Pctb Exam Vitamins

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VITAMINS
Water Soluble Vitamins
List all drugs:

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A. Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
B. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
C. Vitamin B3 (niacin)
D. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
E. Vitamin B6 ( pyridoxine)
F. Vitamin B9 (folic acid (folate)
G. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
H. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

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Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Mech:

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useful in production of red blood cells, and particularly necessary for proper neurotransmission.

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water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Mech:

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useful in energy production (used to make the cellular chemical FAD, used in the mitochondria). Necessary for proper nerve maintenance and maintence of connective tissue.

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water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Mech:

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useful in lowering serum lipids

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water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Adverse:

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may cause liver toxicity, particularly if the sustained release form is used.

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water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
Mech:

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Involved in the generation of energy, production of blood cells, and the synthesis of bile, fats, and steroid hormones.

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water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B6 ( pyridoxine)
Mech:

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Involved in immune function, nerve transmission, red blood cell synthesis, energy production. May alleviate carpal tunnel syndrome

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water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B6 ( pyridoxine)
Symptoms of deficiency

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mild neural dysfunciton ( can mimic carpal tunnel syndrome) insomnia, muscle weakness, depression, and fatigue. Deficiency of pyridoxine is rare.

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water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B9 (folic acid (folate)
Mech:

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Essential for red blood cell formation, and for the formation of DNA in general ( the requirement for folate is greatest in rapidly dividing cell, such as blood cells)

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water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Mech

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involved in blood cell formation and also essential for formation of myelin. Necessary for myelination of the spinal cord. Required in microgram amounts.

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Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Mech:

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Necessary for maintence of tissues; Necessary for proper formation and orientation of collagen in bone and connective tissue; support immune funcion, protects tissues from breakdown caused by free radical formation.

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
List them all

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A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
C. Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol (vitamin E is actually a group of tocopherols, of which alphatocopherol is the main compound
D. Vitamin K ( Like vitamin A, this vitamin is a combination of similar chemicals- the primary one being a substance called phytonadione.

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
toxicity:

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headaches, insomnia, visual distrubances, dry skin, and nausea

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
deficiency:

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dry skin, and hair, nyctalopia (night blindness)

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
Mech:

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essential for the formation of retinal pigment (rods) and black and white vision.

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Mech:

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is converted to an active form (1,25 dihydrocholicalciferol) in the upper layers of the skin. The activated form ( vitamin D3) or 1,25 dihydrocholicalciferol, is essential for the formation of bone. It must be present on order for calcium to be absorbed from the intestine and also works with parathyroid hormone to increase the storage of calcium in the bone.

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Defiency

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bone loss, nervouseness, diarrhea, insomnia, and muscle weakness

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Tox:

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hepercalcemia … leading to headaches, nausea, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular abnormalities

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol (vitamin E is actually a group of tocopherols, of
which alphatocopherol is the main compound)
Mech:

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acts as a fat soluble antioxidant. It decreases free radical damage and protection of tissue from damage. It is stored in fatty tissue, and shows essentially no toxicity.

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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin K ( Like vitamin A, this vitamin is a combination of similar chemicals- the primary one being a substance called phytonadione.
Mech: essiental for blood clotting
toxicity:

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minor strokes or infaracts

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Mineral Supplements
List all

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Calcium Ca++ - essential for proper muscle and nerve function
Chromium Cr+++-aids in metabolism of sugars
Copper Cu +-essential for proper blood formation
Iodine I-essential for proper thyroid function
Iron Fe++-essential for red blood cell formation
Magnesium Mg++-essential for muscle function
Potassium K+-essential for proper heart and nerve function, and cellular homeostasis)
Sodium Na+ -essential for nerve and muscle funtcion and cellular homeostasis (sodium is not supplemented)
Sulfur S-essential for energy function and cellular function
Zinc Zn++- essential for proper immune funciton