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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bequerel
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Measurement of Radiation Dose.
disintegrations per second (Bq) |
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average radiation dose for tx and dx?
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diagnostic 0.4 to 2 GBq
therapeutic 0.3 to 40 GBq |
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radiation absorbed dose
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• Radiation absorbed dose is the amount of energy from
radiation that is absorbed by the tissues. • Units - 1 Gy = 100 rad joules of radiation/kg tissue |
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What is a Sievert?
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Effective Dose of radiation for a particular organ.
Gy x WF = Sv where WF is the organ's weighting factor based on susceptibility to radiation damage. |
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Significance of Radiation Effective Dose calculations?
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This is what risk assessments will be based on when considering radiation therapy doses and options.
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What is a typical therapeutic dose of radiation per target organ?
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20 to 100 Gy to the target.
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What is the relationship between Effective Dose and Radiation Absorbed Dose?
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RAD = the absolute number of Gy absorbed per unit tissue.
Effective Dose is a scaled RAD based on how sensitive a particular tissue is to radiation. Gives you an idea of the relative impact of absorbed radiation on an organ. |
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What is the most successful radiotracer for PET imaging?
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18-Fluorodeoxy Glucose (FDG)
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What is the overall goal of nuclear imaging?
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Look at phenotype and biochemical processes, NOT anatomy. Images are a result of differential biochemical activity in the body.
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99mTechnetium labeled medronate
What is it for? |
a radioactive
methylene phosphonic acid taken into the bone matrix where the bone is reforming as a result of osteoblastic or osteoclastic activity |
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What is the most used radionuclide in medicine and what is its parent radionuclide?
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99mTechnetium. t1/2 ~6h
Derived from 99Molybdenum. t1/2 ~66hr |
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How is the radioactive decay constant calculated?
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Lambda = (ln 2) / (t1/2)
dN/dt = lambda * N; rate of change as a function of the amount of nuclides present (N). |
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What is the main difference between radiotracers and radiopharmaceuticals?
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Radiotracers are for imaging and use gamma radiation.
Radiopharmaceuticals are for treatment and use particulate radiation. |
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According to Dr. Link, what are the strengths and weaknesses of nuclear medicine and imaging?
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Strengths: sensitivity and specificity (target exactly what you want). Can see PHYSIOLOGY throughout whole body.
Weaknesses: fuzzy image due to poor spatial resolution. |
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Potential advantages of viral vectors for vaccine delivery?
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-efficient delivery
-antigens presented in native conformation -elicit cytotoxic T cell response bc mimics natural infection -targets the tissues in the normal portals of virus entry -induces innate immune response as well as adaptive immune response. |
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Advantages of adjuvants?
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-amplify the immune response to vaccine
-decrease the amount of antigen needed to elicit a response -modulate quality of response (cellular, innate, antibody response) -overcome unresponsiveness due to weaker immune system (ex. in elderly) |
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Examples of cell therapies?
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blood transfusions
organ transplants bone marrow transplants cord blood transplants embryonic stem cells for tx/reproductive cloning |
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Where do gene and cell therapies merge?
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Ex-vivo GENE THERAPIES for treatment of genetic diseases such as ALD, X-SCID, etc. are all CELLULAR THERAPIES.
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Potential advantages of viral vectors for vaccine delivery?
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-efficient delivery
-antigens presented in native conformation -elicit cytotoxic T cell response bc mimics natural infection -targets the tissues in the normal portals of virus entry -induces innate immune response as well as adaptive immune response. |
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Advantages of adjuvants?
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-amplify the immune response to vaccine
-decrease the amount of antigen needed to elicit a response -modulate quality of response (cellular, innate, antibody response) -overcome unresponsiveness due to weaker immune system (ex. in elderly) |
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Examples of cell therapies?
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blood transfusions
organ transplants bone marrow transplants cord blood transplants embryonic stem cells for tx/reproductive cloning |
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Where do gene and cell therapies merge?
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Ex-vivo GENE THERAPIES for treatment of genetic diseases such as ALD, X-SCID, etc. are all CELLULAR THERAPIES.
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Potential risks of cloning?
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1. high failure rate
2. telomeric differences 3. abnormal gene expression patterns 4. problems during later development |
