

Back 20

Reproductive
Urinary
Circulatory
Respiratory
Endocrine
Digestive
Immune (Lymphatic)
Integument (Skin)
Nervous
Muscular
Skeletal

Front 21

Respiratory:

Back 21

* trachea, lungs
* gas exchange

Front 22

Endocrine:

Back 22

* Pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries / testes (aka gonads)
* send hormones throughout the body to maintain homeostasis - regulation

Front 23

Urinary:

Back 23

* Kidney, bladder, urethra
* filter blood, pH balance

Front 24

Circulatory:

Back 24

* heart, blood vessels
* pump blood to all the body, transport of important biomolecules

Front 25

Reproductive:

Back 25

* Female: Mammary gland, ovary, ovarian tubes, uterus, vagina
* Male: Testes, prostate, penis

Front 26

Epithelial Tissue:

Back 26

Tissue that forms protective barriers and line organs (i.e. skin, lining of digestive tract)

Front 27

Tissue Types:

Back 27

Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, Connective.

Front 28

Types of Connective Tissue

Back 28

blood, bone, cartilage and adipose

Front 29

Largest cell

Back 29

Nerve

Front 30

Smallest Cell

Back 30

Sperm

Front 31

RER (rough endo reticulum) -

Back 31

contains ribosomes which synthesize proteins

Front 32

Ribosomes

Back 32

* the site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
* Two populations: Free ribosomes- manufacture proteins to be used in that cell, and RER ribosomes- manufacture proteins to be secreted from cell.

Front 33

SER (smooth endo reticulum)

Back 33

- lacks ribosomes, proliferates in an effort to detoxify drugs, stores calcium

Front 34

golgi

Back 34

* Golgi apparatus is the site of protein and lipid modification, packaging and distribution
o Flattened membranous sacs
o Modifications include phosphorylation and glycosylation

Front 35

Lysosomes

Back 35

* Contain enzymes! that degrade cellular or extracellular debris
* Over 40 acid hydrolases have been isolated from lysosomes
* "suicide packets" which (aid in programed cell death)transport enzymes, digestion by phagocytosis, and destruction of damaged and worn organelles

Front 36

Peroxisomes

Back 36

* Membranous sacs containing enzymes
* degenerates potentially toxic molecules in cell
* Produces then decomposes Hydrogen peroxide.
* Changes chemical composition to water and oxygen
* deals with cell's own wastes that could be harmful to cell

Front 37

Mitochondrion

Back 37

* where energy for the cell (ATP) is converted from food to ATP
* Present in all body cells except red blood cells
* through kreb's cycle energy sources( proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) are oxidized into CO2 and H2O

Front 38

Vault

Back 38

* An Organelle in search of a definitive function
o Transport vehicle from nucleus to cytoplasm
o hypothesized to inadvertantly defend cancer cells- poliferate around nuclear envelope (many prevent anti cancer drugs from reaching the nucleus- number of vaults increases when drugs are administered)

Front 39

Nucleolus

Back 39

Protein and rRNA
where ribosomes are made

Front 40

What organelles are found in every body cell except red blood cells?

Back 40

Nucleus and mitochondria

Front 41

Micro tubules

Back 41

long hollow tubes made of tubulin- they coordinate cell movement, are components of cilia and flagella, serve as highways for cell transport, and form mitotic spindle fibers

Front 42

Microfilaments

Back 42

helical chains made of actin- they are important in cell contraction systems, and act as the mechanical stiffener in microvilli

Front 43

Intermediate filaments

Back 43

every other cytoskeletal component (very diverse)- generally, they provide structural support and relieve mechanical stress in cells.

Front 44

Membrane protein functions:

Back 44

1. Structural support 2. Transport (pores) 3. Enzymatic control of chemical reactions 4. receptors for hormones 5. cellular markers

Front 45

Membrane Carbohydrate functions:

Back 45

1. Repel charged objects 2. receptors 3. cell markers

Front 46

Microvilli-

Back 46

closely spaced finger-like projections, increase surface area for transport and absorption ex. intestine epithelial cells

Front 47

Stereocilli-

Back 47

long microvilli, functions: absorption (in male reproductive cell, absence=sterile), and sensory receptors (in inner ear- used for balance)

Front 48

Glycocalyx-

Back 48

fuzzy delicate coat of protein, glycoprotein, and or sugar residues that cover cell surface : function- protection and recognition (ex. cell marker)

Front 49

Cilia-

Back 49

elongated motile extensions of cell, Functions: movement of fluid and particles

Front 50

* Desmosome junction:

Back 50

prevents cells from being pulled apart

Front 51

Hyperplasia-

Back 51

stimulated mitotic divisions in cells by increased functional demands, (ex: getting callouses from weightlifting)

Front 52

Dysplasia-

Back 52

deranged cellular growth resulting in variations in size, cells GONE WILD (ex: tumor)

Front 53

Metaplasia-

Back 53

the transformation of one cell type into another-( ex. an epithelial cell transforming into a fibroblast (which secrets collagen), which aid in healing)

Front 54

Pinocytosis

Back 54

– small vesicles (cell drinking)

Front 55

Phagocytosis –

Back 55

very large vesicles (cell eating)

Front 56

hyperpolarization

Back 56

when membrane potential becomes even more negative than the resting potential

Front 57

depolarization

Back 57

movement of the membrane potential from resting toward zero

Front 58

repolarization

Back 58

movement of the membrane potential back to resting

Front 59

Hypopolarization

Back 59

when the membrane potential becomes less negative or more positive

Front 60

Acetylcholine Neurotransmitters

Back 60

Cholinergic Neurons

Front 61

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

Back 61

Glutamate (stimulatory), Aspartate (stimulatory), GABA (inhibitory), Glycine (mostly inhibitory, but stimulatory when bind to glutamate receptor)

Front 62

Amine Neurotransmitters

Back 62

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine (all derived from amino acids)

Front 63

Polypeptide Neurotransmitters

Back 63

Substance P, Endorphines and Enkephalins, Cholecystokinin (CKK), Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- pleasure neurotransmitters

Front 64

Purine Neurotransmitters

Back 64

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 65

Gas Neurotransmitters

Back 65

Nitric Oxide (NO) (made from oxygen and arginine-freely diffuses and binds to proteins in cells)

Front 66

what types of cell functions do hormones alter?

Back 66

* gene transcription, Protein synthesis, enzyme activation

Front 67

lipophilic hormone

Back 67

a hormone that can go through the membrane and can change cell function directly. It needs a carrier in the blood cause water and lipids don't mix

Front 68

lipophobic hormone

Back 68

a hormone that binds on a receptor outside the cell. A protein that instigates a second messenger response to do the work and not the actual hormone.. ( ex. cAMP, and IP3, Ca++) A lipophobic hormone is usually a protein

Front 69

What second messenger does glucagon cause to be made?

Back 69

it causes adenilate cyclase to convert ATP into cAMP. As a second messenger, cAMP can cause enzyme activation, enzyme synthesis, or cell secretion

Front 70

What second messenger does epinephrine cause to be activated?

Back 70

it causes the release of IP3, which, in turn mobilizes Ca++. As a second messenger, Ca++ causes enzyme activation and cell secretion.

Front 71

What contains 40 hydrolyses?

Back 71

lysosomes

Front 72

Which is smaller, a polypeptide or a protein?

Back 72

polypeptide

Front 73

What system is not entirely concerned with maintaining homeostasis?

Back 73

reproductive system

Front 74

What two systems are most concerned with homeostasis?

Back 74

nervous and endocrine systems

Front 75

What is the driving force of the body's reactions?

Back 75

homeostasis

Front 76

What is a desmosome junction?

Back 76

they anchor cells together because they are made up of filaments that are bound to the membranes,
for strength

Front 77

are steroids lipophilic or phobic?

Back 77

philic

Front 78

do platelets secrete prostacyclin?

Back 78

no

Front 79

are antibodies proteins?

Back 79

yes

Front 80

What doesn't the filtrate pass through?

Back 80

podocyte plasma

Front 81

Where is the Na/K pump located in tubular cells?

Back 81

in the basolateral membrane