Pcs On A Network

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100BaseT

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An Ethernet standard that operates at 100 Mbps and uses STP cabling. Also called Fast Ethernet. Variations of 100BaseT are 100BaseTX and 100BaseFX.

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10Base2

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An Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses small coaxial cable up to 200 meters long. Also called ThinNet.

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10Base5

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An Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses thick coaxial cable up to 500 meters long. Also called ThickNet.

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10BaseT

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An Ethernet standard that operates at 10 Mbps and uses twisted-pair cabling rated CAT-3 or higher and an RJ-45 connector.

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802.11a/b/g

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IEEE specifications for wireless communication and data synchronization. Also known as Wi-Fi. Apple Computer’s versions of 802.11b/g are called AirPort and AirPort Extreme.

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access point (AP)

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A device connected to a LAN that provides wireless communication so that computers, printers, and other wireless devices can communicate with devices on the LAN.

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adapter address

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A 48-bit hardware address unique to each NIC card and assigned by the manufacturer. The address is often printed on the adapter as hexadecimal numbers. An example is 00 00 0C 08 2F 35. Also called a physical address, a MAC address, or a hardware address.

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AirPort

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The term Apple computers use to describe the IEEE 802.11b standard.

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amplifier repeater

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A repeater that does not distinguish between noise and signal; it amplifies both.

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attenuation

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Signal degeneration over distance. Attenuation is solved on a network by adding repeaters to the network.

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Automatic Private IP Address (APIPA)

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An IP address in the address range 169.254.x.x, used by a computer when it cannot successfully lease an IP address from a DHCP server.

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bandwidth

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In relation to analog communication, the range of frequencies that a communications channel or cable can carry. In general use, the term refers to the volume of data that can travel on a bus or over a cable stated in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), or megabits per second (Mbps). Also called data throughput or line speed.

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base station

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a fixed transceiver and antenna that is used to create a radio cell.

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binding

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The process by which a protocol is associated with a network card or a modem card.

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Bluetooth

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A standard for wireless communication and data synchronization between devices, developed by a group of electronics manufacturers and overseen by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Bluetooth uses the same frequency range as 802.11b, but does not have as wide a range.

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BNC connector

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A connector used with thin coaxial cable. Some BNC connectors are T-shaped and called T-connectors. One end of the T connects to the NIC, and the two other ends can connect to cables or end a bus formation with a terminator.

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broadband

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A transmission technique that carries more than one type of transmission on the same medium, such as cable modem or DSL.

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broadcast

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Process by which a message is sent from a single host to all hosts on the network, without regard to the kind of data being sent or the destination of the data.

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bus topology

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A LAN architecture in which all the devices are connected to a bus, or one communication line. Bus topology does not have a central connection point.

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CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

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A protocol standard used by cellular WANs and cell phones

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cellular network

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wireless network that is designed to cover a wide area and is made up of numerous cells, which are sometimes called radio cells.

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cellular WAN

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Another term for a cellular network.

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classful subnet masks

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Subnet masks that use either all ones or all zeroes in an octet

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classless subnet masks

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A subnet mask that can have a mix of zeroes and ones in one octet such as 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000, which can be written as 255.255.240.0.

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client

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A computer that requests information or access to resources from a server computer.

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client/server

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A computer concept whereby one computer (the client) requests information from another computer (the server).

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coaxial cable

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Networking cable used with10-Mbps Ethernet ThinNet or ThickNet.

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computer name

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Character-based host name or NetBIOS name assigned to a computer.

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crossover cable

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A cable used to connect two PCs into the simplest network possible. Also used to connect two hubs.

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data throughput

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Another term for bandwidth.

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datagram

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Another term for packet.

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default gateway

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The gateway a computer on a network will use to access another network unless it knows to specifically use another gateway for quicker access to that network.

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DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server

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The server that manages dynamically assigned IP addresses to computers on a network when they first access the network.

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DNS (Domain Name System, or Domain Name Service)

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A distributed pool of information (called the name space) that keeps track of assigned domain names and their corresponding IP addresses, and the system that allows a host to locate information in the pool. Compare to WINS.

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DNS server

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A computer that can find an IP address for another computer when only the domain name is known.

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domain name

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A unique, text-based name that identifies a network.

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dynamic IP address

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An assigned IP address that is used for the current session only. When the session is terminated, the IP address is returned to the list of available addresses.

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Ethernet

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The most popular LAN architecture that can run at 10 Mbps (ThinNet or ThickNet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet), or 1 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet).

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Fast Ethernet

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Another term for 100BaseT.

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ferrite clamp

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A clamp attached to the end of a network cable to protect against electromagnetic interference.

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Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

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A ring-based network that does not require a centralized hub and can transfer data at a rate of 100 Mbps.

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fiber optic cable

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a cable that transmits signals as pulses of light over glass strands inside protected tubing.

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frame

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The header and trailer information added to data to form a data packet to be sent over a network.

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full duplex

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Communication that happens in two directions at the same time.

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fully qualified domain name (FQDN)

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A host name and a domain name such as jsmith.amazon.com. Sometimes loosely referred to as a domain name.

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gateway

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A computer or other device that connects networks.

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

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A protocol standard that can be used by GSM or TDMA on a cellular WAN to send voice, text, or video data in packets similar to VoIP.

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Gigabit Ethernet

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The next generation of Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet supports rates of data transfer up to 1 gigabit per second but is not yet widely used.

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GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

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An open standard for cellular WANs and cell phones that uses digital communication of data and is accepted and used worldwide.

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half duplex

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Communication between two devices whereby transmission takes place in only one direction at a time.

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hardware address

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Another term for an adapter address.

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host

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Any computer or other device on a network that has been assigned an IP address. Also called node.

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host name

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A name that identifies a computer, printer, or other device on a network.

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Hosts file

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A type of host table that contains host names and associated IP addresses, and is similar to the information kept by DNS servers.

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hub

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A network device or box that provides a central location to connect cables.

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IBM Data Connector (IDC)

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A connector used with STP cable on a Token Ring network. Also called a UDC (Universal Data Connector).

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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

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A nonprofit organization that develops standards for the computer and electronics industries.

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Internet service provider (ISP)

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A commercial group that provides Internet access for a monthly fee. AOL, Earthlink, and CompuServe are large ISPs.

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intranet

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A private network that uses the TCP/IP protocols.

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IP address

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A 32-bit address consisting of four numbers separated by periods, used to uniquely identify a device on a network that uses TCP/IP protocols. The first numbers identify the network; the last numbers identify a host. An example of an IP address is 206.96.103.114.

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IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange)

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A networking protocol suite first used by Novell NetWare, and which corresponds to the TCP/IP protocols.

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LAN (local area network)

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A computer network that covers only a small area, usually within one building.

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line speed

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Another term for bandwidth.

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LMHosts

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A text file located in the Windows folder that contains NetBIOS names and their associated IP addresses. This file is used for name resolution for a NetBEUI network.

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MAC (Media Access Control) address

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Another term for an adapter address.

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MAN (metropolitan area network)

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A network the covers a large campus or city.

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multicasting

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A process in which a message is sent by one host to multiple hosts, such as when a video conference is broadcast to several hosts on the Internet.

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name resolution

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The process of associating a NetBIOS name or host name to an IP address.

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NAT (Network Address Translation)

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A process that converts private IP addresses on a LAN to the proxy server’s IP address before a data packet is sent over the Internet.

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NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)

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A fast, proprietary Microsoft networking protocol used only by Windows-based systems, and limited to LANs because it does not support routing.

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NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)

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An API protocol used by some applications to communicate over a NetBEUI network. NetBIOS has largely been replaced by Windows Sockets over a TCP/IP network.

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network adapter

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a device that interfaces a computer with a network.

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network drive map

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Mounting a drive to a computer, such as drive E, that is actually hard drive space on another host computer on the network.

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network interface card (NIC)

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An expansion card that plugs into a computer’s motherboard and provides a port on the back of the card to connect a PC to a network. Also called a network adapter.

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network operating system (NOS)

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An operating system that resides on the controlling computer in the network. The NOS controls what software, data, and devices a user on the network can access. Examples of an NOS are Novell Netware and Windows Server 2003

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network printer

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A printer that any user on the network can access, through its own network card and connection to the network, through a connection to a standalone print server, or through a connection to a computer as a local printer, which is shared on the network.

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node

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Another term for a host.

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NWLink

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Microsoft’s version of the IPX/SPX protocol suite used by Novell NetWare operating systems.

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octet

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Term for each of the four 8-bit numbers that make up an IP address. For example, the IP address 206.96.103.114 has four octets.

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Packet

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Segment of network data that also includes header, destination address, and trailer information that is sent as a unit. Also called data packet or datagram.

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PAN (personal area network)

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A network consisting of personal devices at close range such as a cell phone, PDA, and notebook computer in communication.

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patch cable

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A network cable that is used to connect a PC to a hub, switch, or router.

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peer-to-peer network

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A network of computers that are all equals, or peers. Each computer has the same amount of authority, and each can act as a server to the other computers.

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physical address

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Another term for an adapter address.

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Ping (Packet Internet Groper)

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A Windows and Unix command used to troubleshoot network connections. It verifies that the host can communicate with another host on the network.

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private IP address

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An IP address that is used on a private TCP/IP network that is isolated from the Internet.

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proxy server

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A server that acts as an intermediary between another computer and the Internet. The proxy server substitutes its own IP address for the IP address of the computer on the network making a request, so that all traffic over the Internet appears to be coming from only the IP address of the proxy server.

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public IP address

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An IP address available to the Internet.

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repeater

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A device that amplifies signals on a network so they can be transmitted further down the line.

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ring topology

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A network topology in which the nodes in a network form a ring. Each node is connected only to two other nodes, and a centralized hub is not required.

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RJ-45 connector

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A connector used with twisted-pair cable that connects the cable to the NIC.

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server

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A computer that handles a request for information or resources from a client computer.

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shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable

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A cable that is made of one or more twisted pairs of wires and is surrounded by a metal shield.

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signal-regenerating repeater

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A repeater that is able to distinguish between noise and signal. It reads the signal and retransmits it without the accompanying noise.

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star bus topology

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A LAN that uses a logical bus design, but with all devices connected to a central hub, making a physical star.

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star ring topology

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A topology that is physically arranged in a star formation but is logically a ring because of the way information travels on it. Token Ring is the primary example.

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star topology

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A LAN in which all the devices are connected to a central hub.

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static IP address

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An IP address permanently assigned to a workstation.

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subnet mask

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A subnet mask is a group of four numbers (dotted decimal numbers) that tell TCP/IP if a remote computer is on the same or a different network.

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switch

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A device used to segment a network. It can decide which network segment is to receive a packet, on the basis of the packet’s destination MAC address.

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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

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The suite of protocols that supports communication on the Internet. TCP is responsible for error checking, and IP is responsible for routing.

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TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

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A protocol standard used by cellular WANs and cell phones.

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ThickNet

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Another term for 10Base5 Ethernet.

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ThinNet

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Another term for 10Base2 Ethernet.

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Token Ring

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An older LAN technology developed by IBM that transmits data at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps.

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Universal Data Connector (UDC)

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Another term for an IBM Data Connector (IDC).

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unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable

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A cable that is made of one or more twisted pairs of wires and is not surrounded by shielding.

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WAN (wide area network)

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A network or group of networks that span a large geographical area.

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WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)

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A data encryption method used on wireless networks that uses either 64-bit or 128-bit encryption keys that are static keys, meaning the key does not change while the wireless network is in use.

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Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

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Another term for the IEEE 802.11b standard.

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WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service)

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A Microsoft resolution service with a distributed database that tracks relationships between NetBIOS names and IP addresses. Compare to DNS.

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wireless LAN (WLAN)

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A type of LAN that does not use wires or cables to create connections, but instead transmits data over radio or infrared waves.

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WPA (WiFi Protected Access)

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A data encryption method for wireless networks that use the TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) encryption method and the encryption keys are changed at set intervals while the wireless LAN is in use.

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WPA2 (WiFi Protected Access 2)

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A data encryption standard compliant with the IEEE802.11i standard that uses the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) protocol. WPA2 is currently the strongest wireless encryption standard.