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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the goal of the Citric Acid Cycle?
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To completely oxidize pyruvate to 3 CO2.
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Pyruvate is produced in the cytosol and is not a part of the Citric Acid Cycle itself. How is it transported into the Mitochondrian to be converted to CO2?
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a pyruvate- OH- antiport carrier
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What is the difference between the inner and outer membrane of the Mitochondria?
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The inner membrane is an osmotic barrier while the outer membrane can allow access to solutes <10kDa
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What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
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They are both semiautonomous
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What are the two functions of the Citric Acid Cycle?
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1.) Additional energy is conserved 3 more locations:
-Succinyl CoA -> Succinate (1 ATP) (Substrate Level Phosphorylation) -Succinate -> Fumarate (FADH2) -Malate -> Oxaloacetate (NADH) 2.) Cycle produces another molecule of oxaloacetate which accepts another molecule of acetyl-CoA starting the cycle over. |
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What is the only enzyme of the Citric Acid Cycle that membrane bound and part of the Electron Transport Chain and what does it do as a part of the CAC?
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Succinate dehyrdogenase, a integral protein, it is responsible for converting succinate to fumarate.
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What are the 5 Complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
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COMPLEX 1: NADH dehydrogenase
COMPLEX 2: Succinate dehyrdogenase COMPLEX 3: Cytochrome bc1 complex COMPLEX 4: Cytochrome oxidase COMPLEX 5: ATP synthase |
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What are the functions of each complex in the electron trasnport chain?
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Complex 1: Conveys electrons from NADH to ubiquinone
Complex 2: Transfers electrons from succinate to ubiquione Ubiquione - a lipid soluble pool of mobile electrons that conveys electrons from Complex 1 and 2 to Complex 3 Complex 3: Contains both cytochrome b and c. Through cytochrome b, it reduces cytochrome c, which is a mobile electron carrier and conveys electrons to the terminal complex in the chain, Complex 4 Complex 4: Contains cytochrome a and a3. Cytochrome c passes electrons respectively through these too the final electron acceptor, oxygen. |
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what are the 5 unique enzymes of the electron transport chain and what is their functions?
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4 are NADH dehyrdogenases and 1 is an alternative oxidase (AOX). The NADH dehydrogenases funnel electrons to the ubiquione while the AOX provides an additional means of reducing O2.
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How is ATP produced in the mitochondrial matrix transported out of the organelle?
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By an Adenine Nucleotide Transporter
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What are the four unique NADH dehydrogenase and their functions
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1.) An internal NADH dehydrogenase -
2.) A rotenone-insensitive dehydrgenase - it is insensitive to the inhibitor rotenone, which inhibits the reduction of ubiquione by Complex 1. Can only oxidize internal or matrix NADH, which means it can only produce 2 ATP per electron pair. 3/4.)External NADH dehydrogenases - oxidize cytosolic NADH and NADPH, but since enzyme does not spand the enitre membrance, it is incapable of translocating protons, which means it can only produce two ATP per electron pair, instead of 3 (usually the pumped proton will be pumped across the ATP synthase, producing another ATP) |
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What does the AOX enzyme do and what is its purpose?
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AOX, a cyanide resistant enzyme, accepts electrons from ubiquione and reduces O2 directly, bypassing Complex 3 and 4. Doing this produces heat, instead of ATP. Not sure of function, may be either to reduce temporary accumalations of carbon or to prevent overreducting of the electron transport chain.
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Whole-plant respiration is generally lower in plants compared to animals. Why is this?
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PLants contain fewer mitochondria due to most of the cell space being taken up by the vacuole.
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30 to 60% of the daily gain of fixed carbon is lost how?
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Respiration
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What enviromental factors influence respirational rates?
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1.) Oxygen - hypoxia resulting from limitations in gas diffusion through aqeuous enviroments causes a decrease in respiration.
2.) Temperature - Between 0-30 degrees C, every 10 degree increase doubles the rate of respiration. 3.) Carbon dioxide - Concentrations in range of 3-5% have a direct inhibitory effect on respiration |
