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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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#2 cause of death by any means in the US
(#1 for people under 85) |
cancer
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Top 4 cancer killers
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lung/bronchus
colorectal breast prostate |
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top cancers - male
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lung/bronchus
prostate colorectal |
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top cancers - femal
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lung/bronchus
breast colorectal |
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cancers associated with smoking
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lung bronchus, pancreas, bladder, uterus
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cancer (definition)
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disease of growth, cell division and differentiation
mass of tissue, the growth of which is incoordinate with the surrounding normal tissues and persists in the absence of the inciting stimulus |
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parenchymal regeneration
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--only in tissues that retain capacity to replicate
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labile cells
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continue to multiply throughout life
constantly replicating GI, sperm, hair, WBCs, platelets, RBCs |
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stable cells
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retain the latent capacity to regenerate
CAN repair/regenerate, but don't do so constantly glands, kidney tubules |
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permanent cells
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cannot regenerate
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stromal repair
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--proliferation of fibroblast and capillary buds (wound healing)
--subsequent laying down of collagen- produce scar --results in loss of specialized parenchymal function |
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Hyperplasia
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inc the # of cells in that particular area
-may be physiologic (breast development) or pathologic (cushing's syndrome, prostate enlarge w/age) -cells essentially normal (may have changes in appearance) |
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Metaplasia
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-adaptive substitution of one type for another type
-loss of specialized function -usually REVERSIBLE -occurs in epithelial and connective tissue |
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atypical metaplasia
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transition between metaplasia and dysplasia
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dysplasia
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-loss in uniformity
-loss in architectural orientation -mainly in epithelium -USUALLY reversible -malignant transformation sometimes associated (if malignant happens, NOT reversible) |
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anaplasia
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without form
-failure of differentation of reserve or stem cells -marked pleomorphism (vary in size/shape) |
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marked pleomorphism
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hallmark of cancer
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neoplasia
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NOT reversible to normal cell type
-abnormal mass of tissue -must kill cells to remove it -can be benign or malignant |
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benign neoplasm
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--based on judgement of tumor's potential behavior
--considered relatively innocent remain localized, no ability to spread, encapsulate, remove with local surgery --> survival of patient |
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malignant neoplasm
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CANCER
-invade and destroy adjacent structures -spread to distant sites to cause death (develop secondary tumors) -no encapsulation -grow by progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction, and penetration of surrounding tissue |
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2 components of malignant neoplasm
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parenchyma - proliferating neoplastic cells
stroma- supporting connective tissue, blood vessels and possibly lymphatics |
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metastasis
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anatomically distant cancer growth
-secondary tumor |
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4 pathways which cancer disseminates
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1. seeding through body cavities
2. direct transplantation (ie during surgery, help it move by disturb primary tumor) 3. lymphatic permeation (cells carried in lymph drainage) 4. transport through blood vessels |
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differentitation
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extent to which cells resemble their normal forebears and achieve their fully mature, specialized, functional and morphological characteristics.
prognosis depends on differentitation |
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poorly differentiated cells
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no specialized characteristics
resemble and embryonic, primative stem cell (anaplastic) |
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well-differentiated cells
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(benign)
have high level of specialization |
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benign neoplasms
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extremely well differentiated
-cell closely resemble tissue of origin -designated by attaching "-OMA" (ie, fibroma, adenoma, papilloma, glioma) many designations don't conform (ie, melanoma, hepatoma, lymphoma) |
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malignant neoplasms
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2 MAIN TYPES
sarcomas - arising from mesenchymal tissue carcinomas - arising from epithelial cells |
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death (programmed in DNA to die)
activation of p53 gene (if could activate in malignant cells- make kill themselves) common in embryonic development |
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Tumor Grading
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judgement call
based on degree of differentiation # reflects amount of anaplasia taking place (refers to LACK of differentiation) |
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grade 1 tumor
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well differentiated
cells resemble tissue of origin retain some specialized function |
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grade 2 tumor
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moderately differentiated
show less resemblance to tissue of origin more variation increase mitoses |
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grade 3 tumor
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poorly differentiated
cells don't resemble tissue of origin much variation increased mitoses |
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grade 4 tumor
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very poorly differentiated
no resemblance to tissue of origin great variation (very anaplastic) |
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TNM System of Staging
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T0 - T3 : primary tumor size (for that type of cancer)
N0 - N2 : lymph node involvement (# of nodes metastasized to) M0 - M2 : extent of metastasis (other than lymph nodes... how many secondary tumors found?) |
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Cell cycle time
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normal human cells: 1-2 days
MOST malignant cells: 2-3 days |
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critical cell population
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G0 phase cells
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tumor cell growth rate
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changes drastically through time
grows exponentially most of time asymmetrical sigmoidal curve |
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factors influencing shape of tumor cell growth rate curve
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hypoxia
nutrient/hormone supply toxic metabolites (TNF) inhibitory cell-cell communication caused by outgrowing vascular supply |
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ischemic necrosis
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tendency of tumor to outgrow it's vascular supply
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Limit of detection
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30 doublings
1.24 cm diameter, 1g 10^9 cells time required for most tumors to reach this cell count is <2 years! |
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oncogenes
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mutation that causes cancer
altered/mutated proto-oncogenes encode REGULATORY PROTEIN w/ dominant transforming properties (only 1 has to change) -cause overexpression of growth-related gene products --> tumor formation DOMINANT EFFECT |
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proto-oncogenes
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fxn in regulation of normal cell growth and/or differentiation
mutate to become oncogenes |
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tumor suppressor genes
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control/inhibit cell growth
mutations in these genes may remove growth inhibition a RECESSIVE trait (requires both copies of gene to be effected) |
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tumor drug dosing
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each dose kills same PROPORTION of cells, not same #
multiple courses needed to effect a cure administered cyclic fashion -- (cell rescue) |
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cachexia
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wasting
undergoing pain, nausea, etc. TNF can cause this |
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multiple cell accidents
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several independent accidents must occur in 1 cell for tumor development to begin.
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corpus callosum
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connection between right/left and front/back
executive center of brain |
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hypothalamus
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endocrine center (regulates hormone release from pituitary)
autonomic fxns behavior center |
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thalamus
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"relay center" of brain
every sensory system sends projections through, except olfaction, vision and hearing |
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occipital cortex
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primary visual processing area
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frontal cortex
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primary motor processing center
where Broca's area is found cortical and subcortical projection fibers |
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raphae nuclei
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inhibitory center of reticular activating system
where all seretonin cell bodies are localized |
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3 structures part of basal ganglia
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caudate nucleus
globus pallidus putamen |
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locus ceruleus
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location of norep. cell bodies
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4 lobes of cerebrum
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frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
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vesticular release of neurotransmitters is mostly _______ dependent
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ca++
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ligand gated ionophores
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FAST
drug or NT binds to part on outside of cell M2 region lining the channel |
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membrane bound enzymes
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SLOW
activates intracellular enzymes (enz activates second messenger system) 1 MSR |
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g-protein superfamily
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SLOW
g-protein alpha subunit determines the effector system 7 MSRs active when alpha subunit is detached |
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Go
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INHIBITS Ca channels
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Gs
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ACTIVATES Ca channels
ACTIVATES Adenylate cyclase to INC cAMP production |
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Gi
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ACTIVATES potassium channels
INHIBITS Adenylate cyclase to DEC cAMP production |
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Gq
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activates PLC to make IP3 and DAG
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excitatory amino acids
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glutamate, aspartate
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chemoreceptors
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o2, co2, h+, taste, smell
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mechanoreceptors
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pressure, tension, vision, vibration, position
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electroreceptors
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fish - lateral line
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thermoreceptors
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heat/cold
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photoreceptors
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vision
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nociceptors
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pain / tissue damage
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sensory receptors
characteristics |
fxn as transducers
convert 1 form energy (stimulus) to another form (generator potential) highly selective for specific stimulus modalities |
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generator potentials
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graded
vary w/stimulus strength (NOT all or none) must reach threshold to produce a.p. |
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first order neurons
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primary afferent neuron
peripheral ending fxns as sensory receptor OR receives input from accessory sensory cell cell body usually in dorsal root ganglion or cranial nerve ganglion |
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second order neurons
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usually located in spinal cord or brainstem
receives info from 1st order transmits to neurons in thalamus axon usually CROSSES the midline |
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thrid order neurons
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reside in one of sensory nuclei of thalamus
may change info before transmitting it to cerebral cortex. (Can only change FREQUENCY) |
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fourth order neurons
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located in the appropriate sensory receiving areas of the cerebral cortex
process info further |
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higher-order neurons
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located in cerebral cortex
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modality
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temp, light, chem, sound, injury, pressure, vibration
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adaptation
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reduction in discharge frequency during a sustained stimulus
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slowly adapting receptors
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long lasting stimulus produces prolonged repetitive discharge in the primary afferent neuron
slow reduction of APs till back to baseline |
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rapidly adapting receptors
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long-lasting stimulus produces only short-lived response
stimulus still applied, but no response |
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pacinian corpuscles
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cutaneous receptors
high freq vibration / pressure onion response to pressure PROPORTIONAL to pressure. |
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choroid
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vascular coat/ pigment
absorb light, supply nutrients to retina |
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macula lutea
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highest visual acuity / color
highest conc of cones and rods |
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fovea
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center of macula
most acute no rods |
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in light,
Na channels _____, cells undergo __________ polarization |
close,
hyperpolarization / negative generator potential |
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external ear
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pinna (wing), external auditory meatus, auditory canal
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tympanic membrane
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flexible membrane that can respond t sound wave vibrations
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eustachian tube
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btwn nasopharynx and middle ear
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otitis media
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inflammation of the middle ear
kids - put tubes through tympanic membrane |
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cochlea
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snail shell
where organ of corti is |
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organ of corti
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apparatus responsible for the sense of hearing
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hair cells - receptor cells
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function as mechanoreceptors
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vestibulocochlear nearve
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combo of auditory nerve and vestibular nerve
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conductive hearing loss
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change in outer/middle ear impairs conduction of sound waves to inner ear
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sensorineural hearing loss
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impairment of organ of corti or it's CNS connection
causes: noise exposure, aging, ototoxicity, systemic diseases |
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presbycusis
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most common form of sensorineural
old age hearing loss |
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tinnitus
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ringing of ears
noise exposure, age |
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mixed hearing loss
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combination of conductive and sensorineural
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functional hearing loss
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indiv does not respond. caused by emotional or psychologic factors
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vestibular nystagmus
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involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyes resulting from over stimulation of semicircular canal system
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vertigo
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sensation of spinning usual result of inflammation of semicircular canals
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sclera
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dense, white, opaque, covers 85% of eye, protective
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cornea
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covers 15%, lined with tear film
2/3 refractive power of eye |
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lens
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avascular
1/3 refractive power convex |
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presbyotpia
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loss of power of accommodation
eye remains focused on distant objects wear bifocal lenses |
