Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
267 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
"Mosaic" irregular/lamellar bone would be seen in which phase of Paget's disease?
|
Mixed phase
|
|
|
"Stop sign" shaped crystals in urine
|
Cysteinuria
|
|
|
ABVD regimen used for Hodgkins Disease, but appears less likely to cause sterility and secondary malignancies than MOPP
|
Adriamycin (doxorubicin) +bleomycin, vinblastine +dacarbazine
|
|
|
Affect of papillary carcinoma on thyroid function
|
NONE
|
|
|
Affect of PTH on phosphate excretion
|
Increased
|
|
|
Age range and location within bone for enchondroma
|
Young adults, medullary space
|
|
|
Age range for giant-cell tumors
|
30's to 50's
|
|
|
Agent used in shock because it dilates coronary arteries and increases renal blood flow
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
Agent which stimulates cardiac contractile force more than rate with little effect on total peripheral resistance
|
Dobutamine
|
|
|
All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction
|
Meperidine
|
|
|
Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia
|
Phenylephrine
|
|
|
Alternate name for osteochondroma
|
Exostosis
|
|
|
Alternate name for osteopetrosis
|
Albers-Schonberg disease
|
|
|
Alternate name for Paget disease of bone
|
Osteitis deformans
|
|
|
Alternate name for somatomedin C
|
IGF-1
|
|
|
Alternate name for subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
|
de Quarvain thyroiditis
|
|
|
Amyloid stroma is a common feature of what thyroid tumor
|
Medullary carcinoma
|
|
|
Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
|
Hydroxychloroquine
|
|
|
Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis
|
Sulfasalazine
|
|
|
Appearance and location of giant-cell tumor
|
Large, red-brown, and cystic, found in epiphyses or metaphyses
|
|
|
Appearance of cells in Ewing sarcoma
|
Small, round, blue
|
|
|
Appearance of nuclei in papillary carcinoma of thyroid
|
Clear
|
|
|
Beta 1 agonist toxicity
|
Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias
|
|
|
Beta 2 agonist toxicity
|
Skeletal muscle tremor, tachycardia
|
|
|
Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus
|
Terbutaline
|
|
|
Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in
|
Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia)and peripheral vascular disease
|
|
|
Biopsy characteristic of lyme
|
lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and endothelial proliferation
|
|
|
Birefringence of monosodium urate crystals
|
Negative
|
|
|
Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia
|
Etidronate
|
|
|
Bone cell mutated in osteopetrosis. What can't it do?
|
Osteoclast. It can't produce carbonic anhydrase and in turn can't resorb bone
|
|
|
Bone tumor with "soap bubble" xray appearance
|
Giant-cell tumor
|
|
|
Both thickening and thinning and glomerular basement membrane = ?
|
Alport syndrome
|
|
|
C3 nephritic factor is present in
|
Type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (dense deposit disease)
|
|
|
Cancer risk increased with Hashimoto thyroiditis
|
non-Hodkin B-cell lymphoma
|
|
|
Cancer with increased risk in analgesic nephropathy patients
|
Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis
|
|
|
Casts seen in ischemic ATN
|
Hyaline and granular
|
|
|
Cause of bacteremia in neutopenic pts with central line or pts with prosthetic devices and catheters; blood culture (+)
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis
|
|
|
Cause of painful genital ulcers; purulent, grey base; painful inguinal adenitis, in a sexually promiscuous man
|
Haemophilus ducreyi
|
|
|
Cause of scattered petechial hemorrhage + edema in kidneys
|
Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis associated with malignant HTN
|
|
|
Cause of severe pain on his knee w/ site of injury is tender and erythematous. Blood culture may yield?
|
Streptococcus pyogenes. (Cellulitis)
|
|
|
Causes of type II crescentic glomerulonephritis
|
SLE, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, postinfectious
|
|
|
Causes of type III crescentic glomerulonephritis
|
Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis
|
|
|
CCS chemotherapeutic acting in late S/early G0 via interactions with topoisomerase II
|
Etoposide
|
|
|
Cell type in medullary carcnioma of the thyroid
|
C cells (aka parafollicular cells)
|
|
|
Child with hx of multiple fractures, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, multiple CN palsies. Likely dx?
|
Osteopetrosis
|
|
|
Common cause of cutaneous mycosis with animal contact
|
Microsporum spp.
|
|
|
Common cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome
|
Ingestion of verocytotoxin-producing E. Cole (usually O157:H7)
|
|
|
Common locations of rhabdomyosarcoma
|
Head/neck, genitourinary tract, retroperitoneum
|
|
|
Conditions where fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutations are seen
|
Dwarfism syndromes (e. g. achondroplasia)
|
|
|
Destructive lesion in vertebra + abscess along psoas muscle. Dx?
|
Tuberculous osteomyelitis
|
|
|
Disease predisposing to pseudogout
|
Hemochromatosis
|
|
|
DNA polymerase inhibitor used in leukemias
|
Cytarabine
|
|
|
DOC of most frequent cause of nongonococcal urethritis
|
Azythromycin > doxycycline
|
|
|
DOC of sporotrchosis
|
itraconazole.
|
|
|
DOC to treat UTI in pregnant women is
|
Nitrofurantoin
|
|
|
Drug ofter used in combination with TNF - alpha inhitors for RA
|
Methotrexate
|
|
|
Drug to use for edema + metabolic alkalosis
|
Acetazolamide
|
|
|
Dysfunction of podocyte slit diaphragm apparatus is seen with which glomerular lesion?
|
Focal segmental glomerusclerosis
|
|
|
Dz giving increased predisposition to papillary necrosis following acute pyelonophritis
|
Diabetes
|
|
|
Effect of acromegaly of serum glucose
|
Increased due to insulin resistance
|
|
|
Effect of ACTH on total cholesterol
|
Decreased (cortisol production requires cholesterol)
|
|
|
Effect of PTH on Mg excretion
|
Decreased
|
|
|
Effects of isoproterenol on systolic/diastolic blood pressures and HR
|
Systolic - little or no change, diastolic decreased, HR increased
|
|
|
Endocrine product of neuroblastoma, urine test used
|
Catecholamine precursors, homovanillic acid (HVA)
|
|
|
Endogenous insulin contains
|
Normal C-peptide
|
|
|
First generation sulfonylurea
|
Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.
|
|
|
Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency
|
Methoxyflurane
|
|
|
Focal segmental: presents with nephritic or nephrotic?
|
Nephrotic
|
|
|
Gene and encoded protein in ARPKD
|
PKHD1, Fibrocystin
|
|
|
Gene lost in 80% of sporadic clear cell carcinomas
|
VHL
|
|
|
Genes and encoded protein in ADPKD
|
PKD1 and PKD2, Polycystin
|
|
|
Genetic defect in Alport
|
Mutation in alpha-5 chain of type IV collagen
|
|
|
Genetic defects in glomerular basement membrane structure = ?
|
Hereditary nephritis
|
|
|
Giemsa stain of fluid from a herpetic lesion should reveal
|
Multinucleated giant cells
|
|
|
Give dx based on microscopic appearance: papillary projection in thyroid follicles lined by tall columnar epithelial cells, stromal lymphoid aggregates,
|
Graves disease
|
|
|
Give dx based on microscopic appearance: thyoid with nests of cell in congo red-positive hyaline stroma
|
Medullary carcinoma
|
|
|
Give dx based on microscopic appearance: Thyroid Follicular destruction with lymphoid aggregates and Hurthle cell metaplasia
|
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
|
|
|
Give the three types of crescentic glomerulonephritis
|
Type I - Anti-GBM, Type II - Immune complex, Type III - neither
|
|
|
GNAS1 mutations are common in what endocrine tumor?
|
Somatotroph Pituitary adenoma
|
|
|
Gout drug that pregnant women should not use
|
Colchicine
|
|
|
Hormone production reduced in 11 hydroxylase deficiency
|
Aldosterone and cortisol
|
|
|
Hormone production reduced in 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
|
Cortisol and DHEA
|
|
|
Hormone production reduced in 21 hydroxylase deficiency
|
Aldosterone and cortisol
|
|
|
How to differentiate between 21 vs 11 hydroxylase deficiency
|
Glucocorticoid activity. Neither can make cortisol, but with 11 hydroxylase deficiency, some glucocorticoid active intermediates are produced
|
|
|
How to differentiate between toxic multinodular goiter versus toxic follicular adenoma
|
Look at the rest of the gland. Will be enlarged with goiter, atrophied with adenoma
|
|
|
Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation
|
GLUT 4
|
|
|
Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver
|
GLUT 2
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis
|
Halothane
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants
|
Enflurane and halothane
|
|
|
Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents
|
Halothane and methoxyflurane
|
|
|
Inheitence of Lesch-Nyhan
|
X-linked
|
|
|
Inheritance pattern of MODY
|
Autosomal dominant
|
|
|
Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis
|
Aminoglutethimide
|
|
|
Initial DMARD of choice for patients with RA
|
Methotrexate
|
|
|
Innermost layer of cornea, underlies endothelium
|
Descemet's membrane
|
|
|
Invasion pattern of parathyroid carcinoma
|
Usually Local invasion only
|
|
|
IV hypertensive emergency drug that acts through G-protein receptors
|
Fenoldopam
|
|
|
Joint disease with pannus formation
|
Rhematoid arthritis
|
|
|
Kidney problems + positive C-ANCA?
|
Wegener's granulomatosis
|
|
|
Kidneys appearance in SLE nephritis
|
Bilateral symmetric involvement, shrunken, finely granular
|
|
|
Lesions in MEN IIA
|
Thyroid medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma (40-50%) parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma (10-20%)
|
|
|
Lethal in utero variant of osteogenesis imperfecta and the gene effected
|
Type II; COL1A1
|
|
|
Likely dx for high prolactin + hypernatremia
|
Craniopharyngioma
|
|
|
Likely dx for painless hematuria in older adult
|
Renal neoplasm
|
|
|
Local anesthetic causing methemoglobinemia
|
Prilocaine
|
|
|
Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis
|
Ephedrine
|
|
|
Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors
|
Tetracaine and bupivacaine
|
|
|
Major neutrophil-damaging virulence factor of drug- resistant organism that causes osteomyelitis is
|
Penton-Valentine leukocydin
|
|
|
Material for an enchondroma
|
Hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
Mechanism of neuropathy in diabetics
|
Sorbitol accumulation causes osmolar damage
|
|
|
Medullar sponge kidney: usually unilateral or bilateral?
|
Bilateral in 70%
|
|
|
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: more likely adult or child?
|
Adult
|
|
|
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: more likely nephritic or nephrotic?
|
Nephritic
|
|
|
Membranous glomeruonephritis: more likely nephritic or nephrotic?
|
Nephrotic
|
|
|
MEN syndrome with the "three P's." Name them
|
MEN type I. Pancreas, Pituitary, Parathyroid
|
|
|
Metaplastic calcification form over a soft-tissue injury, decreases in size over time. Dx?
|
Myositis ossificans
|
|
|
Microscopic appearance of craniopharyngioma
|
Squamous elements + debris containing cholesterol crystals (primitive tooth structures)
|
|
|
Microscopic appearance of synovial sarcoma
|
Biphasic pattern of spindle cells and epithelial cell, forming glands
|
|
|
Microscopic pattern of Wilms tumor
|
Nephroblastoma (resembles fetal kidney nephrogenic zone)
|
|
|
MOA of amphetamines and tyramine
|
Displace stored catecholamines
|
|
|
MOA of cinaclet
|
Activates calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid cells to decrease PTH synthesis
|
|
|
MOA of cisplatin
|
Alkylating agent
|
|
|
MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)
|
Inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis, decreased T cell proliferation and decreased antibody production by B cells
|
|
|
MOA of repaglinide
|
Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea
|
|
|
MOA of sodium polystyrene sulfonate
|
Binds to potassium in intenstines and decreases absorption
|
|
|
Most common benign bone tumor
|
Osteochondroma
|
|
|
Most common cause of Addison disease (assume NOT a TB-rich country)
|
Autoimmune adrenalitis
|
|
|
Most common cause of cutaneous mycoses
|
Trichophyton spp.
|
|
|
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
|
Focal segmental glomerusclerosis
|
|
|
Most common enzyme deficient in adrenogenital syndrome
|
21-hydroxylase
|
|
|
Most common location of neuroblastoma
|
Retroperitoneum - Adrenal glands or nearby ganglia
|
|
|
Most common renal cystic disease in fetus, infant
|
Multicystic renal dysplasia (multicystic dysplastic kidney)
|
|
|
Most common renal neoplasm in children
|
Wilms tumor
|
|
|
Most common sarcoma in adulthood and its location
|
Liposarcomas. Seen in deep soft tissues (such as under a muscle)
|
|
|
Most common Thyroid malignancy
|
Papillary
|
|
|
Most common type of post-irradiation soft-tissue sarcoma
|
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
|
|
|
Most external layer of retina
|
Retinal pigmented epithelium
|
|
|
Most frequent complication of gonococcal (GC) infection in men
|
Epididymitis
|
|
|
Most likely cause of foot process fusion in minimal change disease
|
Injury to visceral epithelium by T cell derived cytokines
|
|
|
Most likely dx for solitary cold nodule in younger person
|
Cancer, most likely follicular adenoma
|
|
|
Most often presenting age range for clear cell carcinoma
|
60's or 70's
|
|
|
Mutation associated with papillary variant of renal cell carcinoma
|
MET gene (chromosome 7)
|
|
|
Mutation in AIRE gene causes:
|
Autoimmune polyendocrinopahty
|
|
|
Mutation in MODY2
|
Inactivation mutation in glucokinase
|
|
|
Mutation in MODY3
|
Hepatocyte nuclear factor alpha-1
|
|
|
Mutation seen in "toxic" follicular adenoma
|
Activation of TSH receptor pathway
|
|
|
Mutations seen in 30% of papillary thyroid carcinomas; What family are these genes in?
|
RET or NTRK1; Receptor tyrosine kinases
|
|
|
Name a recently discovered type I diabetes polymorphism
|
CTLA4
|
|
|
Name a recently discovered type II diabetes polymorphism
|
TCF7L2
|
|
|
Name four things that can shift potassium into cells
|
Insulin, Aldosterone, beta-adrenergic stimulation, alkalosis
|
|
|
Name the four seronegative spondyloarthropathies
|
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter syndrome, psoriatic arhtirits, enteropathic arhritis
|
|
|
Name the two distinctive vascular lesions of malignant HTN
|
Necrotizing arteriolitis, hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
|
|
|
Names of three bisphosphonates available IV
|
Pamidronate, zoledronate, ibandronate
|
|
|
Necrolytic migrating erythema (a skin rash) is found with what endocrine tumor?
|
Glucagonoma
|
|
|
Necrotizing papillitis with paillary necrosis is a complicaiton of?
|
Acute pyelonephritis
|
|
|
Nephropathy occuring with AIDS resembles?
|
Focal segmental glomerusclerosis
|
|
|
Newborn with retroperitoneal mass + HTN. Likely Dx?
|
Neuroblastoma
|
|
|
Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma by acting to
|
Reduce aqueous secretion
|
|
|
Newer estrogen receptor antagonist used in advanced breast cancer
|
Toremifene (Fareston)
|
|
|
Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors
|
Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)
|
|
|
NSAID also available as an ophthalmic preparation
|
Diclofenac, ketoralac
|
|
|
Oncogene mutated in MEN 2A and B
|
RET
|
|
|
Opioid agents used as antidiarrheal
|
Diphenoxylate, Loperamide
|
|
|
Opioid agents used as antitussive
|
Dextromethorphan, Codeine
|
|
|
Oral DOC of cutaneous mycoses
|
itraconazole
|
|
|
Organism causing gummatous necrosis of large joints
|
Treponema pallidum
|
|
|
Osteitis fibrosa cystica is a complicaiton of ?
|
Hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
Out of follicular and papillar carcinoma of thyroid, which is more likely to metastasis to lymph nodes and which to distant sites
|
Follicular = distant sites, Papillary = lymph nodes
|
|
|
Outermost and innermost layer of Bruch's membrane?
|
Choriocapillary layer and pigmented retinal epithelium
|
|
|
Pancreas has fibrous stroma with scattered normal islets. Dx?
|
Chronic pancreatitis
|
|
|
Papillary necrosis can occur with long term use of?
|
Analgesics
|
|
|
Part of bone Ewing sarcomas are found in
|
Diaphyseal
|
|
|
Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal
|
Buprenorphine
|
|
|
Patient with genital herpes does not respond to acyclovir because pt is infected with
|
thymidine kinase deficient HSV
|
|
|
Phase of symphylis with possible joint involvement
|
Tertiary
|
|
|
Phenylephrine MOA
|
Alpha 1 agonist
|
|
|
Positive serolody for cyclic-citrullinated peptides (CCP) can be seen in what joint disease?
|
Rhematoid arthritis
|
|
|
Possible EKG abnormality with floroquinolones. Why?
|
Prlonged QTc; blockage of potassium current
|
|
|
Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension
|
Propofol
|
|
|
Cancer drug, Produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol
|
Procarbazine
|
|
|
Protein produced by marrow stromal cells to activate osteoprotegrin (OPG) production
|
WNT
|
|
|
Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
|
Adalimumab, infliximab and etanercept
|
|
|
Pseudocysts in the pancreas are a complication of?
|
Pancreatitis
|
|
|
Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm
|
Desflurane
|
|
|
Reason norepinephrine lowers HR when given as a drug
|
Alpha agonist affects increase BP and cause vagal reflex bradycardia
|
|
|
Reason NSAID's decrease GFR
|
Less prostaglandins = less afferent vasodilation
|
|
|
Reason synovial sarcomas are found in deep soft tissues as well as joints
|
They arise from mesenchymal cell, NOT synovium
|
|
|
Reason that excessive Na intake can contribute to hypokalemia
|
High collecting tubular flow rate causes K secretion
|
|
|
Recurrent large joint pain + lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and endothelial proliferation
|
Lyme disease
|
|
|
Recurrent UTI with urea-splitting organisms (i.e. Proteus) can lead to formation of which stone?
|
Staghorn (Magnesium ammonium phosphate)
|
|
|
Regimen used for breast cancer
|
CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) and tamoxifen if ER+
|
|
|
Regimen used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) plus rituximab
|
|
|
Renal cell carcinoma: adults or children
|
Adults
|
|
|
Renal manifestation of Wegener granulomatosis
|
Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Resistance method for sulfonamide
|
Increased PABA production
|
|
|
Retinal layer where rod and cone cell bodies are found
|
Outer nuclear layer
|
|
|
Schistosomiasis is a risk factor for which bladder cancer?
|
Squamous cell
|
|
|
SE of hydroxychloroquine
|
Retinal destruction and dermatitis
|
|
|
SE of Thiazolindinediones
|
Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CYP3A4 metabolism
|
|
|
Second generation sulfonylurea
|
Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.
|
|
|
SERM used for postmenopausal osteoporosis
|
Raloxifene
|
|
|
Serum immune factor likely positive in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JIA)
|
ANA
|
|
|
Severe infection with this virus in immunocompromised individuls can diminish adrenal function
|
CMV
|
|
|
Shape of Borrelial Brugdorferi
|
Spirochete
|
|
|
Shape of neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
Cocci
|
|
|
Side effect of Mitomycin
|
SEVERE myelosuppression
|
|
|
SLE: Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
|
Nephritic
|
|
|
Small cysts in dilated collecting ducts = ?
|
Medullary sponge disease
|
|
|
Sodium serum levels and excretion in Conn's syndrome
|
Initially increased, then HTN allowed for increased excretion. At steady state both are NORMAL
|
|
|
State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide
|
Neuroleptanesthesia
|
|
|
Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life
|
Chlorpropamide
|
|
|
Sympathetic agent which stimulates heart rate and can dilate vessels in skeletal muscle at low doses
|
Epinephrine
|
|
|
Symptoms of vasoactive intestinal polypepite tumor (VIPomas)
|
Marked diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria (low HCl in gastric secretions)
|
|
|
T(X;18) translocaiton = ?
|
Synovial sarcoma
|
|
|
Tendonitis or tendon rupture can occur with this antibiotic
|
ciprofloxacin
|
|
|
These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestants, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion
|
Alpha1 agonists
|
|
|
These Local Anesthetics's have surface activity
|
Cocaine and benzocaine
|
|
|
Thiazolidinediones
|
Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)
|
|
|
This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics
|
Hypercalcemia
|
|
|
This may enhance activity of local anesthetics
|
Hyperkalemia
|
|
|
This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increases intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery
|
Ketamine
|
|
|
This stone is large and projects into calyces
|
Staghorn (Magnesium ammonium phosphate)
|
|
|
Three common locations of Paget's fractures
|
Pelvis, skull, femur
|
|
|
Three cytokines that increase RANKL activity post-menopausal osteoporosis
|
IL1, IL6, TNF
|
|
|
Thyroid cancer that can be multifocal
|
Medullary carcinoma
|
|
|
Thyroid cancer that tends to invade locally before having lymph node or distant metastasis
|
Medullary carcinoma
|
|
|
Thyroid cancer with PAX8-PPAR gamma fusion gene
|
Follicular carcinoma
|
|
|
Thyroid cancer with RET mutation
|
Papillary and medullary carcinomas
|
|
|
Topical DOC of cutaneous mycoses
|
terbinafine
|
|
|
Toxicity of TMP-SMX
|
Stevens-Johnson, myelosuppresion, mydriasis, agranulocytosis, liver damage
|
|
|
Transitional cell carcinoma: adult or child
|
Adults
|
|
|
Translocation for Ewing sarcoma and PNET
|
T(11;22)
|
|
|
Tubular epithelium foam cell are charcteristic of:
|
Alport
|
|
|
Tumor supressor gene mutated in many osteosarcomas
|
RB
|
|
|
Two infection that can cause membranous glomerulopathy
|
Hepatitis, malaria (note 85% is still idiopathic)
|
|
|
Two most common mutations in parathyroid tumors
|
#1: Cyclin D1, #2: MEN1
|
|
|
Type of glomerular lesions in SLE
|
Diffuse proliferative (more common) or crescentic (less common) glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Type of necrosis occuring in renal infarction
|
Coagulative
|
|
|
Type of tissue and most common locations for ganglion cysts
|
Connective tissue of joint capsule or tendon sheath; Extensor surfaces or wrist, hand, feet
|
|
|
Types of hormones not stored to any appreciable extend in their producing glands
|
Steroids
|
|
|
Typical cause of hyaline arteriolosclerosis in kidneys
|
Benign hypertension
|
|
|
Typical presenting age and symptoms of medullary sponge disease
|
30's or 40's, can be stones (more than 50%), infections, or recurrent hematuria
|
|
|
Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action
|
Glargine (Lantus), detemir
|
|
|
Urethritis is treated with ceftriaxone + azythromycin because
|
Concurrent GC + Chlamydia
|
|
|
Urethritis organism that can trigger Reiter syndrome
|
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome
|
Meperidine
|
|
|
Usual body location of enchondromas
|
Hands or feet
|
|
|
Usual factor preceding de Quarvain thyroiditis
|
Viral URI
|
|
|
Usual inheritence of Alport
|
X-linked (autosomal recessive, dominant patterns do exist)
|
|
|
Usual serum calcium levels in hyperparathyroidism secondary to renal failure
|
Normal (kidney failure tends to increase PO4/decrease Ca, so PTH balances out)
|
|
|
Variable basement membrane thickening is seen in?
|
Alport
|
|
|
Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action
|
Lispro (Humalog), aspart, glulisine
|
|
|
VHL mutation can be seen in what endocrine tumor?
|
Pheochromocytoma
|
|
|
Vitamin D analog that can lower PTH and much less likely to precipitate hypercalcemia
|
Paricalcitol
|
|
|
Ways to segregate high prolactin caused by craniopharyngioma versus prolactinoma
|
Craniopharyngioma: suprasellar, destructive of surrounding structures, hypernatremia. These do NOT occur with prolactinoma
|
|
|
WBC's seen in a tophus
|
Macrophages, lymphocytes, giant cells
|
|
|
Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures
|
Propoxyphene
|
|
|
What is an invoucrum? What condition is it seen with?
|
A shell of new reactive bone around a sequestrum (dead bone). Seen in chronic osteomyelitis
|
|
|
What is brown tumor of bone?
|
The cystic lesion caused by hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
What is expiratory reserve volume? Give a formula
|
Extra volume that can be exhaled at end of normal tidal expiration. ERV = FRC - RV
|
|
|
What is exstrophy?
|
Lower abdomen wall does not develop, bladder has open defect
|
|
|
What is Plummer syndrome? Give its alternate name
|
A hyperfunctioning nodule inside a goiter. AKA toxic multinodular goiter
|
|
|
What is seen at the center of a rheumatoid nodule?
|
Fibrinoid necrosis
|
|
|
What is Sheehan syndrome? Why does it occur?
|
Postpartum pituitary necrosis. Pituitary enlarges during pregnancy, but blood supply does not. Blood loss during childbirth causes infarction
|
|
|
What is the toxin associated with staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome?
|
TSST-1 (a superantigen)
|
|
|
What is the toxin associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome?
|
SpeA (superantigen)
|
|
|
What is villonodular synovitis?
|
A giant-cell tumor of tendon sheaths
|
