Pbd Week 2

Front 1

T/F:
The hormone gastrin is released in response to the pH of duodenal contents falling below 3.5 and is released to slow gastric emptying.

Back 1

False

Front 2

Chyme with a pH below 3.5 entering the duodenum results in the release of the hormone:
a. secretin
b. some unknown hormone
c. gastrin
d. cholecystokinin

Back 2

a. secretin

Front 3

Blood from the GI tract is drained via what vein?

Back 3

Hepatic portal

Front 4

EXPANSION OF THE EMPTY STOMACH AS FOOD IS RECEIVED WITHOUT AN INCREASE IN PRESSURE IS\ REFERRED TO AS ________.

Back 4

EXPANSION OF THE EMPTY STOMACH AS FOOD IS RECEIVED WITHOUT AN INCREASE IN PRESSURE IS\ REFERRED TO AS _receptive relaxation_.

Front 5

T/F:
THE PAROTID SALIVARY GLANDS SECRETE GLYCOPROTEIN MUCINS AND SALIVARY AMYLASE.

Back 5

False

Front 6

T/F:
PEPTIC ULCERS ARE CHRONIC, USUALLY SOLITARY, ULCERATIONS OF THE UPPER GI TRACT OCCURRING MOST FREQUENTLY IN THE DUODENUM AND STOMACH

Back 6

True

Front 7

T/F:
The only non-mixed (pure serous) salivary gland is the submandibular gland.

Back 7

False

Front 8

T/F:
Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells release the parietal cell secretagogue gastrin.

Back 8

False

Front 9

T/F:
Both salivary amylase and alpha amylase can only cleave alpha-1, 6 glucose linkages.

Back 9

False

Front 10

_____________cells, located in the gastric pits, differentiate into columnar epithelial cells that migrate to the luminal surface of the stomach.

Back 10

_Mucous neck_cells, located in the gastric pits, differentiate into columnar epithelial cells that migrate to the luminal surface of the stomach.

Front 11

The pancreatic products chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase are converted to their active form by the action of __________.

Back 11

The pancreatic products chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase are converted to their active form by the action of _trypsin_.

Front 12

The limiting step in the absorption of lipid materials is the diffusion of ________ through the intestinal unstirred surface layer.

Back 12

The limiting step in the absorption of lipid materials is the diffusion of _micelles_ through the intestinal unstirred surface layer.

Front 13

T/F:
HYDROGEN IONS ARE MOVED INTO THE LUMEN OF THE GASTRIC GLANDS BY PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT.

Back 13

True

Front 14

T/F:
THE CEPHALIC PHASE OF THE CONTROL OF GASTRIC ACID SECTETION IS MEDIATED ENTIRELY BY THE VAGUS.

Back 14

True

Front 15

BICARB (HCO3-) LEAVES THE PARIETAL CELLS BY:
A. FACILITATED DIFFUSION
B. COUNTERTRANSPORT WITH Cl-
C. COUNTERTRANPORT WITH SODIUM
D. PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Back 15

B. Counter transport with Cl-

Front 16

T/F:
The parotid glands contain serous acinar cells that secrete salivary amylase and mucins

Back 16

False

Front 17

In salivary secretion, stimulation of the (a)_________ nerves cause the release of (b)____________ which binds to (c)____________ receptor in the basolateral surface of the cell. Activation of these receptors cause increases in (d)______________ and subsequent release of amylase.

Back 17

In salivary secretion, stimulation of the (a)_parasympathetic_ nerves cause the release of (b)_Acetylcholine_ which binds to (c)_M3_ receptor in the basolateral surface of the cell. Activation of these receptors cause increases in (d)_Ca_ and subsequent release of amylase.

Front 18

As salivary flow increases:
a)Na+ concentration decreases significantly but is less than plasma
b)Cl- concentration increases significantly but is more than plasma
c)HCO3 concentration increases significantly but is more than plasma
d)The tonicity increases, but saliva is hypertonic to plasma
e)K+ decreases slightly, but is lower than plasma

Back 18

c)HCO3 concentration increases significantly but is more than plasma

Front 19

T/F:
Only alpha-amylase (pancreatic) can cleave alpha-1,4 glucose linkage.

Back 19

False

Front 20

T/F:
CONCERNING THE IONIC COMPOSITION OF SALIVA, POTASSIUM IS ALWAYS HIGHER AND BICARBONATE EXCEEDS THAT OF PLASMA EXCEPT A T VERY LOW RA TES OF SECRETION

Back 20

True

Front 21

T/F:
. HCO3-, GENERATED DURING THE INTRACELLULAR PRODUCTION OF H+, LEAVES THE PARIETAL CELLS BY COUNTERTRANSPORT WITH CI- AND IS CARRIED AWAY BY THE VENOUS BLOOD

Back 21

True

Front 22

PARIETAL (OXYNTIC) CELLS SECRETE ________ AND ________.

Back 22

PARIETAL (OXYNTIC) CELLS SECRETE _HCl_ AND _intrinsic factor_.

Front 23

BOTH SALIVARY AMYLASE AND ALPHA AMYLASE CAN CLEAVE ONLY ________ GLUCOSE LINKAGES.

Back 23

Alpha 1,4

Front 24

THE TWO BLOOD SUPPLIES TO THE LIVER ARE VIA THE _________ AND THE _____________. (NAME OF VESSELS)

Back 24

THE TWO BLOOD SUPPLIES TO THE LIVER ARE VIA THE _hepatic artery_ AND THE _hepatic portal vein_. (NAME OF VESSELS

Front 25

BILE ENTERS THE DUODENUM THROUGH THE __________.

Back 25

BILE ENTERS THE DUODENUM THROUGH THE _sphincter of oddi_.

Front 26

T/F:
Chyme entering the duodenum that bas a pH below 3.5 causes the release of secretin, which slows gastric emptying and inhibits the release of gastrin

Back 26

True

Front 27

T/F:
Peristalsis consists of moving waves of contracted circular muscle preceded by an area of relaxed muscle that sweeps the entire length of the small intestine

Back 27

False

Front 28

T/F:
Beta-adrenergic stimulation of the parotid salivary glands produces a secretion that is richer in amylase

Back 28

True

Front 29

T/F:
Oxyntic cells secrete the family of proteolytic proenzymes known as the pepsinogens.

Back 29

False

Front 30

T/F:
Optimal activity for salivary amylase and the pepsins occurs when the pH is 7

Back 30

False

Front 31

T/F:
Parietal cells and chief cells are most numerous in the gastric glands of the pyloric glandular region of the stomach

Back 31

False

Front 32

T/F:
Potassium ions enter the lumen of the gastric glands by primary active transport

Back 32

False

Front 33

T/F:
The tall columnar epithelial cells that line the lumen of the stomach differentiate from the mucous neck cells found in the gastric pits

Back 33

True

Front 34

T/F:
Cl- concentration is higher in the cytoplasm parietal cell than in plasma

Back 34

True

Front 35

T/F:
The control of gastric acid secretion during the cephalic phase is mediated entirely by the vagus nerve.

Back 35

True

Front 36

T/F:
Chymotrypsinogen is activated by enteropeptidase.

Back 36

False

Front 37

T/F:
The amount of lecithin present determines the amount of cholesterol that can be dissolved in the micelles.

Back 37

True

Front 38

Long-term, high-dose, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy may adversely affect the absorption of:
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. dietary fiber
e. none of the above

Back 38

b. lipids

Front 39

Concerning the liver, which of the following is NOT true:
a. hepatocytes are arranged in plates that radiate out from the central vein
b. sinusoids are vascular spaces located between the plates of hepatocytes
c. sinusoids are lined with endothelial cells and Kupffer Cells
d. bile is secreted into canaliculi and flows into bile ducts located in the center of each lobule
e. all of the above are true

Back 39

d. bile is secreted into canaliculi and flows into bile ducts located in the center of each lobule

Front 40

T/F:
Chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase are cleaved to their active forms by enteropeptidase (enterokinase).

Back 40

False

Front 41

T/F:
The gallbladder is drained by the cystic duct.

Back 41

True

Front 42

T/F:
The Kupffer Cells of the liver produce the bile that drains into the bile canaliculi

Back 42

False

Front 43

T/F:
The more lecithin present in the micelles, the less cholesterol can be dissolved.

Back 43

False

Front 44

T/F:
Primary bile acids are converted to secondary bile acids by colonic bacteria.

Back 44

False

Front 45

T/F:
Intestinal villi are the very small projections on the tips of the tall columnar epithelial cells of the small intestines.

Back 45

False

Front 46

The acinar cells of the pancreas are stimulated to secrete the enzyme component of pancreatic juice by the secretogogue:
a. secretin
b. cholecystokinin
c. histamine
d. epinephrine

Back 46

b. cholecystokinin

Front 47

T/F:
Conjugated bilirubin is not soluble and thereby form insoluble calcium salts in bile.

Back 47

False

Front 48

The exocrine pancreatic juice is composed of a /an (A)_____________ component that is spontaneously secreted in the (B)_____________ and is modified in the (C)__________ when stimulated by (D) _____________.

Back 48

The exocrine pancreatic juice is composed of a /an (A)_aqueous_ component that is spontaneously secreted in the (B)_interlobar_ and is modified in the (C)_extralobar_ when stimulated by (D) _secretin_.

Front 49

Between meals bile secreted by the liver is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After the start of a meal however, the gallbladder begins emptying the bile into the duodenum. Which of the following is a TRUE statement:
A. In the initial phase, consistent contraction of the gallbladder force bile through the sphincter of Oddi
B. All three phases of digestion elicit similar rates of gallbladder empting
C. Stimulation of sympathetic nerve to the gallbladder inhibits emptying of the gallbladder
D. During the intestinal phase of digestion contraction and relaxation are mostly mediated by the cholinergic signaling elicited by the vagus nerve and gastrin release from the stomach.
E. None of the above.

Back 49

C. Stimulation of sympathetic nerve to the gallbladder inhibits emptying of the gallbladder

Front 50

T/F:
Bicarb (HCO-3) enters the ileum and colon by countertransport with Cl- for a net loss.

Back 50

True

Front 51

T/F:
During "rest and digest" periods (parasympathetic stimulation), absorption of Na+, Cl-, and water is increased.

Back 51

False

Front 52

T/F:
Only 1 to 2% of ingested B12 is absorbed without the aid of intrinsic factor (IF).

Back 52

True

Front 53

T/F:
The epithelial cells of the stomach secrete mucus and bicarbonate that make the mucus layer acid and protect the surface of the stomach from damage by gastric content.

Back 53

False

Front 54

T/F:
When the double mutant mice lacking IP3R2 and IP3R3 were fed a predigested diet containing glucose and amino acids for a week they gained weight. This data suggest that the digestive system dysfunction caused the malnutrition.

Back 54

True

Front 55

T/F:
The cholinergic-induced stimulation of amylase production in the IP3R2/IP3R3 knockout mice was abolished by atropine.

Back 55

False

Front 56

T/F:
In salivary secretion, stimulation of the sympathetic nerves causes the release of Ca2+ and subsequent release of water.

Back 56

False

Front 57

T/F:
The parietal cells are stimulated to secrete HCl-. G cells produce gastrin which also influences HCl- production.

Back 57

True

Front 58

Between meals bile secreted by the liver is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After the start of a meal however, the gallbladder begins emptying the bile into the duodenum. Which of the following statements is true?
F. In the initial phase, consistent contraction of the gallbladder force bile through the sphincter of Oddi.
G. All three phases of digestion elicit similar rates of gallbladder empting.
H. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the gallbladder inhibits emptying of the gallbladder.
I. During the intestinal phase of digestion contraction and relaxation are mostly mediated by the cholinergic signaling elicited by the vagus nerve and gastrin release from the stomach.
J. None of the above.

Back 58

H. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the gallbladder inhibits emptying of the gallbladder.

Front 59

_________ is ESSENTIAL FOR THE ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM.

Back 59

Vitamin D

Front 60

T/F:
BICARBONATE IONS (HCO3-) ARE EXCHANGED FOR CHLORIDE IONS (CI-) IN THE ILEUM AND COLON RESUL TING IN COLONIC CONTENTS BEING ALKALOTIC RELA TIVE TO PLASMA

Back 60

True

Front 61

T/F:
Micelles are produced in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the absorptive cells of the small intestine.

Back 61

False

Front 62

T/F:
The small intestine absorbs the bulk of the water that enters the alimentary canal

Back 62

True

Front 63

T/F:
Micelles are produced in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the absorptive cells of the small intestine.

Back 63

False

Front 64

T/F:
Because bile acids lost into the feces are the only significant way of cholesterol excretion, drugs that promote the reabsorption of bile acids in the ileum are often used to lower the level of cholesterol in the blood

Back 64

False

Front 65

T/F:
The entire bile pool is recirculated two or more times during a typical meal. This recirculation is known as enterohepatic circulation.

Back 65

True

Front 66

Bile acids are amphipathic which allow them to form molecular aggregates in a solution. Select the correct answer (s).
a. The molecular aggregates are called micelles having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains with the hydrophobic side of the bile acid facing towards the water.
b. Mixed micelles contain bile acid, 2- monoglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipids with the hydrophilic side of the bile acid facing away from the water.
c. Mixed micelles contain bile acid, 2- monoglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipids with the hydrophilic side of the bile acid facing towards from the water.
d. The molecular aggregates are called micelles having neither hydrophobic nor hydrophilic domains however they contain bile acid, 2- monoglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipids.
e. c and d are correct

Back 66

c. Mixed micelles contain bile acid, 2- monoglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acid and phospholipids with the hydrophilic side of the bile acid facing towards from the water.

Front 67

How is each ion concentration effected of gastic juice as the rate of secretion increase?
H, Na, Cl, K

Back 67

[H]- increases
[Na]- decreases
[Cl]- increases
[K]- increases slightly

Front 68

Rate of gastric secretion varies among individuals, what is the unstimulated basal level range?

Back 68

1-5 mEq/hr

Front 69

What is the stimulated levels of gastric secretion?

Back 69

6- 40 mEq/hr

Front 70

T/F:
Since the number of parietal cells vary among individuals, there is a wide range of HCl secretion.

Back 70

True

Front 71

Ionic composition of gastric juice depends on the rate of secretion, at high flow rates gastric juices contain predominantly what 2 ions?

Back 71

H and Cl

Front 72

When in resting state, the H, K ATPase (proton pump), is restricted to what intracellular compartment?

Back 72

TVEs
tubulovesicular elements

Front 73

During stimulus of the parietal membrane, what 3 second messengers rise in levels, in relation to the H,K ATPase pump?

Back 73

Calcium, cAMP, PKA

Front 74

What type of protein complexes mediate the translocation of the H,K ATPase pump to the apical plasma membrane?

Back 74

SNARE

Front 75

T/F:
During gastric acid secretion, H is pumped out against its concentration gradient by the H,K APTase pump.

Back 75

True

Front 76

T/F:
HCO3 is pumped against its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.

Back 76

False:
flows down electrochemical gradient