Pcom_Biochem_Week10

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prokaryotes like bacteria
generate ATP using

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glycolysis.

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Does GLYCOLYSIS require oxygen?
What type of respiration is this called?

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Glycolysis does not require oxygen and is called
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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The most significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is

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The most significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that EUKARYOTES USE AEROBIC RESPIRATION TO GENERATE ATP; eukaryotes also utilize glycolysis, but as an initial step in aerobic respiration.

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What is aerobic respiration is dependent on oxygen

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AEROBIC RESPIRATION IS DEPENDENT ON OXYGEN AND PRODUCES CARBON DIOXIDE AS A BYPRODUCT

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REVIEW OF GLYCOLYSIS AND Β-OXIDATION
The two primary sources of fuel for aerobic respiration are ?

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GLYCOLYSIS OF SUGARS AND Β-OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS.

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In Lecture 5 on Carbohydrates, we saw glycolysis
producing

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2 PYRUVIC ACID (PYRUVATE), 2 NADH, AND
2 ATP.

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In β-oxidation, fatty acids are cut into acetyl groups and then attached to coenzyme A, which directly produces an abundance of ?

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ACA – ACETYL COENZYME A

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The mitochondrion has a DOUBLE MEMBRANE COMPLEX, creating two fluid chambers within the organelle, these are called?

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MATRIX AND THE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE.

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The intermembrane space is the “battery” of the
mitochondrion. The goal of the Electron Transport Chain – Step 3 – is to

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fill the intermembrane space with H+ ions in high concentration. This creates a battery of sorts, a collection or potential of energy which will be utilized in Step 4 to power the
manufacture of ATP.

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Channel proteins called porins on the outer
membrane selectively allow small molecules like
pyruvic acid or oxygen (O2) into the mitochondrion.
Other important molecules like acetyl coenzyme A
(ACA) and glucose pass through with specialized
transport mechanisms. Mitochondria are hungry
beasts, and require a plethora of molecules.

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Channel proteins called porins on the outer
membrane selectively allow small molecules like
pyruvic acid or oxygen (O2) into the mitochondrion.
Other important molecules like acetyl coenzyme A
(ACA) and glucose pass through with specialized
transport mechanisms. Mitochondria are hungry
beasts, and require a plethora of molecules.

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Channel proteins called porins on the outer
membrane selectively allow small molecules like
pyruvic acid or oxygen (O2) into the mitochondrion.
Other important molecules like acetyl coenzyme A
(ACA) and glucose pass through with specialized
transport mechanisms. Mitochondria are hungry
beasts, and require a plethora of molecules.

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Channel proteins called porins on the outer
membrane selectively allow small molecules like
pyruvic acid or oxygen (O2) into the mitochondrion.
Other important molecules like acetyl coenzyme A
(ACA) and glucose pass through with specialized
transport mechanisms. Mitochondria are hungry
beasts, and require a plethora of molecules.

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AEROBIC RESPIRATION TAKES PLACE IN THE

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MITOCHONDRIA OF CELLS.

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Mitochondria carry loops of ? in the matrix that are
constantly coding for the enzymes and proteins
needed in Β-OXIDATION, GLYCOLYSIS, THE KREBS CYCLE AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

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DNA

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Four Steps of Aerobic Respiration — Outline

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All this activity takes place in the mitochondrion
Step 1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation – matrix
Step 2. Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle – matrix
Step 3. Electron Transport Chain – cristae
Step 4. ADP to ATP Phosphorylation – cristae

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Step 1. — Pyruvate Decarboxylation
Pyruvate Decarboxylation takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion. Pyruvic acid is the primary product of the metabolism of glucose in glycolysis.
Pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon molecule, enters Step 1 and has

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one carbon removed as CO2, hence the term
decarboxylation, with the remaining acetyl group
bonded to coenzyme A, making ACA which enters
the Krebs Cycle.

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Step 1. — Pyruvate Decarboxylation process releases ?

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This process releases one CO2 and one NADH.

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Step 2. — Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle
The Krebs Cycle takes place in ?

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in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

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The basic purpose of the Krebs cycle is to

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break down the 2-carbon (acetyl) pieces that enter into the cycle from ACA by reacting them with oxygen.

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This oxidative process releases energy from oxygen; that energy is passed by energy carrier molecules to the

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in the cristae of the mitochondrion.

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The Krebs cycle oxidizes (burns) carbon from
pyruvic acid or fatty acids via acetyl coenzyme A and releases

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CO2 which passes out of the mitochondrion and cell into the blood for exhalation via the lungs.

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Step 3. — Electron Transport Chain — ETC
The Electron Transport Chain is lodged in the

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cristae membrane.

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The energy carrier molecules produced from Krebs are utilized in the Electron Transport Chain of enzymes. These enzyme complexes move electrons (e–) to power a build up of potential energy in the
mitochondrion, creating a battery of energy.
At the conclusion of the ETC...

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oxygen is used again but to accept electrons at the end of the ETC.

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Therefore, in aerobic respiration oxygen is used in 2 different ways;

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1. it is burnt in one with carbon, and
2. secondly is used as an electron acceptor, which ends creating water.

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Step 4. — Oxidative Phosphorylation or
ATP Synthase Phosphorylation
The battery created by the ETC is discharged.....

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across a membrane back into the mitochondrial
matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase.

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This desire of the banked energy to equilibrate across
the membrane’s concentration gradient drives
the enzyme to

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phosphorylate ADP to ATP. There
is sufficient potential to create the high-energy
phosphorus bond that characterizes ATP.

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Energy Generation
Step 1. — Pyruvate Decarboxylation
This first step or stage takes...

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3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis.

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Step 1. continued
and will convert pyruvic acid to

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acetyl coenzyme A (ACA)

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Step 1 continued.
via the enzyme complex

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PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE.

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The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are multiple
enzymes that perform several functions with several
cofactors:
INPUT

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Pyruvate
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme Lipoamide
NAD+
O2

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The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are multiple
enzymes that perform several functions with several
cofactors:
OUTPUT

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NADH
CO2
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Coenzyme Lipoamide

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This is a multi-unit enzyme complex. It, in toto, performs several actions, resulting in the manufacture of

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ACETYL COENZYME A (ACA) FROM PYRUVATE

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Pyruvate from glycolysis is degraded to an acetyl group using

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COENZYME LIPOAMIDE.

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Then, Coenzyme A donates its structure by accepting the

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ACETYL GROUP, yielding ACETYL COENZYME A.

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Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule. In reducing it to an acetyl group...

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one carbon is released as CO2 by the enzyme complex.

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NAD+ is used

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in creating the CO2, producing one NADH.

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The NADH will be used

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later in the electron transport chain (ETC).

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– Coenzyme lipoamide is

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recycled via FAD.

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– Carbon dioxide

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diffuses away

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– ACA then

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enters and begins its transformation in the Krebs cycle.