Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the eicosanoids
|
leukotrienes
prostaglandins |
|
|
where are autocoids found
|
mast cells
|
|
|
histamines overall do what vasodilate or vasoconstrict
|
vasodilate
|
|
|
what is histamine found complexed with
|
proteoglycans
heparin sulfate chondroitin |
|
|
why are glucocorticoids effective in treating asthma
|
they stop the entire immune response:
decrease inflammation by elimintating prostaglandins and IgE mediated histamine release |
|
|
what is histamine and where is it located
|
histamine is a neurotransmitter located in the brain and regulates inflammation
|
|
|
what histamines role in digestion
|
histamine stimulates acid production via H2 receptor
|
|
|
what are some OTC used that are H2 Rc antagonist
|
ranitidine
cimetidine |
|
|
when we have an assault on our inate immunity what does histamine do
|
it vasodilates so that the cells/factors can get to site of infection and it causes contraction of endothelial cells so the cell/factors can leak through
|
|
|
what is histamine derived from
|
histidine (an amino acid)
|
|
|
in the GI what was a source of histamine
|
enterochromaffin
|
|
|
in the skin and mucosa where is histamine found in
|
mast cells
|
|
|
in the blood what is histamine found in
|
basophils
|
|
|
what are functions of the mast cell mediators
|
vasodilation and increase tissue perfusion
bronchial smooth muscle contraction pain and itch chemotaxis increase in would healing and the factors that govern it coagulation mucosal secretory functions (enterochromaffin:Digestion) |
|
|
what is our receptor for allergens, virus, bacteria
|
IgE
|
|
|
in general what are the events that occur when an allergen binds to IgE
|
allergen crosslinks 2 IgE molecules
this signals the cell to release vesicles we'll also see the synthesis and secretion of prostaglandins and leukotrienes then we'll stimulate the production of cytokines leading to chemotaxis of WBC to that area where just started to send out cytokines |
|
|
what occurs in IgE mediated histamine release
|
allergen binds and crosslinks 2 IgE
this activates tyrosine kinase tyrosine kinase activates PLC PLC > cleave PIP2 > DAG + IP3 IPE increases intracellular Ca which increase vesicle release |
|
|
what is IgE bound to
|
FcepsilonR1 Rc
|
|
|
via what Rc is non-IgE mediated histamine release occuring
|
C3a and C5a
|
|
|
what drugs are involved in non-IgE mediated histamine release
|
NMB
Opiods Plasma expanders Amides, amidines, quarternary ammonium salts vancomycin |
|
|
which NMB are invovlved in histamine release
|
benzylisoquinolines, succinylcholine
|
|
|
what happens to people on opiods in relation to histamine
|
they get a terrible reaction in which they itch like crazy
|
|
|
how do plasma expanders cause histamine release
|
when they give you an IV they may place colloids in it to increase oncotic pressure and as a result you may get histamine release
|
|
|
what causes redman syndrome
|
vancomycin (antibiotic)
it causes histamine release which leads to vasodilation and red mans syndrome |
|
|
H1 goes with what GPCR
|
Gq
|
|
|
H2 goes with what GPCR
|
Gs
|
|
|
H1 Rc is found on what
|
endothelial cells
|
|
|
H2 Rc is found on what
|
bv smooth muscle
|
|
|
how do H1 Rc cause vasodilation in endothelial cells
|
Gqalpha activates PLC >>> IP3 + DAG
IP3 > increase Ca > CAM Kinase > vasodilation DAG > PKC > vasodilation both IP3 and DAG cause vasodilation by stimulating NO synthase which produces NO |
|
|
what does histamine do in bronchial smooth muscle
|
H1 constricts
H2 relaxes H2 effect not seen due to H1 being more pronounced |
|
|
how does H1 Rc cause constriction in bronchial smooth muscle
|
histamine binds > activation of PLC > IP3 + DAG
Ca activates actin-myosin and we see constriction |
|
|
how does H2 Rc cause relaxation in bronchial smooth muscle
|
H2 Rc works through Gs
AC > increased cAMP > PKA > relaxation |
|
|
why won't H2 antagonist do much for asthma
|
b/c H1 effect predominates
|
|
|
what would happen if you inject histamine in someone
|
vasodilation
hypotention bradycardia (reflect tachycardia follows) dysrrhthymias bronchospasms urticaria (hives) angioedema |
|
|
what are the therapy for problems caused by histamine
|
avoide stimuli
prevent histamine release antagonize histamine Rc anti IgE antibodies |
|
|
what drugs can be used to prevent histamine release
|
cromolyn sodium
nedocromil |
|
|
what does cromolyn sodium do
|
stabilized mast cell membrane to prevent histamine release
|
|
|
what do alkylamines do
|
have anticholinergic activity which decreases secretions
|
|
|
will antihistamines effect the cold
|
no only decrease secretions
|
|
|
what are brompheniramine and chlorpheniramine
|
oral H1 antagonist
|
|
|
what is an example of an ethanolamine
|
diphenhydramine (benadryl)
clemastine |
|
|
what does diphenhydramine do
|
suppresses outbreak of hives
makes people sleepy because it crosses BBB |
|
|
what are the piperizines
|
cetrizine
levocetirizine meclizine hydroxyzine |
|
|
what are the properties of cetirizine
|
metabolized into hydroxyzine this is what makes people sleepy when they take it
|
|
|
what is the active drug of the cetirizine enatiomomers
|
levo-cetirizine
|
|
|
what drug is used as an anxiolytic
|
hydroxyzine
makes you sleepy as well |
|
|
what are the piperidines
|
fexofenadine (allegra)
loratadine (claritin) des-loratadine (clarinex) |
|
|
what are the phenothiazines and what are their properties
|
promethazine (phenergan)
they can be used to treat n/v and diarrhea as well |
|
|
what is an example of TCA antidepressant
|
Doxepin
|
|
|
what is doxepin given
|
when you have severe itching and hives
|
