Pcc - Bio 231 - Lecture Midterm 2 - Chapter 9

Front 1

Fibrous joints

Back 1

- No joint cavity
- Bones held together with connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
- Permits little or no movement
- Three types ( sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses).

Front 2

Cartilaginous joints

Back 2

- No joint cavity
- Allows little or no movement
- Bones held together with cartilage (hyaline cartilage / fibrocartilage)
- Two types ( Syncondroses, Symphyses)

Front 3

Synovial joints

Back 3

- Have a synovial cavity
- Freely movable; all synovial joint classified functionally as
diarthroses.
- Bones held together with an enclosed capsule and ligaments

Front 4

Synarthroses (singular = synarthrosis)

Back 4

– Immovable joints
– Fibrous or cartilaginous
– Four major types: suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synostosis

Front 5

Amphiarthroses (singular = amphiarthrosis)

Back 5

– Slightly movable joints
– Fibrous or cartilaginous
– Two major types: syndesmosis and symphysis

Front 6

Diarthroses (singular = diarthrosis)

Back 6

– Freely movable joints, permit different types of movement
– Have many shapes
– All diarthroses are synovial joints
– Surrounded by articular capsule and synovial membrane

Front 7

Gomphoses

Back 7

• Also called dento-alveolar
joint
• Classified functionally as
synarthrosis.
• Fibrous joint binds the teeth
to bony sockets in the
maxillary and mandible
bones
• Periodontal ligament:
– the dense fibrous connective
tissue between the tooth and
its socket

Front 8

Synchondroses

Back 8

• Rigid cartilaginous bridge
between two articulating bones
• The connecting material is
hyaline cartilage
• Classified as synarthrosis
• Example
– epiphyseal plate, first rib and
manubrium
• Bone replaces the cartilage
when elongation ceases;
synostosis

Front 9

Syndesmosis

Back 9

• Fibrous joint permits slight
movement; amphiarthrosis
• Greater distance between
articulating bones than sutures
and more fibrous connective
tissue
• The fibrous tissue arranged
either as:
– Bundle
ligament, or
– Sheet
enterosseous
membrane ( tibia and fibula)

Front 10

Symphyses

Back 10

• a broad, flat disc of
fibrocartilage connects the
bones.
• Slightly movable;
amphiarthrosis
• Example:
– symphysis pubis,
intervertebral joints
• All symphyses occur in midline
of the body

Front 11

Synovial joints

Back 11

• Have the synovial cavity
between articulating bones
which allows a joint to be
freely movable
• functionally classified as
diarthrosis
• Hyaline cartilage covers the
articulating surfaces of the
bone creating a smooth
surface that reduces friction
• Articulating cartilages have
no perichondrium
• Articulating cartilages
separated by a thin film of
fluid

Front 12

Articular capsule

Back 12

• Sleeve-like Surrounding the synovial joint
and encloses the synovial cavity
• unites the articulating bones
• Composed of two layers:
1. Outer fibrous capsule:
• flexible, consist of dense
irregular connective tissue
attached to the periosteum of the
articulating bones
2. Synovial membrane:
• composed of areolar connective
tissue with elastic fibers
• Can include adipose tissue called
articular fat pads

Front 13

Synovial fluid

Back 13

• Viscous, clear fluid, Secreted by the
synovial membrane
• forms a thin film over the articulating
surfaces
• Consist of the hyaluronic acid and
interstitial fluid filtered from blood
plasma.
• Functions:
– Reduces friction, by lubricating the
joints
– Shock absorption
– Supplying nutrients and removing
waste from the chondrocytes
– Contains phagocytic cells that
remove microbes and debris which
results from normal wear and tear

Front 14

Planar joints

Back 14

• Bone articulating
surfaces are flat or
slightly curved
• Permit side to side and
front to back gliding
movements
• Also called nonaxial
joints; the movement
does not occur around
an axis
• Example:
– sternoclavicular joint,
– acromioclavicular joint
– Intertarsal joint..etc.

Front 15

Hinge joints

Back 15

• A convex surface fits
into a concave surface
• Produce opening-andclosing,
angular,
motion.
• Also called uniaxial
joints; allow motion
around an axis.
• Examples
– Elbow
– knee
– phalanges.

Front 16

Pivot joints

Back 16

• Rounded or pointed
surface of one bone
articulates with a ring
formed partly by
another bone and partly
by a ligament.
• Also called uniaxial;
allow rotation around
its own longitudinal
axis
• Example:
– Atlanto-axial joint

Front 17

Condyloid joints

Back 17

• Convex oval shaped
projection of one bone
fits into oval shaped
depression of another
bone
• Also called biaxial;
allow movments around
two axis, side to side
and up-and-down
• Example:
– metacarpophalangeal
joints.

Front 18

Saddle joints

Back 18

• A modified condyloid
joint with freer
movement
• The bone articular
surfaces are a saddle
shape that fit into one
another
• Also called biaxial;
allow side to side and
up-and-down
movement
• Example
– metacarpal of the thumb.

Front 19

Ball and socket joint

Back 19

• A ball-like surface
of one bone fits into
a cup like
depression of
another bone
• Also called
multiaxial; allow
movements in all
directions
• Example:
– Shoulder

Front 20

Gliding movement

Back 20

• Occurs at planner joints
• Flat bone surfaces
move back-and-forth
and side-to-side
• No significant
alteration of the angle
between the bones
• Limited to range due to
a thick capsule and
associated ligaments

Front 21

Angular movement

Back 21

• Increase or decrease in the angle between the
articulating bones
• Angular movement, based on anatomical position
are:
– Flexion
– Extension
– Lateral flexion
– Hyperextension,
– Abduction
– Adduction
– Circumduction

Front 22

Flexion

Back 22

• decreases the angle
between the
articulating bones
• Usually occurs in the
sagittal plane
• Joints:
– Hinge, pivot,
Condyloid, saddle,
ball-and-socket.

Front 23

Extension

Back 23

• increases the
angle between the
articulating bones
• Usually occurs in
the sagittal plane
• Joints:
– Hinge, pivot,
Condyloid,
saddle, ball-andsocket.

Front 24

Lateral Flexion

Back 24

• Involves intervertebral
joints
• Occurs in the frontal
plane

Front 25

Abduction

Back 25

– movement away from the
midline in the frontal plane
– joints:
• Condyloid, saddle, balland-
socket

Front 26

Adduction

Back 26

– movement toward the midline
in the frontal plane
– joints:
• Condyloid, saddle, balland-
socket

Front 27

Circumduction

Back 27

– the continuous sequence of
flexion, abduction, extension,
adduction.
– Example
• moving the humorous in a
circle at the shoulder joint

Front 28

Rotation

Back 28

– the bone revolves
around its own
longitudinal axis
– joints:
• pivot, ball-andsocket
– example:
• atlanto-Axial
Joint (side to
side movement)
• Limbs medial
• and lateral
rotation

Front 29

Elevation

Back 29

– upward movement of a
part of the body

Front 30

Depression

Back 30

– downward movement of a
part of the body

Front 31

Protraction

Back 31

– movement of a part of the
body anteriorly in the
transverse plane

Front 32

Retraction

Back 32

– movement of protracted
part back to the
anatomical position.

Front 33

Inversion

Back 33

– movement of the soles medially at
the intertarsal joints
– the soles face each other

Front 34

Eversion

Back 34

– Movement of the soles laterally at
the intertarsal joints
– The soles away from each other

Front 35

Dorsiflexion

Back 35

– Bending the foot and ankle in the
direction of the dorsum
– stand on your heels

Front 36

Plantar Flexion

Back 36

– Bending the foot and ankle and the
direction of the planter surface
– Stand on your toes

Front 37

Supination

Back 37

– a movement of the forearm at the
proximal and distal radioulnar
joint
– the palm is turned anteriorly or
superiorly i.e. anatomical position

Front 38

Pronation

Back 38

– movement of the forearm at the
proximal and distal radioulnar
joints
– the distal end of the radius crosses
over the distal end of the ulna
– The palms turn posteriorly or
inferiorly

Front 39

Opposition

Back 39

– The movement of the thumb of the
carpometacarpal joint
– The thumb moves across the palm
to touch the tip of the fingers on
the same and i.e. the ability to
grasp