Pcat Biology - The Basis Of Life

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catabolic reaction

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break down large chemicals and release energy

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anabolic reaction

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build up large chemicals and require energy

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assimilation

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the building up of new tissues from digested food materials

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respiration

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consumption of oxygen by the body, cells use oxygen to convert glucose into ATP

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photosynthesis

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process by which plants convert CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates; sunlight is harnessed by chlorophyll to drive this reaction

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monosaccharides

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fructose, glucose, galactose, mannose

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formation of disaccharides

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composed of two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis, loss of a water molecule

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disaccharides

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maltose, sucrose

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polysaccharide

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glycogen, starch, cellulose

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hydrolysis

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adding water, large polymers can be browken down into smaller subunits

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carbohydrates

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C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio

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lipid

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3 ftty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol backbone

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chief means of food storage in animals?

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lipids

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major component of fatty (adipose) tissue?

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lipids

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phospholipid

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contain glycerol, 2 FAs, a phosphate group and nitrogen-containing alcohol

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examples of phospholipids

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lecithin and cephalin

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waxes

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esters of FAs and monohydroxylic alcohols

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example of a wax

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lanolin

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steroids

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3 fused cyclohexane rings and one fused cyclopentane ring

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examples of steroids

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cholesterol, sex hormones: testosterone and estrogen, and corticosteroids

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carotenoids

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fatty, acid-like carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds and carring six-membered carbon rings at each end

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what compounds are the pigments that produce red, yellow, orange and brown colors in plants and animals?

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carotenoids

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subgroups of carotenoids

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carotenes and xanthophylls

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porphyrins

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contain four joined pyrrole rings, often complexed with metal

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proteins

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composed primarily of C,H,O and N but may also contain P and S, polymers of AAs

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AAs are joined by

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peptide bonds through dehydration reactions

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primary structure

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sequence of AAs

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secondary structure

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based on hydrogen bonding between adjacent AAs and results in beta-pleated sheets or alpha-helices

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tertiary structure

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3D structure that is based on R-group interactions between adjacent AAs, results in globular or fibrous proteins

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quanternary structure

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interaction and joining of two or more independent polypeptide chains

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simple proteins

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composed entired of AAs

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albumins and globulins

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primarily globular in natre, functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes

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scleroproteins

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fibrous in nature and act as structural proteins, collagen

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conjugated proteins

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contain a simple protein portion plus at least one nonprotein fraction

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lipoproteins

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proteins bound to a lipid

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mucoproteins

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proteins bound to carbohydrate

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chromoproteins

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proteins bound to pigmented molecules

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metalloproteins

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proteins complexed around a metal ion

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nucleoproteins

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proteins containg histone or protamine (nuclear protein) bound to nucleic acids

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hormones

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proteins that function as chemical messengers secreted into circulation (insulin and ACTH)

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enzymes

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proteins that are biological catalysts that act by increasing rate of chemical reactions (amylase, lipase, and ATPase)

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structural proteins

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contribute to physicl support of a cell or tissue, may be extracellular (collagen in bone, cartilage, tendons) or intracellular (proteins in cell membranes)

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transport proteins

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carriers of important materials (hemoglobin)

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antibodies

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bind to foreign particles (antigens) that have entered the body

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area on each enzyme to which a substrate binds

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active site

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enzymes and equilibrium constant

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enzymes do not alter the equilibrium constant

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enzymes, pH, and temperature

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enzymes are pH and temperature sensitive

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lock and key theory

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structure of enzymes active site is complementary to structure of its substrate

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induced fit theory

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theory describes the active sit as having flexibility of shape, conformation of active site changes to fit the substrate

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most enzyme reactions are reversible or irreversible?

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resersible

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enzyme action and reaction rate depend on what environmental factors

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temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme and substrate

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as temperature increase, rate of enzyme action

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increases