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290 Cards in this Set
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Extrapyramidal dysfunction is more common with these agents, which block this subtype of dopamine receptor
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Older antipsychotic agents, D2 receptors
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MOA of neuroleptics
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Dopamine blockade
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Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine
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Hyperprolactinemia, menorrhea, galactorrhea, confusion, mood changes, decreased sexual interest, and weight gain
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Antipsychotics that reduce positive symptoms only
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Older antipsychotics
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Newer atypical antipsychotics that also improve some of the negative symptoms and help acute agitation
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Olanzapine, aripiprazole, and sertindole
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Antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia
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Risperidone
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Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels
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Risperidone
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Newer atypical antipsychotic used for bipolar disorder, known to cause weight gain, and adversely affect diabetes
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Olanzapine
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Agent more frequently associated with extrapyramidal side effects that can be treated with benzodiazepine, diphenhydramine or muscarinic blocker
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Haloperidol
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Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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Dantrolene
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Agents may exacerbate tardive dyskinesias (may be irreversible and there is no treatment)
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Muscarinic blockers
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Antipsychotic having the strongest autonomic effects
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Thioridazine
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Antipsychotic having the weakest autonomic effects
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Haloperidol
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Only phenothiazine not exerting antiemetic effects, can cause visual impairment due to retinal deposits, and high doses have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias
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Thioridazine
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Agent having no effect on D2 receptors, blocks D4, reserved for resistant schizophrenia, and can cause fatal agranulocytosis
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Clozapine
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Anti-psychotic not shown to cause tardive dyskinesia
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Clozapine
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Anti-psychotics available in depot preparation
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Fluphenazine and haloperidol
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Antipsychotics that reduce seizure threshold
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Low-potency typical antipsychotics and clozapine
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anti-psychotics that cause orthostatic hypotension and QT prolongation
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Low potency and risperidone
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antipsychotic with increased risk of developing cataracts
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Quetiapine
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Major route of elimination for Lithium
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Kidneys
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Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop
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Lithium toxicity
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Drug increases the renal clearance hence decreases levels of lithium
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Theophylline
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Lithium is associated with this congenital defect. contraindications
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Cardiac anomalies and is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation
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DOC for bipolar affective disorder
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Lithium
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Concern using lithium
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Low therapeutic index
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SE of lithium
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Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus
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Example of three antidepressants that are indicated for obsessive compulsive disorder
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Clomipramine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine
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Neurotransmitters affected by the action of antidepressants
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Norepinephrine and serotonin
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Usual time needed for full effect of antidepressant therapy
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2 to 3 weeks
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Population group especially sensitive to side effects of antidepressants
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Elderly patients
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All antidepressants have roughly the same efficacy in treating depression, agents are chosen based on these criterion
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Side-effect profile and prior pt response
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Well-tolerated and are first-line antidepressants
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SSRI's, bupropion, and venlafaxine
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
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phenylzine, selegeline
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Most useful in patients with significant anxiety, phobic features, hypochondriasis, and resistant depression
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Monamine oxidase inhibitors
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Condition will result from in combination of MAOI with tyramine containing foods (ex. wine, cheese, and pickled meats)
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Hypertensive crisis
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MAOI should not be administered with SSRI's or potent TCA's due to development of this condition
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Serotonin syndrome
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Sedation is a common side effect of these drugs, they lower seizure threshold, uses include BAD(bipolar affective disorder), acute panic attacks, phobias, enuresis, and chronic pain and their overdose can be deadly
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Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
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Three C's associated with TCA toxicity
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Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac problems (arrhythmias and wide QRS)
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Agents having higher sedation and antimuscarinic effects than other TCA's
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Tertiary amines
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TCA used in chronic pain, a hypnotic, and has marked antimuscarinic effects
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Amitriptyline
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TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and ADD
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Imipramine
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TCA with greatest sedation of this group, and marked antimuscarinic effects, used for sleep
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Doxepin
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TCA used in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), most significant of TCA's for risk of seizure, weight gain, and neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms
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Clomipramine
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Secondary amines that have less sedation and more excitation effect
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Nortriptyline, Desipramine
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Side effects seen with tricyclic antidepressants
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Muscarinic blockade (dry mouth, constipation); weak alpha-1 block (orthostatic hypotension); weak hisamine block (sedation)
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Heterocyclics
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Antidepressant associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome
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Amoxapine
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Antidepressant associated with seizures and cardiotoxicity
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Maprotiline
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Antidepressant having stimulant effects similar to SSRI's and can increase blood pressure
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Venlafaxine
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Antidepressant inhibiting norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine reuptake
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Venlafaxine
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Antidepressant also used for sleep that causes priapism
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Trazodone
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Antidepressant which is inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes and may be associated with hepatic failure
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Nefazodone
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Heterocyclic antidepressants least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures
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Bupropion
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Antidepressant with MOA as alpha 2 antagonist, has effects on both 5-HT and NE, blocks histamine receptors, and is sedating
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Mirtazapine
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SE of mirtazapine (heterocyclic anti-depressant)
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Liver toxicity, increased serum cholesterol
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
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Except for these agents all SSRI have significant inhibition of CytP450 enzymes
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Citalopram and its metabolite escitalopram
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Side effects frequently seen with SSRIs
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CNS stimulation; GI upset
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Antidepressants with no effect on BP, no sedation
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SSRIs
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SSRI with long T1/2 and can be administered once weekly for maintenance, not acute tx
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Fluoxetine
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SSRI indicated for premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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Fluoxetine (Sarafem)
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Some of SSRIs' therapeutic effects beside depression
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Panic attacks, social phobias, bulimia nervosa, and PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), OCD
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SSRI less likely to cause a withdrawal syndrome
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Fluoxetine
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Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons
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Ascending pathways
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Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release
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Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors
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Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization
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Postsynaptic Mu receptors
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Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except
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Miosis and constipation
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All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction
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Meperidine
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SE of these drugs include dependence, withdrawal syndrome, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, increased ureteral and bladder tone, and reduction in uterine tone
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Opioid Analgesics
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Strong opioid agonists
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Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl
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Opioids used in anesthesia
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Morphine and fentanyl
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Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states
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Methadone
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Opioid available trans-dermally
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Fentanyl
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Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema
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Morphine
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Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome
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Meperidine
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Moderate opioid agonists
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Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone
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Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures
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Propoxyphene
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Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal
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Buprenorphine
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Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA
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Naloxone
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Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs
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Naltrexone
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These agents are used as antitussive
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Dextromethorphan, Codeine
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These opioids are used as antidiarrheal
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Diphenoxylate, Loperamide
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examples of inhalant anesthetics
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NO, chloroform, and diethyl ether
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Toxic to the liver, kidney, lungs, bone marrow, peripheral nerves, and cause brain damage in animals, sudden death has occurred following inhalation
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Fluorocarbons and Industrial solvents
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drug of abuse that can cause dizziness, tachycardia, hypotension, and flushing
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Organic nitrites
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Causes acne, premature closure of epiphyses, masculinization in females, hepatic dysfunction, MI, and increases in libido and aggression
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Steroids
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Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include
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Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses
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Opioid Analgesics
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Most commonly abused in health care professionals
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Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl
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This route is associated with rapid tolerance and psychologic dependence
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IV administration
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Overdose of these drugs lead to respiratory depression progressing to coma and death
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Overdose of opioids
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Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome
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Abstinence syndrome
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Treatment for opioid addiction
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Methadone, followed by slow dose reduction
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This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms to a recovering addict
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Naloxone
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Sedative-Hypnotics action
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Reduce inhibition, suppress anxiety, and produce relaxation
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Additive effects when Sedative-Hypnotics used in combination with these agents
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CNS depressants
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Common mechanism by which opioid analgesic overdose result in death
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Depression of medullary and cardiovascular centers
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"Date rape drug"
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Flunitrazepam (rohypnol)
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The most important sign of withdrawal syndrome
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Excessive CNS stimulation (seizures)
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Treatment of withdrawal syndrome (of sedative hypnotics) involves
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Long-acting sedative-hypnotic or a gradual reduction of dose, clonidine or propranolol
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These agents are CNS depressants
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Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
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Withdrawal from this drug causes lethargy, irritability, and headache
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Caffeine
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W/D from this drug causes anxiety and mental discomfort
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Nicotine
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Treatments available for nicotine addiction
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Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion
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Drug of abuse in which tolerance is marked and abstinence syndrome occurs
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Amphetamines
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Amphetamine agents
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Dextroamphetamines and methamphetamine
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These agents are congeners of Amphetamine
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DOM, STP, MDA, and MDMA "ecstasy"
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Overdoses of this agent with powerful vasoconstrictive action may result in fatalities from arrhythmias, seizures, respiratory depression, or severe HTN (MI and stroke)
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Cocaine "super-speed"
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Most dangerous of the currently popular hallucinogenic drugs, OD leads to nystagmus, marked hypertension, and seizures, presence of both horizontal and vertical nystagmus is pathognomonic
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PCP
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Removal of PCP may be aided
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Urinary acidification and activated charcoal or continual nasogastric suction
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THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur
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Marijuana
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Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
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ACE inhibitors
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Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are
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ACE inhibitors
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SE of ACE inhibitors
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Dry cough, hyperkalemia
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ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in
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pregnancy and with K+
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Losartan and valsartan block
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Angiotensin receptor
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Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause
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Dry cough
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Agents that block L-type calcium channel
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Calcium channel blockers
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CCB contraindicated in CHF
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Verapamil
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CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation
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Nifedipine
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SE of CCB
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Constipation, edema, and headache
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Agents that reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand
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Beta-blockers
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B-blockers that are more cardioselective
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Beta-1 selective blockers
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Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers
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Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol
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Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in
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Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia) and peripheral vascular disease
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Non-selective Beta-blocker also used for migraine prophylaxis
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Propranolol
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SE of beta blockers
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Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)
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Alpha 1selective blockers
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Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)
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Non-selective Alpha1blockers use to treat pheochromocytoma
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Phenoxybenzamine
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For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal
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Phentolamine
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A1a-selective blocker with no effects on HTN used for BPH
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Tamsulosin (Flomax)
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SE of alpha blockers
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Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia
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Presynaptic Alpha 2 agonist used in HTN, and acts centrally
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Clonidine, and methyldopa
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SE of methyldopa
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Positive Comb's test, depression
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Methyldopa is contraindicated in
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Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects
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SE of clonidine
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Rebound HTN, sedation, dry mouth
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Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle
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Hydralazine
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SE of hydralazine
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Lupus-like syndrome
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Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels
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Minoxidil
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SE of minoxidil (arterial vasodilator)
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Hypertrichosis
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IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis
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Nitroprusside
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Nitroprusside vasodilates
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Arteries and veins
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Toxicity caused by nitroprusside and treatment
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Cyanide toxicity treated with sodium thiosulfate
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MOA of quinolones
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Inhibit DNA gyrase
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MOA of penicillin
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Block cell wall synthesis by inhibiting peptidoglycan cross-linkage
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Drug used for MRSA
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Vancomycin
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Vancomycin MOA
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Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
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Type of resistance found with vancomycin
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Point mutation
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Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients
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Rifampin
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DOC for Legionnaires' disease
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Erythromycin
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MOA of sulfonamides
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Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
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Penicillins active against penicillinase secreting bacteria
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Methicillin, nafcillin, and dicloxacillin
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Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC for otitis media
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Amoxicillin
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Class of antibiotics that have 10% cross sensitivity with penicillins
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Cephalosporins
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PCN active against pseudomonas
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Carbenicillin, piperacillin and ticarcillin
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Antibiotic causing red-man syndrome, and prevention
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"Vancomycin, infusion at a slow rate and giving antihistamines
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Drug notorious for causing pseudomembranous colitis
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Clindamycin
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DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis
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Metronidazole
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Treatment of resistant pseudomembranous colitis
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ORAL vancomycin
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Lactam that can be used in PCN allergic patients
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Aztreonam
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SE of imipenem
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Seizures
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Cephalosporins able to cross the BBB
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Cefuroxime and ceftazidine (2nd) generation
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Drug used for N. gonorrhea in females
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Ceftriaxone
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Cephalosporin causes kernicterus in neonates
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Ceftriaxone or cefuroxime
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SE of INH
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Peripheral neuritis and hepatitis
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Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia
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Clonazepam
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DOC for status epilepticus
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Diazepam
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MOA of benzodiazepines
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increase the FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel opening
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Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)
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Flumazenil
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Most frequent route of metabolism of anti-seizure drugs
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Hepatic enzymes
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Mechanisms of action for Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
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Sodium channel blockade
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MOA for benzodiazepines and barbiturates
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GABA-related targets
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MOA for Ethosuximide
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Calcium channels
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MOA for Valproic acid at high doses
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Affect calcium, potassium, and sodium channels
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Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures
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Valproic acid and Phenytoin
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DOC for febrile seizures
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Phenobarbital
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Drugs of choice for absence seizures
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Ethosuximide and valproic acid
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Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures
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Valproic acid
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Drugs of choice for status epilepticus
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IV diazepam for short term (acute) treatment; phenytoin for prolonged therapy
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Drugs that can be used for infantile spasms
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Corticosteroids
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Anti-seizure drugs used also for bipolar affective disorder (BAD)
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Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenytoin and gabapentin
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Anti-seizure drugs used also for Trigeminal neuralgia
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Carbamazepine
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Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin
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Gabapentin
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Anti-seizure agent that exhibits non-linear metabolism, highly protein bound, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and stimulates hepatic metabolism
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Phenytoin
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SE of phenytoin
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Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia
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Anti-seizure agent that induces formation of liver drug-metabolism enzymes, is teratogen and can cause craniofacial anomalies and spina bifida
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Carbamazepine
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Agent that inhibits hepatic metabolism, is hepatotoxic and teratogen that can cause neural tube defects and gastrointestinal distress
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Valproic acid
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Laboratory value required to be monitored for patients on valproic acid
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Serum ammonia and LFT's
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SE for Lamotrigine (anti-seizure)
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Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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SE for Felbamate (anti-seizure drug)
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Aplastic anemia and acute hepatic failure
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Anti-seizure medication also used in the prevention of migraines
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Valproic acid
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Carbamazepine may cause
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Agranulocytosis
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Anti-seizure drugs used as alternative drugs for mood stabilization
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Carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and valproic acid
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Drugs used in coagulation disorders
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Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant
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Warfarin (PT)
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Warfarin is contraindicated in
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Pregnancy
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Anticoagulant of choice in pregnancy
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Heparin
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Heparin (PTT) increases activity of
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Antithrombin 3
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Route of administration of warfarin
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Oral
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Routes of administration of heparin
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IV and IM (only LMW)
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SE of both warfarin and heparin
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Bleeding
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SE of heparin
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Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
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Alternative anticoagulant used if HIT develops
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Lepirudin
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Antidote to reverse actions of warfarin
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Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma
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Antidote to reverse actions of heparin
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Protamine sulfate
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MOA of aspirin
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Irreversibly blocking cyclooxygenase
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Agent used to treat MI and to reduce incidence of subsequent MI
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Aspirin, metoprolol
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SE of Aspirin
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GI bleeding
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Antiplatelet drug reserved for patients allergic to aspirin
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Ticlopidine
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SE for ticlopidine (antiplatelet for aspirin allergy)
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Neutropenia and agranulocytosis
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Effective in preventing TIA's
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Clopidogrel and ticlopidine
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Prevents thrombosis in patients with artificial heart valve
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Dipyridamole
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Block glycoprotein IIb/IIIa involved in platelet cross-linking
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Abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide
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MOA of thrombolytics
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Degradation of fibrin clots and are administered IV
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Thrombolytics are used for
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Pulmonary embolism and DVT
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Thrombolytic that can cause allergic reaction
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Streptokinase
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Thrombolytic used for acute MI and ischemic (non hemorrhagic) CVA
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Tissue plasmin activator
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SE of tPA
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Cerebral hemorrhage
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Antidote for thrombolytics
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Aminocaproic acid
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NSAIDS and DMARDS
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Difference between COX 1 and COX 2 "
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"COX 1 is found throughout the body and COX 2 is only found in inflammatory tissue
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Drug that selectively inhibits COX 2
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Celecoxib and rofecoxib
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Irreversible, nonselective COX inhibitor
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Aspirin
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Class of drugs that reversibly inhibit COX
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NSAIDS
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MOA of NSAIDS
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inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)
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Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS
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Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase
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Four main actions of NSAIDS
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Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity
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Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus
|
Indomethacin
|
|
|
Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection
|
Potential for development of Reye's syndrome
|
|
|
SE of salicylates
|
Tinnitus, GI bleeding
|
|
|
NSAID also available as an ophthalmic preparation
|
Diclofenac, ketoralac
|
|
|
NSAID available orally, IM and ophthalmically
|
Ketoralac
|
|
|
NSAID that is used for acute condition, such as pre-op anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) of use due to nephrotoxicity
|
Ketoralac
|
|
|
Newer NSAID that selectively inhibits COX-2
|
Celecoxib
|
|
|
COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of
|
Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding
|
|
|
COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with
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Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease
|
|
|
Acetaminophen only has
|
Antipyretic and analgesic activity
|
|
|
SE of acetaminophen
|
Hepatotoxicity
|
|
|
Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity
|
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
Drugs-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Agents (DMARDS)
|
|
|
|
DMARDs are slow acting drugs for
|
Rheumatic disease
|
|
|
Initial DMARD of choice for patients with RA
|
Methotrexate
|
|
|
Drug ofter used in combination with TNF - alpha inhitors for RA
|
Methotrexate
|
|
|
drug used for RA that Causes bone marrow suppression
|
Methotrexate
|
|
|
SE of penicillamine
|
Aplastic anemia and renal toxicity
|
|
|
Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes
|
Hydroxychloroquine
|
|
|
Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
|
Hydroxychloroquine
|
|
|
SE of hydroxychloroquine (DMARD and anti-malarial)
|
Retinal destruction and dermatitis
|
|
|
MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)
|
Inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis, decreased T cell proliferation and decreased antibody production by B cells
|
|
|
Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
|
Adalimumab, infliximab and etanercept
|
|
|
Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis
|
Sulfasalazine
|
|
|
Anti-rheumatic agent also used for Chron's disease
|
Infliximab
|
|
|
Drugs used in Gout
|
|
|
|
NSAID used in gout
|
Indomethacin
|
|
|
NSAID contraindicated in gout
|
Aspirin
|
|
|
MOA of colchicine (used in acute gout)
|
Selective inhibitor of microtubule assembly
|
|
|
SE of colchicine
|
Kidney and liver toxicity, diarrhea
|
|
|
Agent used to treat chronic gout by increasing uric acid secretion and excretion
|
Probenecid and sulfinpyrazone
|
|
|
Allopurinol treats chronic gout by decreasing uric acid production by inhibiting
|
Xanthine oxidase
|
|
|
Available bisphosphonates
|
Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid
|
|
|
MOA of Bisphosphonates
|
Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption
|
|
|
Only bisphosphonate available IV
|
Etidronate
|
|
|
Uses of bisphosphonates
|
Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia from malignancy
|
|
|
Major SE of bisphosphonates
|
Chemical esophagitis
|
|
|
Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia
|
Etidronate
|
|
|
Used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women
|
Estrogen (HRT-Hormone replacement therapy)
|
|
|
Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA prophylaxis
|
Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)
|
|
|
Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption
|
Calcitonin (salmon prep)
|
|
|
Used especially in postmenopausal women, dosage should be 1500 mg
|
Calcium
|
|
|
Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption
|
Vitamin D
|
|
|
Diuretics
|
|
|
|
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
|
Acetazolamide
|
|
|
Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma
|
Acetazolamide
|
|
|
SE of acetazolamide (antihypertensive used for glaucoma and altitude sickness)
|
Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment
|
|
|
MOA of loop diuretics
|
inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport
|
|
|
Site of action of loop diuretics
|
Thick ascending limb
|
|
|
SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics
|
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity
|
|
|
Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate adverse effect
|
Ototoxicity
|
|
|
Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain
|
Calcium
|
|
|
MOA of thiazide diuretics
|
Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport
|
|
|
Site of action of thiazide diuretics
|
Work at early distal convoluted tubule
|
|
|
Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics
|
Sulfonamides
|
|
|
SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics
|
Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia
|
|
|
Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit
|
Na+/K+ exchange
|
|
|
Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism
|
Spironolactone
|
|
|
SE of spironolactone
|
Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence
|
|
|
Osmotic diuretic used to treat increased intracranial pressure
|
Mannitol
|
