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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bile acids are absorbed by what?
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Ileum of the small intestines
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How does bacteria in the illeum and colon produce secondary bile acids?
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By deconjugating and dehydroxylating the bile acids
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What changes in the bile acids when converted from primary to secondary bile acids?
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Their polarity is lessened which enhances their lipid solubility and their absorption by simple diffusion.
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Bile acids leave the intestines in what blood?
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Portal blood
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What do bile salts bind to in the blood plasma?
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albumin
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What cells of the liver extract bile salts from the portal blood?
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Hepatocytes
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Bile acid synthesis and secretion is controlled by what?
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The rate of return of bile acid to the liver
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Bile acid in the portal blood does what?
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Stimulates reuptake by hepatocytes
Inhibits synthesis of new bile acids |
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Substances that enhance bile acid secretion.
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Choleretics
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Stimulation of secretion of bile acids is called what?
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Choleretics effect of bile acids
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Bile acid lost into the feces are the only significant source of what?
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Cholesterol excretion
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If more cholesterol is present in the bile than can be solubilized in the micelles, then the bile is supersaturated with cholesterol and what is formed?
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crystals of cholesterol tend to form in the bile
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Cholesterol crystals in the bile leads to the formation of what in the duct system of the liver or in the gallbladder?
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cholesterol gallstones
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Accumulation of bile salts in the blood and deficiency of bile salts in the intestinal lumen.
Decreased bile flow through the canaliculi. |
Cholestasis
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Where is bilirubin released?
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in the plasma
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A degraded products of RBCs, specifically the porphyrin moiety of hemoglobin is converted to this.
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Bilirubin
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Bilirubin is removed for the blood by what cells?
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Hepatocytes of the liver
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Bilirubin conjugates with what to form bilirubin glucuronides?
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glucuronic acid
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What color is bilirubin?
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yellow
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What converts bilirubin to urobilinogen?
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Colonic Bacteria
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Consists of calcium salt of unconjugated bilirubin
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Bile pigment gallstones
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Why does the bile contain elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in liver disease?
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Because hepatocytes are deficient in forming the bilirubin glucuronides.
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In the small intestine goblet cells secrete what?
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Mucus
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In the small intestine epithelial cells secrete what?
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Aqueous secretion
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In the small intestine enterocytes secrete what?
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Enzymes
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Consists of calcium salt of unconjugated bilirubin
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Bile pigment gallstones
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Why does the bile contain elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in liver disease?
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Because hepatocytes are deficient in forming the bilirubin glucuronides.
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In the small intestine goblet cells secrete what?
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Mucus
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In the small intestine epithelial cells secrete what?
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Aqueous secretion
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In the small intestine enterocytes secrete what?
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Enzymes
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In the colon the aqueous solution is rich in what?
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K and HCO3-
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Secretions in the colon are stimulated by what?
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cholinergic agents
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What percent of starches are hydrolyzed in the mouth?
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five percent
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What enzyme in the saliva breaks down starches into maltose and glucose?
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alpha amylase
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T/F salivary amylase is inactivated at low pH
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True
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What enzyme in the small intestine breaks down the starches into maltose and small glucose polymers?
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pancreatic almylase
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What enzymes are secreted by the enterocytes in the SI to digest the maltose and glucose polymers?
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Lactase
Sucrase Maltase alpha-dextrinase |
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The absorption of glucose from the lumen of the SI to the basolateral membrane depends upon what?
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Electro-chemical gradient created by sodium.
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Digestion of carbohydrates occurs via the process of what?
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Hydrolysis
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Digestion of Proteins occurs via the process of what?
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Hydrolysis
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Chief cells in the stomach convert pepsinogen into what?
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Pepsin
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At what pH is pepsin active?
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2-3
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Pepsin digest only what percent of dietary protein?
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10-20%
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What are the three components that pepsin digests?
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Amino acids, small peptides, collagen
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Name the four pancreatic secretion enzymes that digest protein in the small intestine.
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Trypsin, Chymptrypsin, carboxypolypeptidase, elastase
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How does Trypsin and Chymotrypsin digest proteins?
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Split proteins into small polypeptides
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How does carboxypolypeptidase digest proteins?
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Cleaves individual amino acid from carboxyl ends of the polypeptide
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What does elastase digest?
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elastin fibers that hold meats together
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99% of digested protein products are?
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amino acids
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What transport allows for the absorption of proteins after digestion?
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Sodium co transport mechanism
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What two components emulsify fats in the digestive process?
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Lecithin and bile salts
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Bile salts accelerate fat digestion by forming what?
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micelles
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Most abundant fat in the diet?
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triglycerides
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Is a sterol compound with no fatty acids
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Cholesterol
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What enzyme in the saliva digests fats?
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Lingual lipase
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Emulsification of fats begins where but mostly occurs where in the body?
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Stomach
duodenum |
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Name the three pancreatic secretion enzymes that digest fats in the small intestine.
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Pacreatic lipase
Cholesterol esterase hydrolase Phospholipase A2 |
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Once fats are absorbed in the cells they enter what part of the cell?
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endoplasmic reticulum
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What part of the digestive tract reabsorbs the most water?
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small intestion- jejunum
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Sodium enters the cells via what?
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diffusion
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Chlorine moves along the electrical gradient following what to enter the cells?
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Sodium
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How is bicarb absorbed by the cells?
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Indirect absorption via water and carbon dioxide
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How is calcium absorbed?
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Actively in all segements
Vitamin D is essential |
