Pcs On The Internet

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ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

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A protocol that TCP/IP uses to translate IP addresses into physical network addresses (MAC addresses).

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best-effort protocol

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Another term for a connectionless protocol.

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broadband

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A transmission technique that carries more than one type of transmission on the same medium, such as cable modem or DSL.

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cable modem

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A technology that uses cable TV lines for data transmission requiring a modem at each end. From the modem, a network cable connects to an NIC in the user’s PC, or a USB cable connects to a USB port.

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client/server application

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An application that has two components. The client software requests data from the server software on the same or another computer.

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client-side caching

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A technique used by browsers (clients) to speed up download times by caching Web pages previously requested in case they are requested again.

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connectionless protocol

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A protocol such as UDP that does not require a connection before sending a packet and does not guarantee delivery. An example of a UDP transmission is streaming video over the Web. Also called a best-effort protocol.

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connection-oriented protocol

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In networking, a protocol that confirms that a good connection has been made before transmitting data to the other end. An example of a connection-oriented protocol is TCP.

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dial-up networking

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A Windows 9x/Me and Windows NT/2000/XP utility that uses a modem and telephone line to connect to a network.

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digital certificate

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A code used to authenticate the source of a file or document or to identify and authenticate a person or organization sending data over the Internet. The code is assigned by a certificate authority such as VeriSign and includes a public key for encryption. Also called digital ID or digital signature.

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digital ID

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Another term for a digital certificate.

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digital signature

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Another term for a digital certificate.

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DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

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A telephone line that carries digital data from end to end, and can be leased from the telephone company for individual use. Some DSL lines are rated at 5 Mbps, about 50 times faster than regular telephone lines.

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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The protocol used to transfer files over a TCP/IP network such that the file does not need to be converted to ASCII format before transferring it.

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hop count

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another term for time to live (TTL)

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HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

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A markup language used for hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. This language uses tags to format the document, create hyperlinks, and mark locations for graphics.

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HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

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The communications protocol used by the World Wide Web.

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HTTPS (HTTP secure)

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A version of the HTTP protocol that includes data encryption for security.

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ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

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Part of the IP layer that is used to transmit error messages and other control messages to hosts and routers.

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IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol, version 4)

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Version 4 of the IMAP protocol, which is an e-mail protocol that has more functionality than its predecessor, POP. IMAP can archive messages in folders on the e-mail server and can allow the user to choose not to download attachments to messages.

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Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)

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A Windows 98 and Windows XP utility that uses NAT and acts as a proxy server to manage two or more computers connected to the Internet.

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IP (Internet Protocol)

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The rules of communication in the TCP/IP stack that control segmenting data into packets, routing those packets across networks, and then reassembling the packets once they reach their destination.

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ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

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A digital telephone line that can carry data at about five times the speed of regular telephone lines. Two channels (telephone numbers) share a single pair of wires.

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Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)

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The protocol used by newsgroup server and client software.

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POP (Post Office Protocol)

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The protocol that an e-mail server and client use when the client requests the downloading of e-mail messages. The most recent version is POP3. POP is being replaced by IMAP.

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port

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(1) As applied to services running on a computer, a number assigned to a process on a computer so that the process can be found by TCP/IP. Also called a port address or port number. (2) Another name for an I/O address. See also I/O address. (3) A physical connector, usually at the back of a computer, that allows a cable from a peripheral device, such as a printer, mouse, or modem, to be attached.

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port address

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Another term for I/O address.

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port forwarding

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A technique that allows a computer on the Internet to reach a computer on a private network using a certain port when the private network is protected by a router using NAT as a proxy server. Port forwarding is also called tunneling.

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port number

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Another term for port.

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PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)

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A protocol that governs the methods for communicating via modems and dial-up telephone lines. The Windows Dial-up Networking utility uses PPP.

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PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet)

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The protocol that describes how a PC is to interact with a broadband converter box, such as cable modem, when the two are connected by an Ethernet cable, connected to a NIC in a PC.

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Quality of Service (QoS)

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A measure of the success of communication over the Internet. Communication is degraded on the Internet when packets are dropped, delayed, delivered out of order, or corrupted. VoIP requires a high QoS.

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RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

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A protocol used to translate the unique hardware NIC addresses (MAC addresses) into IP addresses (the reverse of ARP).

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server-side caching

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A technique used by servers on the Internet to speed up download times by caching Web pages previously requested in case they are requested again.

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session

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An established communication link between two software programs. On the Internet, a session is created by TCP.

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Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)

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A line protocol used by regular telephone lines that has largely been replaced by PPP.

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SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

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The protocol used by e-mail clients and servers to send e-mail messages over the Internet. See POP and IMAP.

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SMTP AUTH (SMTP Authentication)

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A protocol that is used to authenticate or prove that a client who attempts to use an email server to send email is authorized to use the server. The protocol is based on the Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) protocol.

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SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

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A protocol used to monitor and manage network traffic on a workstation. SNMP works with TCP/IP and IPX/SPX networks.

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socket

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Another term for session.

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SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)

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A secure protocol developed by Netscape that uses a digital certificate including a public key to encrypt and decrypt data.

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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

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Part of the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP guarantees delivery of data for application protocols and establishes a session before it begins transmitting data.

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Time to Live (TTL)

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Number of routers a network packet can pass through on its way to its destination before it is dropped. Also called hop count.

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TLS (Transport Layer Security)

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A protocol used to secure data sent over the Internet. It is an improved version of SSL.

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top-level domain

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The highest level of domain names, indicated by a suffix that tells something about the host. For example, .com is for commercial use and .edu is for educational institutions.

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UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

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A connectionless protocol that does not require a connection to send a packet and does not guarantee that the packet arrives at its destination. UDP is faster than TCP because TCP takes the time to make a connection and guarantee delivery.

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URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

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An address for a resource on the Internet. A URL can contain the protocol used by the resource, the name of the computer and its network, and the path and name of a file on the computer.