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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F:
The alimentary canal is a tube within a tube that is food and digestion related. |
True
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What are the two types of digestion?
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Mechanical (Mixing, chewing, moving) and enzymatic.
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What are the 4 major function of the GI system?
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Motility
Secretion Digestion Absorption |
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T/F:
The function of motility is much like that of an assembly line. |
False:
Disassembly line, breaking down complex molecules |
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Mixing of secretions of ingested material and movement of material in the GI system is known as?
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Motility
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A lump- like ball of soft material created via salivation is known as?
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Bolus
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Saliva is what type of digestion?
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Enzymatic
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What anatomical part of the mouth plays a role in swallowing and prevents the bolus from entering the nasal cavity?
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Palate
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What are the two parts/ areas associated with the tonsils?
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Lingual and pharyngeal
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What is the area between the teeth and the cheek?
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Buccal cavity
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The role of the ___________ is to close the airway to prevent food from entering the trachea.
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The role of the _epiglottis_ is to close the airway to prevent food from entering the trachea.
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T/F:
The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the oropharynx. |
False:
Nasopharynx |
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What is the length of the esophagus as mention in lecture?
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25cm
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T/F:
The esophagus is rigid and is split into 3 different sections. |
False:
Flaccid |
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What 3rd of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle and is innervated by the cerebral spinal system?
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The top 3rd
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The 1st 2 sphincters of the 7 found in the entire GI system are?
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Pharyngoesophageal (UES) and the Gatroesophageal sphincters
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Which 3rd of the esophagus is all smooth muscle and innervated by the autonomic system?
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The bottom 3rd
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Which 3rd of the esophagus is mostly smooth muscle but contains skeletal muscle?
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Middle 3rd
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What is the esophageal hiatus?
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A gap in the diaphragm allowing the esophagus to pass through.
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This sphincter's dysfunction can lead to issues such as GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) aka heart burn.
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Gastroesophageal sphincter
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GERD is caused when ________ enters back into the esophagus.
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GERD is caused when _stomach acid_ enters back into the esophagus.
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T/F:
The Gastroesophageal sphincter (LES) is also known as the cardiac sphincter. |
True
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What is the name of the area where the esophagus meets the stomach?
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Cardia
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Gas and formed and trapped in what part of the stomach?
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Fundus
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T/F:
The body of the stomach is very glandular and has thick smooth muscle. |
False:
The body has thin smooth muscle |
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What are the 3 parts of the pyloric region?
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Antrum, pylorus canal, and pyloric sphincter (pylorus)
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What is the 3rd sphincter of the 7 total found in the GI system?
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The pyloric sphincter
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What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?
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To control what exits the stomach into the duodenum of the small intestine
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What part of the stomach forces the material in the stomach into the small intestine?
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Pyloric canal
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T/F:
The antrum and pylorus canal both contain thick smooth muscle making them ideal for mixing and grinding. |
True
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The lesser omenter serves what purpose in the body?
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To suspend the stomach
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T/F:
The greater omenter is located behind the intestines. |
False:
Located in the front Source of beer belly |
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What is the function of the greater omenter?
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To store fat
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T/F:
The greater omenter is lacking numerous arteries and veins. |
False:
Very saturated with arteries and veins |
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The different tones of the stomach are what types of conditions?
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Neurological
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What is the process of eating/ chewing?
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Mastication
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What type of stomach condition has too much tone aka no relaxation with food?
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Hypertonic stomach
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_________ are folds of the stomach formed from muscular wall contraction.
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_Rugae_ are folds of the stomach formed from muscular wall contraction.
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Stomach sagging occurs from there not being enough tone in the stomach, this is known as which condition?
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Orthotonic stomach
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When a stomach is flaccid with no tone it is known as a ________ stomach.
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When a stomach is flaccid with no tone it is known as a _atonic_ stomach.
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T/F:
There is still an amount of tone in normal stomach during contraction. |
True
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What role does the greater omentum in the inflammatory response of the intestines?
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Highly vascularized so able to release cell components quickly
Adheres to infected intestines to prevent intestinal fluid from entering the rest of the body |
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T/F:
The greater omentum can adhere to infected intestines and surgical procedures such as cesarean sections. |
True
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The lesser omentum is just a specific name for what anatomical term?
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Mesenteries
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The parietal peritoneal lines what part of the body?
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The abdominal cavity
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What membrane lines the organs of the abdominal area?
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Visceral peritoneal
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__________ are double sheets of serous membranes that suspend part of the GI tract and are routes for nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
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_Mesenteries_ are double sheets of serous membranes that suspend part of the GI tract and are routes for nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
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In the abdominal cavity, how many serous membranes were mentioned in lectures?
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4
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What is the difference between serous membranes and mucous membranes?
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Serous membranes secrete watery protein solution
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What is the width and length of the duodenum?
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Width: 2.5cm
Length: 25 cm |
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T/F:
Like the esophagus, the small intestine is lacking tone. |
False:
The SI has tone |
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What is the longest section of the small intestine in the human body?
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Ileum
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What is the 4th sphincter of the 7 sphincters of the GI system?
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Ileocecal sphincter
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What two section does the Ileocecal sphincter seperate?
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The Ileum of the SI and the Cecum of the LI
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T/F:
The veriform appendix is a "worm-like" structure at the end of the large intestine that to this day has no known function. |
True
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What are the 4 sections of the colon?
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Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
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What is the shape of the sigmoid section?
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S-shaped and leads to rectum
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What is the length of the rectum?
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20 cm
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Which sphincter of the anus is the 5th of the 7 sphincters found in the GI system and consist of smooth muscle and is involuntarily controlled by the ANS?
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Internal sphincter
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Splanchnic drainage leads to what part of the GI system?
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Hepatic portal vein
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What organ processes absorbed material from ingestion, metabolizes, then empties the metabolites into the vena cava?
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Liver
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What types of molecules are unable to enter the hepatic circulation, thus avoiding liver processing?
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Chilomicrons
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What structure is 1 cell thick that can only flow in one direction into the thoracic lymphatic duct into the systemic circulation avoiding the 1st pass hepatic portal?
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Lacteal
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Which hemmroidial vein empties into the hepatic portal system?
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Superior hemmroidial vein
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Which hemmrhoidial vein empties into the inferior vena cava?
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Inferior hemmrhodial vein
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The terminology for two things connecting or joining together as mentioned in lecture is?
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Anatomosis
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What is the innermost layer of the GI tract known as?
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Mucosa
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What are the 3 layers of the mucosa and which is inner, middle, and outer?
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Inner- Epithelium
Middle- Lamina propria Outer- Muscularis mucosae |
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Which layer of the mucosa is connective tissue with blood and lyphatic vessels, nerves, ducts of glands, and lymph nodes?
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Lamina propria, the middle layer
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What is the role of the lymph nodes in the lamina propria?
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To keep bacteria undercontrol in the GI tract to prevent damages
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What type of cells make up the epithelium layer of the mucosa?
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stratified squamous
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Contractions of what layer of the mucosa is responsible for the formation of rugae?
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Muscularis mucosae
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What type of muscle makes up the muscularis mucosae?
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Smooth
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What is the accumulation of nerve cells bodies and fibers outside of the central nervous system known as?
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A plexus
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The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract, followed by the __________.
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The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract, followed by the _submucosa_.
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T/F:
The Meissners plexus is found in the muscularis externa layer of the GI tract. |
False
The Meissners is found in the submucosa layer |
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The submucosa layer includes all of the following except:
Connective tissue Nerve plexus (Meissners) Smooth muscle Blood and lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Glands |
Smooth muscle
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What 2 types of smooth muscle are found in the muscularis externa?
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Circular and longitudinal
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What nerve plexus is found in the muscularis externa?
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Myenteric or Auerbachs plexus
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What is the outermost layer of the GI tract tube?
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Adventitia
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T/F:
The adventitia always has a serous membrane. |
False
The adventitia can be with or without a serous membrane |
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If the adventitia has a serous membrane, what is the name of the serous membrane?
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Visceral peritoneum
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Peristalsis refers to the movement of what?
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A bolus
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The extrinsic portion of the ANS is split into what 2 systems?
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The sympathetic and the parasympathetic
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Which extrinsic ANS is mainly postganglionic adrenergic fibers?
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Sympathetic
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Which extrinsic ANS is mainly preganglionic cholinergic fibers that travel via the vagus and pelvic nerves?
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Parasympathetic
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What is another name for the intrinsic system?
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The enteric nervous system
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What are the 2 plexi found in the GI tract wall that are associated with the intrinsic/enteric system?
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Submucosal/Meissner and Myenteric/Auerbach
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Which nerve plexus controls mainly secretory activity and blood flow and where is it located?
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The submucosal/meissner plexus located in the submucosa
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Which nerve plexus regulates contraction and relaxation of the GI smooth muscle and where is it located?
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The myenteric/auerbach plexus located in the muscularis externa
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In the network of nerve cell bodies and processes, which neurons monitor activity?
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Sensory
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In the network of nerve cell bodies and processes, which neurons communicate between plexi?
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Interneurons
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In relation to resting membrane potential, the base line of the RMP can be altered by what 3 things?
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Extrinsic, intrinsic, and hormones
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What reason is given for why the RMP varies from -40 - -80 mV over time?
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Ion leaking
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The ________ is known as the change in RMP over time.
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The _Basic Electric Rhythm_ is known as the change in RMP over time.
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What produced the basic electrical ryhthm?
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Specialized smooth muscle intestitial cells (of Cajal)
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The basic electrical rhythm produces what types of waves?
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Slow waves
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T/F:
If the threshold of a slow wave is reached there is no activity of the smooth muscle. |
True
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Which threshold of the 3 mentioned in motility, must be reached in order for there to be a small contraction of the smooth muscle?
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The contraction threshold
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Which threshold of the 3 mentioned in motility, must be reached in order for there to be a large contraction of the smooth muscle?
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The electrical threshold
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What is the term used for the baseline level of contraction?
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Tone
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The level of depolarization depends on what 3 things?
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Hormones, extrinsic, and intrinsic behavior (neuronal)
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T/F:
All thresholds (slow wave, contraction, electrical) and tone, RMP, and the basic electrical rhythm, are all controlled by endogenous/exogenous hormones and neurotransmitter substances (excitatory and inhibitory). |
True
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What are the two excitatory neurotransmitters mentioned in the motility notes?
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Acetylcholine (Ach) and Substance P (Sub P)
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How many known peptide hormones are there?
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25
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What are the 2 inhibitory compounds mentioned in the motility notes?
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Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and Nitric Oxide (NO)
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T/F:
The Law of the Intestine states that the intestine is independent of outside stimulus. |
True
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What are the 5 parts of a reflex?
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Sensory input
Afferent pathway Processor Efferent pathway Effector |
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Dysphagia is a disease of what part of the GI system?
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Esophagus
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When you have difficulty in eating, usually in the upper end of the esophagus, you are experiencing?
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Dysphagia
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What are the 4 types of disorders mentioned in the notes that cause dysphagia?
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Achalasia
Diverticula of esophagus Esophageal web Carcinoma of esophagus |
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What is the most frequent cause of dysphagia?
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Esophageal webs
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What disorder is a functional obstruction with ineffectual perstalsis and common in ages 30- 50?
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Achalasia
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An outpocketing of the wall, or ___________, is when the mucosa layer pertrudes inbetween the smooth muscle of the esophageal wall.
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An outpocketing of the wall, or _Diverticula of the esophagus_, is when the mucosa layer pertrudes inbetween the smooth muscle of the esophageal wall.
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T/F:
Diverticula of the esophagus can result in ischemic strangulation and thus necrosis. |
True
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What condition causing dysphagia is described as horizontal folds of mucosa projecting into the lumen?
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Esophageal webs
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What disorder of the esophagus is the 5th cause if death in men that is caused by GERD, alcohol, tobacco, irritants, and has a 12% survival rate?
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Carcinoma of the esophagus
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What are 4 things mentioned by Gause in lecture that can cause an inflammatory response in the esophagus, or esophagitis?
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GERD, bacterial infection, feeding tube removal, or irritational food
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T/F:
Esophageal varices is directly related to the conditions of the hepatic portal vein. |
True
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an extreme form of pyrosis. What is pyrosis?
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Heartburn
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GERD can cause __________ or the fushion of the esophagus.
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GERD can cause _stricture_ or the fushion of the esophagus.
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What is chyme?
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A mixture of stomach and small intestine content
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What are the 3 main functions of the stomach in gastric motility?
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Reservoir
Mixing chyme with gastric secretion Controlling release of contents to prevent SI damage |
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When the stomach is empty it has (high/low) tone.
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High tone from contraction
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While eating, the expansion of the stomach and relaxation is preventing the pressure from (increasing/decreasing).
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Increasing
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What volume can the stomach hold without much increase in pressure?
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1.5L
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T/F:
After 1.5L of material accumulate in the stomach, efferent signals to the CNS tell you youre full. |
False
Afferent |
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When fasting, how long does the stomach go without contraction?
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75-90 minutes
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After a long period of no contraction there is a 5- 10 minute period of intense ________ and ________ activity.
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After a long period of no contraction there is a 5- 10 minute period of intense _electrical_ and _motor_ activity.
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What initiates gastric contraction and where are these initiators found?
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Pacemaker cells in the middle body of the stomach
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Migrating myoelectric complex (MCC) refers to the gastric motility during the (eating/fasting) state.
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Fasting
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T/F:
The fundus and body of the stomach are thin-walled and contract vigorously. |
False
contract weakly |
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T/F:
The pyloric region is thick walled therefore it contracts vigorously. |
True
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Chyme stratifies according to _________ in the stomach.
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Chyme stratifies according to _density_ in the stomach.
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What is the trend for liquids in the stratification process of chyme? (top, middle, bottom)
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Liquids on bottom (leave first)
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T/F:
When chyme stratifies, lipids float on top. |
True
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What type of particles in chyme stay in the stomach the longest?
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The large or indigestable particles
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What percentage of hiatus hernia is sliding type (LES pulls thru disphragm)?
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90%
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What is the upward herniation of the stomach thru the esophageal hiatus?
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Hiatus hernia... duh
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What part of the stomach is involved in the sliding type of hiatus hernia?
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Cardia, enters hiatus into throracic cavity
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What part of the stomach is involved in the paraesophageal type of hiatus hernia?
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The fundus
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T/F:
Retrosternal pain, pyrosis, and heartburn are interchangable terms when describing symptoms of different gatric disorders. |
True
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What kind of disorder in the stomach can occur within hours to two weeks following extreme stress?
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Acute stress ulcers
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A symptom of acute stress ulcers is upper GI bleeding. This can cause hematemesis. What does hematemesis mean?
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Vomitting of blood
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What is the number 1 cause of acute gastritis?
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Alcohol
Can also be frequently caused by salicylates and staphylococcal endotoxin Less common would be digitalis, iodine, tetracycline, caffiene |
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What term refers to intestinal bleeding in the part of the GI tract that is exposed to digestive enzymes producing black stool?
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Melena
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T/F:
Pernicious Anemia is a GI disease. |
False
Not a GI disease |
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T/F:
Atrophic gastritis is a GI disease that causes pernicious anemia, which is not a GI disease. |
True
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Gatric cancer is (frequent/infrequent) but (not very/ unusually) lethal.
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Gastric cancer is infrequent but unusually lethal.
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