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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does dry vs. productive cough tell us about the etiology of the cough?
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dry - viral; productive - bacterial
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what are the complications of a cough?
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chest wall pain, broken ribs, stress incontinence, syncope or near syncope
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what are acute causes of dyspnea?
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bronchospasm form asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumothroax, pulmonary embolism
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what are chronic causes of dyspnea?
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slowly progressive diseases - COPD, interstitial lung disease, respiratory muscle weakness, chest wall abnormality, cardiac problems
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what are non-pulmonary causes of dyspnea?
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pregnancy, anemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperthyroidism and anxiety
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what are causes of hemoptysis?
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acute bronchitis or exacerbation of COPD - most common!! Less common - bronchogenic carcinoma, bacteria pneumonia, PE, chest trauma, abnormal blood coagulation, bronchiectasis, benign lung neoplasm, mitral stenosis, CHF
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what causes wheezing?
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pneumonia or acute bronchitis, benign or malignant tumors, endobronchial lesions, epiglotitis, angioneurotic (laryngeal) edema
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define tachypnea
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fast breathing
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define dyspnea
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sensation of difficulty breathing due to decreased medullary respiratory drive - NOT PaO2!!!
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define cheyne stokes
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rapid breathing followed by pause
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define kussmaul breaths
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big breaths - metabolic acidosis
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define ataxic breathing
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not synchornized breathing
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what causes increased fremitus?
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pneumonia, consolidation
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what causes decreased fremitus?
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obstruction, tumor or aspirated foreign body, effusion,
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what causes increased resonance?
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tympanic - emphysema, pneumothorax
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what causes decreased resonance?
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dull - efffusion or pneumonia
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define bronchial breath sounds
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normal breath sound heard over large airways. Loud high pitched tubular with a pause between inspiration and expiration. Louder on expiration. Normal if over trachea - abnormal if anywhere else
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define vesicular breath sounds
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normal breath sound heard in vesicles. Soft low pitched swishing with no pause between inspiration and expiration. Louder and longer on inspiration, heard in the terminal airways
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define rhonchi
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continuous abnormal breath sound, low pitched, moaning, snoring sound on expiration
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what causes rhonchi?
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due to vibrations of secretions in large airways
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define wheezes
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continuous abnormal breath sound that is high pitched, muscial and heard with inspiration or expiration
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what mechanism causes wheezing?
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wheezing is due to narrowing of airway - asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema
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define rales/crackles
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discontinous abnormal breath sound: crinkling of paper over lung periphery at the end of inspiration
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what is the mechanims that causes rales/crackles?
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opening of collapsed alveoli or water in alveoli
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define egophony
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patient says 'e' the listener hears 'a'. Due to consolidation
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define bronchophony
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normal voice is heard with more clarity in affected areas than in unaffected areas
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define whispered pectoriloquy
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whispered words are appreciated better over affected area
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