Pbd Respiratory Exam

Front 1

True/False
The first cell membrane encountered as an oxygen molecule diffuses from the alveolar air to the hemoglobin of a circulating erythrocyte is that of a Type II Pneumocyte.

Back 1

False. Type I Pneumocyte.

Front 2

True/False
A major expiratory muscle is the diaphragm.

Back 2

False. inspiratory.

Front 3

True/False
Pulmonary edema would increase lung compliance.

Back 3

False. decrease.

Front 4

The condition (primary) producing chronic dyspnea that is caused by inhalation of mineral or organic dust is:
a. pneumoconioses
b. broncopneumonia
c. brochiectasis
d. atelectasis
e. none of the above

Back 4

a. pneumoconioses

Front 5

The cells of the conducting airways of the tracheobronchial tree are supplied with oxygenated blood by the ____________________ .

Back 5

Bronchial Artery

Front 6

The volume of air in the lungs of an unconscious (average, 70 kg, healthy, young, male) person that is in respirator arrest is: _________________________ (name or amount in ml)

Back 6

Functional Residual Capacity or 2300 mL

Front 7

True/False
If the pressure drop (delta P) across a vascular bed remained constant and the artery supplying that vascular bed dilated from a radius of 1 mm to 2 mm, flow (Q) would increase by a factor of 16.

Back 7

True

Front 8

True/False
The nasal cavities, pharynx, and trachea make up the upper airways.

Back 8

False. The nasal cavities and pharynx make up

Front 9

True/False
Turbulent precipitation of inspired particulate mater becomes more effective as air velocity increases in the small diameter airways.

Back 9

False. large diameter airways.

Front 10

True/False
A typical value for anatomical dead space in an average 70 Kg young adult healthy male would be 150 ml.

Back 10

True

Front 11

Substitution of one normal cell-type for another normal cell-type is referred to as ________________.

Back 11

Metaplasia

Front 12

The correct medical terminology for a runny nose is ________.

Back 12

Rhinorrhea

Front 13

True/False
Elevated levels of CO2 in poorly ventilated areas of the lung cause the blood vessels supplying those parts of the lung to vasoconstrict.

Back 13

False. vasodialate.

Front 14

True/False
Inspiratory reserve volume is the volume that can be inspired following a normal tidal expiration.

Back 14

False. a normal tidal inspiration.

Front 15

True/False
A chest X-ray of a person with emphysema would show the diaphragm to be flatter (less domed-shaped) than that of a normal individual.

Back 15

True

Front 16

True/False
The Law of Laplace tells us that surface tension in the wall of a water-bubble decreases as surface area decreases.

Back 16

False. Surfactant tells us.

Front 17

Oxygenated blood is supplied to the bronchi and bronchioles via the ____________ arteries.

Back 17

Bronchial

Front 18

Surfactant is produced in ______________ (name of cell) of the alveolar epithelium.

Back 18

Type II Pneumocytes

Front 19

The medical term for "the presence of air in the pleural space" is _______________.

Back 19

Pneumothorax

Front 20

True/False
Alveolar surface area has a range of from 50 to 100 square meters with an average of about 80 square meters in a typical 70 kg young adult healthy male.

Back 20

True

Front 21

True/False
The first generation of the tracheobronchial tree where gas exchange can occur is generation 16.

Back 21

False. 17.

Front 22

The volume of air in the conducting airways (from nose to terminal bronchioles) is about 150 ml, and is referred to as the ______________.

Back 22

Anatomical dead space

Front 23

The functional components of an organ or tissue (as opposed to the supportive or stromal components) are referred to as the _____________.

Back 23

parenchyma

Front 24

Cholinergic agonists, such as muscarine, ______________ (block / stimulate) brochoconstriction.

Back 24

stimulate

Front 25

Very small particles that make it deep into the lungs (last few generations of the tracheobronchial tree) are removed by which of the following:
a. macrophage
b. mucociliary escalator
c. lymphatic drainage
d. turbulent precipitation
e. a and c
f. b and d

Back 25

e. a and c

Front 26

True/False
During inhalation, air velocity in Generation 16 of the tracheobronchial tree would be higher than that of Generation 6 due to smaller diameter of Generation 16.

Back 26

False. due to larger diameter of Generation 16.

Front 27

True/False
Atropine, an anticholinergic agent, would be a possible treatment for brochoconstriction.

Back 27

True

Front 28

If pulmonary arterial pressure increases while left atrial pressure and pulmonary blood flow remain constant, then pulmonary vascular resistance __________ (increases, decreases, remains constant).

Back 28

increases

Front 29

The sinus cavities located just below the eyes and lateral to the nasal cavities are the ________ sinuses.

Back 29

maxillary

Front 30

Ventilation-perfusion matching that results from a decrease in blood flow (derecruitment) to areas of the lung with low oxygen content due to contraction of vascular smooth muscle is referred to as ___________ (two acceptable names).

Back 30

Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction or Pressor Response to Hypoxia

Front 31

The disease condition producing an abnormal dilatation of the bronchi and larger bronchioles, associated with a chronic necrotizing infection is:
a. pneumoconioses
b. broncopneumonia
c. brochiectasis
d. atelectasis
e. none of the above

Back 31

c. brochiectasis

Front 32

True/False
During inhalation, air velocity increases as it travels down the tracheobronchial tree into the smaller airways.

Back 32

False. decreases.

Front 33

True/False
The squamous cells that make up the majority of the surface area of the alveolar walls are referred to as Type I pneumocytes.

Back 33

True

Front 34

True/False
Bronchiectasis is caused by the inhalation of mineral or organic dust.

Back 34

False. Pneumoconioses.

Front 35

True/False
If pulmonary blood flow goes up and pressure drop (deltaP) across the lungs remains constant, than resistance must have gone up.

Back 35

False. must have gone down.

Front 36

True/False
Pulmonary edema results in an increase in pulmonary compliance.

Back 36

False. decrease.

Front 37

True/False
Minute respiratory volume equals tidal volume minus anatomical dead space (TV-ADS) multiplied by respiratory rate.

Back 37

False. tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate.

Front 38

The replacement of one normal adult-type of cell for another form of nonmalignant adult-type cell is referred to as ___________________.

Back 38

Metaplasia

Front 39

A typical value for the volume of the anatomical dead space of the tracheobronchial tree would be _____________ .

Back 39

150 ml

Front 40

True/False
Surfactant decreases surface tension as surface area decreases.

Back 40

True

Front 41

True/False
During inhalation, pleural pressure becomes more and more negative.

Back 41

True

Front 42

True/False
The rate of diffusion (flux) is directly proportional to the size of the diffusing molecule.

Back 42

False. inversely proportional.

Front 43

True/False
At rest, blood-oxygen levels control ventilation.

Back 43

False. chemoreceptors control ventilation.

Front 44

The diaphragm is innervated by the _____________ nerve.

Back 44

phrenic

Front 45

We discussed 7 items (PCO2, [H+], pH, temperature, affinity, P50, and 2,3-DPG) that either increase or decrease as the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts left and right. List 4 that increase with a right shift. (1 pt ea)
_________, ________, ________, ________.

Back 45

PCO2, [H+], temperature, P50, 2,3-DPG (any 4 of the 5)

Front 46

True/False
The anatomical dead space of the respiratory system includes the conducting structures from the nares to the terminal bronchioles.

Back 46

True

Front 47

True/False
The first cell membrane encountered as an oxygen molecule diffuses from the alveolar air to the hemoglobin of a circulating erythrocyte is that of a Type II Pneumocyte.

Back 47

False. Type I Pneumocyte.

Front 48

The condition (primary) producing chronic dyspnea that is caused by inhalation of mineral or organic dust is:
a. pneumoconioses
b. broncopneumonia
c. brochiectasis
d. atelectasis
e. none of the above

Back 48

a. pneumoconioses

Front 49

The cells of the conducting airways of the tracheobronchial tree are supplied with oxygenated blood by the ____________________ .

Back 49

bronchial artery

Front 50

The volume of air in the lungs of an unconscious (average, 70 kg, healthy, young, male) person that is in respirator arrest is: _________________________ (name or amount in ml)

Back 50

Functional Residual Capacity or 2300 ml

Front 51

True/False
Heat exchange occurring as air flow over the nasal mucosa can be in either direction (into or out of) depending on the direction of flow (inhalation vs exhalation).

Back 51

True

Front 52

True/False
The right and left nasal cavities are separated by the nasal conchae.

Back 52

False. by the nasal septum.

Front 53

The paired sinuses located just above the eyes are the _________ sinuses.

Back 53

Frontal

Front 54

True/False
Contraction of the anterior abdominal wall muscles results in an increase in thoracic cavity volume and facilitates inhalation.

Back 54

False. Contraction of the diaphragm muscles

Front 55

True/False
Emphysema produces a decrease in lung compliance.

Back 55

False. increase.

Front 56

True/False
During relaxed exhalation (no muscle action) starting from total lung capacity (TLC), the elastic properties of the thoracic wall opposes the inward elastic recoil of the lung.

Back 56

False. starting from functional residual capacity (FRC)

Front 57

A typical 70 Kg young adult male, breathing with a tidal volume of 500 ml and a respiratory rate of 14 breaths per minute, has a minute alveolar ventilation of __________ ml / minute. Anatomical dead space = 150 mL.

Back 57

4900

Front 58

Premature infants often suffer from fetal lung syndrome (infant respiratory syndrome) due to lack of sufficient production of ______________, which reduces pulmonary surface forces.

Back 58

surfactant

Front 59

Fick's Law of Diffusion tells us that an increase in viscosity of the plasma that occurs during dehydration, ____________ (increases/decreases/does not change) the rate of diffusion (flux).

Back 59

decreases

Front 60

True/False
Normal values for a sample of mixed venous blood would be 46 mmHg partial pressure of oxygen, 40 mmHg partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH 7.36, and hemoglobin saturation 72.5%.

Back 60

False. 40 mmHg partial pressure of oxygen, 46 mmHg partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Front 61

True/False
A sample of expired air has a higher partial pressure of oxygen and a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide than a sample of alveolar air.

Back 61

True

Front 62

True/False
Plasma can transport 1.34 ml of oxygen per mmHg partial pressure of oxygen per dl (1.34 ml O2 / mmHg PO2 / dl).

Back 62

False. 0.003 ml of oxygen. (0.003 ml O2 / mmHg PO2 / dl).

Front 63

True/False
When anaerobic conditions exist, more 2,3-DPG is produced by RBC and P50 increases.

Back 63

True

Front 64

The hydration of carbon dioxide resulting in production of hydrogen and bicarb ions is greatly accelerated by the enzyme _______________.

Back 64

carbonic anhydrase

Front 65

During normal resting conditions, ventilation is controlled mainly by central chemoreceptors located on the ventral surface of the medulla that are stimulated by _________.

Back 65

H+ or hydrogen ions

Front 66

The majority of CO2 is transported in the blood in the form of ______________.

Back 66

bicarbonate or HCO3-

Front 67

True/False
A complication of silicosis that contributes to alveolar debris is the killing of pulmonary
macrophages.

Back 67

True

Front 68

True/False
The cells of the bronchi and bronchioles receive oxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries.

Back 68

False. bronchial arteries.

Front 69

True/False
Primary pulmonary hypertension is more common in individuals displaying Raynaud's
Syndrome than in the general population.

Back 69

True

Front 70

True/False
A typical value for mean pulmonary artery pressure would be 14 mrnHg.

Back 70

True

Front 71

True/False
A puncture wound through the wall of the thorax would produce traumatic pneumothorax and traumatic atelectasis.

Back 71

True

Front 72

True/False
Vital capacity is the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded.

Back 72

False. Total lung capacity is.

Front 73

True/False
Loss of surfactant, which occurs in adult respiratory shock syndrome, would increase the value of FRC.

Back 73

False. decrease the value of FRC.

Front 74

True/False
Fick's Law of Diffusion tells us that flux is directly proportional to the size of the diffusing molecule.

Back 74

False. inversely proportional.

Front 75

True/False
When highly saturated, hemoglobin gives up large amounts of oxygen for small changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.

Back 75

False. small amounts of oxygen for large changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.

Front 76

True/False
Deoxyhemoglobin can form more carbamino compounds than oxyhemoglobin.

Back 76

True

Front 77

True/False
Blood stored in blood banks for long periods will have elevated levels of 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG).

Back 77

False. low levels.

Front 78

True/False
More CO2 is carried in physical solution in plasma than is O2.

Back 78

True

Front 79

True/False
The Haldane Effect has to do with the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen due to changes in pH.

Back 79

False. The Bohr Effect.

Front 80

True/False
If arterial CO2 partial pressure is 36 mmHg and bicarbonate concentration is 24 mmHg, then
pH will be greater than 7.4.

Back 80

True

Front 81

True/False
Central chemoreceptors are located on the ventral surface of the brain and have binding sites for CO2.

Back 81

False. H+ or hydrogen ions.

Front 82

True/False
In the typical, healthy, young adult, increases in arterial PCO2 levels stimulate ventilation during moderate exercise.

Back 82

False. do not stimulate ventilation.

Front 83

True/False
Carbon monoxide is dangerous at very low levels because it is easily released from hemoglobin at the tissues and poisons the cells.

Back 83

False. very high levels because it is not easily released from hemoglobin

Front 84

True/False
The velocity of inhaled air increases as it enters the smaller airways deep in the lungs.

Back 84

False. decreases.

Front 85

True/False
The epiglottis folds down during the sneeze reflex to prevent air from entering the esophagus.

Back 85

False. prevent food from entering the trachea.

Front 86

True/False
The functions of ciliated cells and goblet cells of the tracheobronchial tree are stimulated by cigarette smoke in an attempt to remove harmful particulate matter found in smoke.

Back 86

False. are inhibited.

Front 87

True/False
Sneezing, gagging, and coughing are local responses and do not require afferent signals to the CNS.

Back 87

False. and require afferent signals to the CNS.

Front 88

True/False
The eustachian tube connects the oropharynx with the sphenoidal sinus.

Back 88

False. nasopharynx and the middle ears.

Front 89

True/False
Minute alveolar ventilation is equal to tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate.

Back 89

False. is equal to tidal volume minus anatomical dead space multiplied by respiratory rate.

Front 90

True/False
A sample of expired air would have a higher partial pressure of oxygen than a sample of alveolar air.

Back 90

True

Front 91

True/False
Alveolar surface area is approximately 40 times that of total body surface area.

Back 91

True

Front 92

True/False
The mucociliary escalator is to turbulent precipitation as lymphatic drainage is to settling.

Back 92

True

Front 93

True/False
Klebsiella is the leading cause of lobar pneumonia.

Back 93

False. Pneumococci is the leading cause.

Front 94

True/False
Consolidation refers to constriction of airways due to mucosal edema.

Back 94

False. refers to the accumulation of liquid in the alveoli.

Front 95

True/False
The most numerous cell type making up the walls of the alveoli is the Type I pneumocyte.

Back 95

False. Type II pnuemocyte.

Front 96

True/False
The formation of pulmonary capillary rouleau reduces the amount of plasma that diffusing gases must pass through by placing the periphery of the disk-shaped erythrocytes in close approximation to the endothelial cell membrane.

Back 96

True

Front 97

True/False
All epithelial cells, including endothelial cells, have a basement membrane that is in contact with the interstitial fluid that bathes them.

Back 97

True

Front 98

Considering the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, under the conditions encountered at the tissues, which of the following is FALSE:
a. hydrogen ion concentration goes up
b. P50 goes down
c. hemoglobin affinity for oxygen goes down
d. pH goes down
e. all of the above are true

Back 98

b. P50 goes down

Front 99

Considering the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which of the following is FALSE:
a. it is found in high concentration in erythrocytes.
b. it greatly accelerates the hydration of CO2
c. it yields carbonic acid as an intermediate
d. it has a marked influence on the pH of plasma.
e. all of the above are true

Back 99

e. all of the above are true

Front 100

If the SGD diseases, which one is characterized by mucous gland hyperplasia, airway muscle hypertrophy, airway wall thickening and inflammation:
a. asthma
b. chronic bronchitis
c. cystic fibrosis
d. emphysema
e. none of the above

Back 100

b. chronic bronchitis

Front 101

36. Of the SGD diseases, which one is an autosomal recessive inherited systemic disorder:
a. asthma
b. chronic bronchitis
c. cystic fibrosis
d. emphysema
e. none of the above

Back 101

c. cystic fibrosis

Front 102

A "sweat test" disclosing a sodium chloride concentration of greater then 50 mEq/l would be used to diagnose:
a. asthma
b. chronic bronchitis
c. cystic fibrosis
d. emphysema
e. none of the above

Back 102

c. cystic fibrosis

Front 103

Concerning pulmonary compliance, which of the following is FALSE:
a. it is the ease with which the lungs can be expanded
b. expressed as the volume change in the lungs for each unit change in pleural pressure
c. a typical value would be 0.22 L/cmH20
d. compliance curves are different for inspiration and expiration
e. all of the above are true

Back 103

e. all of the above are true

Front 104

Which of the following is NOT an important function of the mucous-membrane covered nasal conchae:
a. humidifying inspired air
b. warming inspired air
c. turbulent precipitation of inspired air
d. trapping of particulate matter in inspired air
e. all of the above are important

Back 104

e. all of the above are important

Front 105

Concerning chronic pulmonary hypertension, which of the following is FALSE:
a. can be caused by chronic bronchitis
b. can be caused by kyphoscoliosis
c. can be caused by pulmonary vascular sclerosis
d. can be causkd by pneumoconioses
e. can be caused by all of the above

Back 105

c. can be caused by pulmonary vascular sclerosis

Front 106

If trapped 3 feet under water, which of the following is TRUE concerning breathing through a 4 cm diameter garden hose that is 5 meters long, filled with air, and open at the
surface (single best answer):
a. you could not get enough air due to the high resistance to air flow through the hose
b. you could get enough air because TAP (considering the hose as part of your airways) would be positive and hold the hose open
c. you could get enough air by breathing in and out through the hose due to the large diameter of the hose
d. you could get enough air if you inhaled through the hose and exhaled out your nose
e. none of the above are true

Back 106

d. you could get enough air if you inhaled through the hose and exhaled out your nose

Front 107

Concerning the tracheobronchial tree, which of the following is FALSE
a. each successive generation of airways going deeper into the lung becomes narrower
b. each successive generation of airways going deeper into the lung becomes shorter
c. in each successive generation going deeper into the lung the number of airways increases
d. each successive airway going deeper into the lung has an increased cross-section area
e. all of the above are true

Back 107

d. each successive airway going deeper into the lung has an increased cross-section area

Front 108

Concerning the alveoli of the lungs of a typical, healthy, young adult, 70 kg male, which of the following is FALSE:
a. they are thin-walled, polyhedral shaped sacs designed for efficient diffusion
b. their number is typically between 2 and 6 x 10"ith an average of about 300 million
c. their surface area is typically about 80 square meters due to the squamous shape of the Type II pneumocytes
d. they have a dense capillary bed estimated to consist of approximately 280 billion capillaries
e. all of the above are true

Back 108

c. their surface area is typically about 80 square meters due to the squamous shape of the Type II pneumocytes

Front 109

The abnormal dilatation of the bronchi and larger bronchioles that is associated with a chronic necrotizing infection is referred to as:
a. pneumoconioses
b. bronchopneumonia
c. bronchiectasis
d. chronic bronchitis
e. none of the above

Back 109

c. bronchiectasis

Front 110

As an oxygen molecule diffuses through the blood-gas barrier, it would pass through the cell membranes of how many cell types:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5

Back 110

c. 3

Front 111

The type of bronchogenic carcinoma that is most common in nonsmokers and may
produce secretory products is:
a. squamous cell carcinoma
b. adenocarcinoma
c. small cell carcinoma
d. large (giant) cell carcinoma

Back 111

b. adenocarcinoma

Front 112

Considering the respiratory system in a patient that has impaired pumping of the left ventricle, which of the following is FALSE:
a. changes in Starling Forces would favor pulmonary edema formation'
b. flow through the pulmonary circulation will decrease
c. pulmonary compliance will increase
d. plural pressure will be more negative at all lung volumes
e. all of the above are true

Back 112

c. pulmonary compliance will increase

Front 113

Concerning ventilation / perfusion matching, which of the following is TRUE:
a. results in reduced work by the heart when at high altitude or while holding your breath
b. is mediated by the autonomic nervous system
c. results from the decrease in pH due to increased blood levels of CO2
d. results from the pulmonary vasculature's response to decrease levels of O2
e. none of the above are true

Back 113

d. results from the pulmonary vasculature's response to decrease levels of O2

Front 114

Normal values for an arterial blood sample of a typical, healthy, young, adult female would be:
pH, PO2(mmHg), PC02 (mmHg), Hematocrit (%), Hemoglobin Sat (%)

Back 114

pH 7.40, PO2 100 mmHg, PC02 40 mmHg, Hematocrit 38%, Hemoglobin Sat 97.5%

Front 115

Identify the correct statement below:
a. if flow increases and resistance goes up, then pressure drop (delta P) will decrease
b. if flow increases and pressure drop (delta P) goes down, then resistance will increase
c. if resistance decreases and pressure drop (delta P) remains constant, then flow will go up
d. if pressure drop (delta P) decreases and flow remains constant, then resistance will go up
e. none are correct

Back 115

c. if resistance decreases and pressure drop (delta P) remains constant, then flow will go up

Front 116

Enhancement of the elimination of CO2 in the lungs and of uptake at the tissues due to changes in the blood's capacity to carry CO2 as a function of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen is described by which of the following:
a. the Starling equation
b. the Law of Laplace
c. the Bohr Effect
d. the Haldane Effect
e. none of the above

Back 116

d. the Haldane Effect

Front 117

Before his death, Pee Wee the dwarf underwent pulmonary volume testing and the following values were obtained:
resting tidal volume 300 ml
vital capacity 3000 ml
inspiratory reserve vol. 2000 ml
expiratory reserve vol. 700 ml
residual vol. 800 ml
total lung capacity 3800 ml
Immediately following death his lung volume would be:
a. 1000 ml
b. 1100 ml
c. 1500 ml
d. 1700 ml
e. 2300 ml

Back 117

c. 1500 ml
Functional Residual Capacity = Total Lung Capacity - Inspiratory Reserve Volume - Resting Tidal Volume

Front 118

Intuition, aided by Poiseuille's Law, tells us which of the following statements is TRUE:
a. flow in a tube is directly proportional to the viscosity of the fluid
b. resistance to flow in a tube is directly proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the tube
c. flow in a tube is directly proportional to the pressure drop (delta P=Pi-Pout) across the tube
d. resistance to flow in a tube is inversely proportional to the length of the tube
e. none of the above are true

Back 118

c. flow in a tube is directly proportional to the pressure drop (delta P=Pi-Pout) across the tube

Front 119

In a critically ill patient suffering from kidney and liver failure, proteins are lost in the urine and not replaced by the liver. Under these conditions, which of the following statements is FALSE:
a. total body lymphatic flow would increase
b. ascities and hydrothorax would be more likely to occur
c. capillary hydrostatic pressure would be opposed by a higher tissue hydrostatic pressure
d. tissue oncotic pressure would decrease
e. all of the above are true

Back 119

e. all of the above are true

Front 120

During pulmonary function testing a healthy patient is asked to perform a "forced vital capacity" (maximum expiratory flow test). Which of the following statements is FALSE:
a. the internal'intercostal and anterior abdominal wall muscles are activated
b. transmural airway pressure becomes larger as air is exhaled
c. flow rate decreases as lung volume decreases
d. pleural pressure becomes positive
e. all of the above are true

Back 120

b. transmural airway pressure becomes larger as air is exhaled

Front 121

Concerning an unconscious person that is not breathing, which of the following is a TRUE statement:
a. their peripheral chemoreceptors would be the first to signal a need for increased ventilation
b. hypoxemia would be the initial stimulus to increase ventilation
c. elevated levels of blood C 0 2 would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
d. increased blood CO2 levels would decrease the P50 of hemoglobin
e. none of the above are true

Back 121

c. elevated levels of blood CO2 would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Front 122

Concerning functional residual capacity (FRC), which of following is FALSE:
a. a typical value for pleural pressure would be -4 mmHg
b. a typical lung volume in a healthy, average male would be 2300 ml
c. there would be no active contraction of respiratory muscles
d. this lung volume would be reached when the inward elastic recoil of the lungs exactly equals the outward elastic recoil of the chest wall
e. all of the above are true

Back 122

e. all of the above are true

Front 123

Concerning an individual with emphysema, which of the following is FALSE:
a. many of their alveoli have been destroyed leaving large, empty areas
b. tissue forces affecting lung recoil are reduced
c. surface forces affecting lung recoil are reduced
d. their diaphragm will be more dome-shaped at FRC compared to a normal individual
e. all of the above are true

Back 123

d. their diaphragm will be more dome-shaped at FRC compared to a normal individual

Front 124

Concerning surfactant, which of the following is FALSE:
a. produced by Type II pneumocytes
b. produces hysteresis in the relationship of surface tension and area for inhalation and exhalation
c. produces wall tension in alveoli that is proportional to the product of alveolar pressure times the radius of the alveoli
d. increases the compliance of the lungs
e. all of the above are true

Back 124

c. produces wall tension in alveoli that is proportional to the product of alveolar pressure times the radius of the alveoli

Front 125

At some point in time during a forced exhalation, the following conditions occur:
Atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg
Pleural pressure is 15 mmHg above atmospheric
Alveolar pressire is 25 mmHg above atmospheric
At a point of interest in the tracheobronchial tree the pressure is 6 mmHg above atmospheric
Transmural airway pressure (TAP) at the point of interest (relative to atmospheric) is:
a. -9 mmHg
b. -10mmHg
c. -21 mmHg
d. +9 mmHg
e. +21 mmHg

Back 125

a. -9 mmHg

Front 126

In a severely anemic patient, lab tests reveal the following: hemoglobin concentration is 10 g/dl
oxygen binding to hemoglobin is 1.34 ml/g
hematocrit is 25 %
The oxygen carrying capacity of this patient's blood is:
a. 20 ml/dl
b. 6.7 ml/dl
c. 13.4 ml/dl
d. 10 ml/dl
e. none of the above

Back 126

c. 13.4 ml/dl

Front 127

True/False
Blood supplied to the bronchi via the bronchial arteries is returned to the right heart via the bronchial veins.

Back 127

False. via the pulmonary veins.

Front 128

True/False
Lactic acid, produced during vigorous exercise, would increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

Back 128

False. decrease.

Front 129

True/False
A major danger of phlebothrombosis occurring in the legs of a bed ridden patient is the increased risk of an embolism reaching the cerebral arteries.

Back 129

False. pulmonary arteries.

Front 130

True/False
If cardiac output decreases and pulmonary artery and left atrial pressures remain unchanged, then resistance to flow through the pulmonary circulation is less.

Back 130

False. through the pulmonary circulation is increased.

Front 131

True/False
Left-side heart failure can result in increased compliance of the lungs.

Back 131

False. decreased.

Front 132

True/False
The compliant airways of the lungs always have a larger diameter during inhalation compared to exhalation.

Back 132

True

Front 133

True/False
80% to 90% of CO2 is transported in the blood as carbamino compounds.

Back 133

False. bicarbonate compounds.

Front 134

True/False
An individual with normal bicarbonate plasma concentrations and elevated CO2 would have a higher-than-normal blood pH.

Back 134

False. lower-than-normal blood pH.

Front 135

True/False
CO2 is approximately 20 times more soluble in plasma than O2.

Back 135

True

Front 136

True/False
The chemoreceptors having the greatest control over ventilation under normal resting conditions are located on the aorta and carotid bodies

Back 136

False. located on the ventral surface of the medulla.

Front 137

True/False
Type I pneumocytes contain lamellar inclusion bodies and produce surfactant.

Back 137

False. Type II pneumocytes.

Front 138

True/False
The abbreviation used to denote the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in one second following a maximum inhalation is FVC1.

Back 138

False. is FEV1.

Front 139

True/False
The eustachian tube communicates between the pharynx and the inner ear.

Back 139

False. nasopharynx and the middle ears.

Front 140

True/False
Turbulent precipitation is an important defense mechanism in the deeper generations of the tracheobronchial tree because these generations are smaller in diameter.

Back 140

False. beginning generations of the tracheobronchial tree because these generations are larger in diameter.

Front 141

True/False
Diseases that produce early dyspnea as a symptom are usually localized in the upper generations of the tracheobronchial tree.

Back 141

False. lower generations of the tracheobronchial tree.

Front 142

True/False
Lobar pneumonia is frequently caused by the pneumococci baterium.

Back 142

True

Front 143

True/False
If cardiac output increases and pulmonary artery and left atrial pressures remain unchanged, then resistance to flow through the pulmonary circulation is less.

Back 143

True

Front 144

True/False
A representative value for mean capillary pressure in the pulmonary circulation would be 11 mmHg.

Back 144

True

Front 145

True/False
Rhinitis is the medical term for a runny nose.

Back 145

False. Rhinorrhea.

Front 146

True/False
Particulate matter reaching the alveolar duct and alveolar sac levels of the tracheobronchial tree is removed via the mucociliary escalator.

Back 146

False. via the alveolar macrophages in phagocytosis.

Front 147

True/False
Consolidation refers to the accumulation of liquid in the pleural space.

Back 147

False. in the alveoli.

Front 148

True/False
The rectus abdominis muscle is an important muscle of inspiration.

Back 148

False. of expiration.

Front 149

True/False
An increase in the activity of the phrenic nerve would result in a more negative pleural pressure.

Back 149

True

Front 150

True/False
The oropharynx lies between the posterior tip of the soft palate and the upper surface of the epiglottis.

Back 150

True

Front 151

True/False
A serious danger associated with an embolus originating in a vein is its potential to reach the brain and block blood flow there.

Back 151

False. its potential to reach the lungs.

Front 152

True/False
At TLC, the surface area of the diaphragm would be less than what it would be at FRC.

Back 152

False. greater than.

Front 153

True/False
Extreme obesity can result in primary pulmonary vascular sclerosis.

Back 153

False. Primary pulmonary hypertension can result in.

Front 154

True/False
The paths taken by a bolus of food from the oral cavity and air inhaled through the nose cross in the pharynx.

Back 154

True

Front 155

True/False
An accumulation of liquid in the pleural space is referred to as ascites.

Back 155

False. in the abdominal space (peritoneal cavity).

Front 156

True/False
Pulmonary diseases that produce cough as an early symptom usually involve the airway mucosa or generate abnormally high amounts of secretions.

Back 156

True

Front 157

True/False
The number of cell membranes that must be crossed as an oxygen molecule diffuses through the blood-gas barrier of the alveoli is typically five.

Back 157

True

Front 158

True/False
Derecruitment of alveolar capillary beds occurs in response to lower-than-normal oxygen levels within the affected alveoli.

Back 158

True

Front 159

True/False
Minute respiratory volume is equal to tidal volume minus anatomical dead space volume, this quantity divided by respiratory rate.

Back 159

False. is equal to tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate.

Front 160

True/False
Blood supplied to the lungs via the bronchial arteries is returned from the lungs to the right atrium.

Back 160

False. to the left atrium.

Front 161

True/False
A typical value for the compliance of healthy human lungs is 220 ml / cmH2O.

Back 161

True

Front 162

True/False
Patients with emphysema have decreased lung compliance.

Back 162

False. increased.

Front 163

True/False
Spirometry can be used to measure total lung capacity.

Back 163

False. to measure forced vital capacity.

Front 164

True/False
The volume of air that can be expired from FRC is referred to as inspiratory reserve volume.

Back 164

False. as expiratory reserve volume.

Front 165

True/False
Humidified atmospheric air contains more oxygen than drier atmospheric air.

Back 165

False. less oxygen

Front 166

True/False
The oxygen capacity of blood is about 20.0 ml / L at 37 degrees C.

Back 166

False. 20.0 ml / dL

Front 167

True/False
The P50 of hemoglobin is higher when hemoglobin's affinity is increased.

Back 167

False. is decreased.

Front 168

True/False
More hydrogen ions can be handled by deoxyhemoglobin than by oxyhemoglobin.

Back 168

True

Front 169

True/False
Control of ventilation is regulated mainly by peripheral CO2 chemoreceptors.

Back 169

False. mainly by central H+ or hydrogen ions chemoreceptors.

Front 170

True/False
If the ratio of bicarbonate to CO2 becomes 19 in the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, then pH will increase.

Back 170

False. pH will decrease.

Front 171

True/False
A typical sample of mixed venous blood would be expected to have a partial pressure of 40 mmHg of oxygen and a hemoglobin saturation of 72.5%.

Back 171

True

Front 172

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the forces responsible for moving air out of the lungs during the passive exhalation phase of a resting tidal volume:
a. elastin fibers in the alveolar wall
b. collagen fibers in the alveolar wall
c. the elastic properties of the thoracic wall
d. intermolecular attraction within the liquid lining the alveoli
e. all of the above are involved

Back 172

c. the elastic properties of the thoracic wall

Front 173

As air travels down the tracheobronchial tree during inhalation, the first structures encountered where gas exchange can occur are:
a. the alveolar sacs
b. the alveolar ducts
c. the respiratory bronchioles
d. the terminal bronchioles
e. the bronchioles

Back 173

c. the respiratory bronchioles

Front 174

The sinus cavity that is in close proximity to the pituitary gland is the:
a. maxillary
b. frontal
c. sphenoidal
d. ethmoidal
e. palintine

Back 174

c. sphenoidal

Front 175

If tidal volume is 650 ml, respiration rate is 12 breaths per minute, total lung capacity is 6200 ml, and anatomical dead space is 200 ml, then minute alveolar ventilation would be:
a. 7800 ml
b. 4200 ml
c. 4800 ml
d. 5400 ml
e. 6200 ml

Back 175

d. 5400 ml

Front 176

A normal number of red blood cells would be in the range of 4.2 to 5.9 times:
a. 10^9/mm3
b. 10^10/L
c. 10^11/mm3
d. 10^12/L
e. 10^12/mm3

Back 176

d. 10^12/L

Front 177

Which of the following functions does NOT occur in the nasal cavities:
a. humidifying of inspired air
b. turbulent precipitation
c. warming of inspired air
d. secretion of biochemical defense agents
e. all of the above are

Back 177

e. all of the above are

Front 178

Concerning the nasal conchae, which of the following is FALSE:
a. they enhance warming of inspired air by increasing the surface area of the nasal mucosa
b. they contribute to turbulent precipitation of inspired air
c. they separate the nasal cavities into right and left compartments
d. they enhance humidification of inspired air by increasing the surface area of the nasal mucosa
e. all of the above are true

Back 178

c. they separate the nasal cavities into right and left compartments

Front 179

Formation of a thrombus in a vein is referred to as:
a. Raynaud's Syndrome
b. phlebothrombosis
c. thrombophlebitis
d. Rouleau's Syndrome
e. phlebosclerosis

Back 179

b. phlebothrombosis

Front 180

The serous membrane that separates the thoracic cavity into right and left halves is the:
a. mediastinum
b. visceral pleura
c. parietal pleura
d. pulmonary mucosa
e. vasa vasorum

Back 180

a. mediastinum

Front 181

Concerning the tracheobronchial tree, which of the following is/are FALSE:
a. consists of a series of branching tubes which become narrower, shorter, and more numerous as they penetrate deeper into the lungs
b. contains decreasing amounts of cartilage, relative to their size, down to the level of the terminal bronchioles
c. contains increasing amounts of smooth muscle, relative to their size, down to the level of the terminal bronchioles
d. has higher flow velocities as airways become smaller
e. all of the above are true

Back 181

d. has higher flow velocities as airways become smaller

Front 182

Individuals demonstrating Raynaud's Syndrome have a higher incidence of developing which of the following conditions:
a. secondary pulmonary vascular sclerosis
b. secondary pulmonary hypertension
c. primary pulmonary hypertension
d. kyphoscoliosis
e. none of the above

Back 182

c. primary pulmonary hypertension

Front 183

Hydrothorax can produce which of the following:
a. absorption atelectasis
b. compression atelectasis
c. traumatic atelectasis
d. complicating pneumothorax
e. none of the above

Back 183

b. compression atelectasis

Front 184

Concerning the alveoli of the lungs, which of the following is/are FALSE:
a. number about 300 million, on average
b. are between 0.25 and 0.33 mm in diameter at FRC
c. have a dense capillary bed
d. have a total surface area of about 80 square feet, on average
e. all of the above are true

Back 184

d. have a total surface area of about 80 square feet, on average

Front 185

Concerning air flow in the lungs, which of the following is/are FALSE:
a. the velocity of air flow decreases the deeper it goes in the lungs
b. total cross-sectional area increases in the deeper airways
c. turbulent precipitation decreases and settling increases in importance as mechanisms for protecting the alveoli in the deeper airways
d. lymphatic drainage serves to remove particulate material that reaches the alveoli
e. all of the above are true

Back 185

e. all of the above are true

Front 186

The organism that is frequently involved in bacterial pneumonia and is often found to be resistant to antibiotic therapies is:
a. Pneumococci
b. Klebsiella
c. Staphylococcus
d. E. coli
e. none of the above

Back 186

c. Staphylococcus

Front 187

The type of bronchogenic carcinoma that is strongly associated with smoking, highly malignant, but sensitive to chemotherapy and irradiation is:
a. squamous cell carcinoma
b. adenocarcinoma
c. small cell carcinoma
d. large (giant) cell carcinoma
e. none of the above

Back 187

c. small cell carcinoma

Front 188

Concerning the relationship of flow, pressure drop, and resistance (Ohm’s Law), which of the following is FALSE:
a. if resistance decreases and pressure drop remains constant, flow will increase
b. if flow increases and resistance remains constant, pressure drop will increase
c. is pressure drop remains constant and flow increases, resistance will increase
d. if resistance increases and flow increases, pressure drop will increase
e. all of the above are true

Back 188

c. is pressure drop remains constant and flow increases, resistance will increase

Front 189

Considering the factors involved in the Starling Equation, which of the following pairs contains forces that both oppose pulmonary edema formation:
a. Pc and Pt
b. Pc and pi(t)
c. pi(c) and pi(t)
d. Pt and pi(c)
e. none of the above

Back 189

d. Pt and pi(c)

Front 190

Concerning surfactant (dipalmitoyl lecithin), which of the following statements is/are FALSE:
a. has very low surface tension relative to water
b. surface tension decreases as surface area decreases
c. is responsible for the hysteresis seen during compliance plotting of lungs
d. is stored in lamellar inclusion bodies of Type II pneumocytes
e. all of the above are true

Back 190

e. all of the above are true

Front 191

Concerning transmural airway pressure (TAP), which of the following is TRUE:
a. during inhalation, TAP may become negative
b. during exhalation, TAP increases
c. during a forced exhalation, TAP may become negative
d. during inhalation, TAP is always smaller than during exhalation
e. none of the above are true

Back 191

c. during a forced exhalation, TAP may become negative

Front 192

Of the four respiratory-related disease states covered in SGDs, which disease is associated with a sweat test that discloses a sodium chloride concentration greater than 50 mEq/L:
a. asthma
b. chronic bronchitis
c. cystic fibrosis
d. emphysema
e. none of the above

Back 192

c. cystic fibrosis

Front 193

Of the four respiratory-related disease states covered in SGDs, which disease results in increased compliance of the lungs:
a. asthma
b. chronic bronchitis
c. cystic fibrosis
d. emphysema
e. none of the above

Back 193

d. emphysema

Front 194

Concerning oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, which of the following statements is/are TRUE:
a. increased PCO2 increases affinity
b. decreased temperature decreases affinity
c. increased 2,3-DPG decreases affinity
d. decreased hydrogen ion concentration decreases affinity
e. none of the above are true

Back 194

c. increased 2,3-DPG decreases affinity

Front 195

Concerning the carrying capacity of blood, which of the following is FALSE:
a. one gram of hemoglobin can combine with approximately 1.34 ml of O2
b. normal hemoglobin concentration is about 15 g/dl
c. when fully saturated blood can carry about 20 ml/dl
d. only about 0.6 ml/L of oxygen is physically dissolved in plasma
e. all of the above are true

Back 195

d. only about 0.6 ml/L of oxygen is physically dissolved in plasma

Front 196

Concerning Poiseuille’s Law, which of the following is FALSE:
a. states that flow is directly proportional to delta P
b. states that flow is inversely proportional to r4
c. states that flow is inversely proportional to viscosity
d. states that flow is inversely proportional to length
e. all of the above are true

Back 196

c. states that flow is inversely proportional to viscosity

Front 197

True/False
During a Maximum Expiratory Flow test, maximum flow occurs as lung volume passes through the functional residual capacity (FRC) value.

Back 197

False. through the forced vital capacity (FVC) value.

Front 198

True/False
The first generation of the tracheobronchial tree results from branching of the trachea to form the lobar bronchi.

Back 198

False. to form the primary bronchi.

Front 199

True/False
The velocity of air flow is highest in the deeper parts of the tracheobronchial tree due to the small diameter of the distal airways.

Back 199

False. beginning parts of the tracheobronchial tree due to the large diameter of the conducting airways.

Front 200

True/False
The opening to the trachea is known as the epiglottis.

Back 200

False. as the glottis.

Front 201

True/False
The respiratory bronchioles are completely lined with alveoli.

Back 201

False. The alveolar ducts are.

Front 202

True/False
Pneumoconioses produce an abnormal dilatation of the bronchi and larger bronchioles associated with a chronic necrotizing infection.

Back 202

False. Bronchiectasis.

Front 203

True/False
If there is vasodilatation of the pulmonary vessels and the pressure drop across the lungs remains the same, then flow will increase.

Back 203

True

Front 204

True/False
Oxygen is supplied to the larger branches of the tracheobronchial tree by the pulmonary arteries.

Back 204

False. bronchial arteries.

Front 205

True/False
Lower than normal levels of plasma proteins would tend to produce pulmonary and systemic edema.

Back 205

True

Front 206

The airways from the nose to the terminal bronchioles are classified as _________________ airways because gas exchange does not take place.

Back 206

conduction

Front 207

True/False
The lobar bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus.

Back 207

False. The primary bronchi.

Front 208

True/False
Turbulent precipitation occurs in the deepest parts of the tracheobronchial tree due to the small diameter of the distal airways.

Back 208

False. beginning parts of the tracheobronchial tree due to the large diameter of the conducting airways.

Front 209

True/False
The glottis folds over the opening of the trachea during swallowing to prevent ingested material from entering the airways.

Back 209

False. The epiglottis.

Front 210

True/False
The alveolar ducts are completely lined with alveoli.

Back 210

True

Front 211

True/False
Bronchiectasis is caused by the inhalation of mineral or organic dust.

Back 211

False. Pneumoconioses is caused.

Front 212

True/False
If pulmonary blood flow increases without an increase in diameter of the pulmonary vessels, the pressure drop across the lungs will decrease.

Back 212

False. across the lungs will increase.

Front 213

True/False
The bronchial arteries carry deoxygenated blood.

Back 213

False. oxygenated.

Front 214

True/False
Low levels of plasma proteins would tend to increase transcapillary flux.

Back 214

True

Front 215

The volume of the conducting airways is referred to as __________________ because gas exchange does not occur in these airways.

Back 215

Anatomical Dead Space

Front 216

True/False
During exhalation, the velocity of the air traveling up the tracheobronchial tree decreases as it flows through the larger airways.

Back 216

False. increases.

Front 217

True/False
Type II pneumocytes make up the majority of the surface area of the alveolar walls.

Back 217

False. Type I pneumocytes.

Front 218

True/False
Pneumoconiosis is an abnormal dilatation of the bronchi and larger bronchioles associated with a chronic necrotizing infection.

Back 218

False. Bronchiectasis

Front 219

True/False
An increase in left atrial pressure would cause an increase in pulmonary compliance.

Back 219

False. decrease in pulmonary compliance.

Front 220

True/False
If resistance goes up and pressure drop across the lung (delta P) remains constant, then pulmonary blood flow must decrease.

Back 220

True

Front 221

True/False
Minute alveolar ventilation is equal to tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate.

Back 221

False. is equal to tidal volume minus anatomical dead space multiplied by respiratory rate.

Front 222

A typical value for functional residual capacity in a young, healthy, adult male of 70 Kg body weight would be ___________________ .

Back 222

2300 mL

Front 223

Scar tissue replacing the ciliated cells of the tracheobronchial tree would be an example of _______________ (not healing or repair).

Back 223

metaplasia

Front 224

True/False
A sample of exhaled air taken at the beginning of exhalation will have a higher oxygen content than a sample taken at the end of exhalation.

Back 224

True

Front 225

True/False
Typical values for the pH and PCO2 of a sample of mixed venous blood would be 7.36 and 46 mmHg, respectively.

Back 225

True

Front 226

True/False
At 37 C and pH 7.4, the P50 of normal blood would be 26.6 mmHg.

Back 226

True

Front 227

True/False
The majority of CO2 is carried in the blood in the form of carbamino compounds.

Back 227

False. bicarbonate.

Front 228

At the beginning of a forceful inhalation from residual volume, pleural pressure is -20 mmHg, alveolar pressure is -10 mmHg, and, at a point in the collapsible airways, the pressure is -5 mmHg. Calculate TAP. _____________________

Back 228

15 mmHg

Front 229

The __________________ content of the blood has the greatest affect on control of ventilation under normal resting conditions.

Back 229

CO2

Front 230

Reduction of the concentration of 2,3-DPG (2,3-BPG) shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the ________________ .

Back 230

left

Front 231

True/False
The velocity of airflow is highest in the smallest airways.

Back 231

False. largest airways.

Front 232

True/False
The three generations of bronchi are structurally supported by horseshoe-shaped cartilages whose ends are attached by smooth muscle.

Back 232

False. The trachea is structurally supported.

Front 233

True/False
The Eustachian tubes run between the oropharynx and the middle ears.

Back 233

False. nasopharynx and the middle ears.

Front 234

True/False
Diseases producing early cough usually involve diffuse areas of the mucosa.

Back 234

False. involve localized areas of the mucosa.

Front 235

True/False
The epiglottis folds down during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lower airways.

Back 235

True

Front 236

True/False
At rest, a person can obtain adequate oxygen by taking shallow 100 ml breaths.

Back 236

False. 500 ml breaths.

Front 237

True/False
Coughing involves stimulation of nerve endings in the mucosa of the airways.

Back 237

True

Front 238

True/False
The glottis separates the upper and lower airways.

Back 238

True

Front 239

True/False
At FRC, the top of the diaphragm of a patient with emphysema would project higher in the thoracic cavity than that of a normal individual.

Back 239

False. would project lower in

Front 240

True/False
Minute respiratory volume is equal to tidal volume times respiratory rate.

Back 240

True

Front 241

True/False
A normal vital capacity for an average, healthy, young, adult female would be 3450 ml.

Back 241

True

Front 242

True/False
Kyphoscoliosis is often associated with primary pulmonary hypertension.

Back 242

False. secondary pulmonary hypertension.

Front 243

True/False
The most common organism causing lobar pneumonia is Klebsiella.

Back 243

False. is Pneumococci.

Front 244

True/False
Primary pulmonary hypertension occurs at a higher incidence in individuals with Raynaud’s syndrome than in the general population.

Back 244

True

Front 245

True/False
Blood flow through the right ventricle and left atrium are in parallel.

Back 245

False. are not in parallel.

Front 246

True/False
The normal hemoglobin concentration in blood is 1.34 grams per deciliter.

Back 246

False. 15 grams per deciliter.

Front 247

True/False
Hemoglobin can bind more CO2 in the environment at the tissues than in the environment at the lungs.

Back 247

True

Front 248

True/False
Oxygen is approximately 20 times more soluble in plasma than CO2.

Back 248

False. 20 times less soluble.

Front 249

True/False
The two Starling forces tending to move fluid out of the capillaries are capillary hydrostatic pressure and capillary oncotic pressure.

Back 249

False. and tissue oncotic pressure.

Front 250

True/False
Blood delivered to the airways by the bronchial arteries leaves the lungs via the pulmonary veins and lowers the oxygen content of the blood entering the left atrium.

Back 250

True

Front 251

True/False
Primary pulmonary vascular sclerosis can result from any long-term pulmonary condition that produces hypoxemia.

Back 251

False. can result from primary pulmonary hypertension.

Front 252

True/False
The Law of Laplace tells us that the pressure in a small bubble will be greater than the pressure in a large bubble.

Back 252

True

Front 253

True/False
If the ratio of PCO2 to HCO3- concentration in the blood remains equal to 20, pH will be 7.4.

Back 253

False. HCO3- to PCO2 concentration.

Front 254

True/False
If a person breathes a mixture that keeps CO2 low (normal), the alveolar PO2 can be reduced to about 50 mmHg before increased ventilation is stimulated.

Back 254

True

Front 255

True/False
The major expiratory muscles are the diaphragm and the internal intercostals.

Back 255

False. anterior abdominal and internal intercostals.

Front 256

True/False
The serous membrane lining the inner surface of the thoracic cavity is called the visceral pleura.

Back 256

False. parietal pleura.

Front 257

True/False
A ratio of FEV1 to FVC of 71 would be indicative of a restrictive pulmonary disease.

Back 257

False. would not be indicative.

Front 258

True/False
Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of COPD.

Back 258

True

Front 259

True/False
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is associated with the development of asthma.

Back 259

False. COPD.

Front 260

True/False
The intermolecular attraction within the liquid lining the alveolar walls that contributes to the elastic recoil of the lungs is referred to as tissue forces.

Back 260

False. as surface forces.

Front 261

True/False
The cell type of the respiratory system that is the site of many active biochemical events performed on circulating compounds is the capillary endothelial cell.

Back 261

True

Front 262

Concerning nasal secretions, which of the following is NOT true:
a. they are produced by the nasal mucosa
b. they function to warm and humidify inhaled air
c. the fluid secreted comes from the rich venous plexus associated with the nasal mucosa
d. they contain immunoglobulins and interferons
e. all of the above are true

Back 262

e. all of the above are true

Front 263

Concerning flow of a fluid in a tube, Poiseuille's Law and intuition tell us which of the following is NOT true:
a. it is directly proportional to the differences in pressure at the beginning and end of
the tube
b. it is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid
c. it is inversely proportional to the length of the tube
d. it is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the tube
e. all of the above are true

Back 263

d. it is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the tube

Front 264

Concerning the respiratory bronchioles, which of the following is NOT true:
a. they have alveoli budding off their walls
b. they represent tracheobronchial generations 17 through 19
c. they are part of the respiratory zone
d. the number of alveoli increase in each successive generation
e. all of the above are true

Back 264

c. they are part of the respiratory zone

Front 265

Concerning the alveoli, which of the following is NOT true:
a. they are kept moist by secretory cells of the respiratory system
b. they have a surface area that is many times larger than the surface of the body
c. their walls contain a rich venous bed
d. there is an average of 300 million alveoli
e. all of the above are true

Back 265

c. their walls contain a rich venous bed

Front 266

Considering a patient with impaired left ventricular function, which of the following is NOT true:
a. the ratio of (change in volume) per (change in pressure) is increased
b. changes in Starling Forces will result in an increase in transcapillary flux (J)
c. pulmonary blood flow will be decreased
d. more negative plural pressures will be required to inflate the lungs
e. all of the above are true

Back 266

a. the ratio of (change in volume) per (change in pressure) is increased

Front 267

Concerning ventilation - perfusion matching, which of the following is TRUE:
a. it is mediated by changes in pH resulting from changes in CO2 concentrations
b. it serves to increase pulmonary blood flow at high altitudes
c. it results due to an intrinsic response of the lung
d. it is mediated by the autonomic nervous system

Back 267

c. it results due to an intrinsic response of the lung

Front 268

Concerning lung tumors, which of the following is NOT true:
a. bronchogenic carcinomas account for more than 90% of lung cancers
b. adenocarcinoma is very uncommon in nonsmokers
c. the chronic cough associated with lung cancer is often masked by preexisting
cough caused by other conditions
d. most cases of squamous cell carcinoma are preventable

Back 268

b. adenocarcinoma is very uncommon in nonsmokers

Front 269

An abnormal dilatation of the bronchi and larger bronchioles, associated with a chronic necrotizing infection is:
a. bronchopneumonia
b. pneumoconioses
c. bronchiectasis
d. emphysema
e. silicosis

Back 269

c. bronchiectasis

Front 270

Identify the INCORRECT statement below:
a. if flow increases and resistance goes up, then pressure drop (AP) will increase
b. if flow increases and pressure drop (delta P) goes down, then resistance will increase
c. if resistance decreases and pressure drop (delta P) remains constant, then flow will go up
d. if pressure drop (AP) decreases and flow remains constant, then resistance will go down
e. all are correct

Back 270

b. if flow increases and pressure drop (delta P) goes down, then resistance will increase

Front 271

Concerning the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, which of the following is true:
a. it decreases with a decrease in temperature
b. it increases with a decrease in 2,3-BPG
c. it is lower with a low p50
d. it is lower with a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration
e. an increase in affinity shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right

Back 271

b. it increases with a decrease in 2,3-BPG

Front 272

During a forced exhalation, which of the following is NOT true:
a. pleural pressure is positive
b. the pressure drop (delta P) along the airways increases
c. TAP increases
d. resistance to airflow increases
e. all of the above are true

Back 272

c. TAP increases

Front 273

Concerning lung volumes, which of the following is NOT true:
a. inspiratory capacity equals total lung capacity minus inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume
b. vital capacity equals expiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
c. functional residual capacity equals residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume
d. tidal volume equals total lung capacity minus functional residual capacity and
inspiratory reserve volume
e. all of the above are true

Back 273

e. all of the above are true

Front 274

Enhancement of the elimination of CO2 in the lungs and of uptake at the tissues due to changes in the blood's capacity to carry CO2 as a function of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen is described by which of the following:
a. the Starling Equation ;
b. the Law of Laplace
c. the Bohr Effect
d. the Haldane Effect
e. none of the above

Back 274

d. the Haldane Effect

Front 275

Liver and/or kidney disease may result in decreased levels of plasma proteins. This would reduce which of the Starling forces involved in the regulation of flux across the capillary wall:
a. Pc
b. IIc
c. Pt
d. IIt

Back 275

b. IIc

Front 276

Hydrothorax would most likely produce:
a. absorption atelectasis
b. compression atelectasis
c. traumatic atelectasis
d. idiopathic atelectasis

Back 276

b. compression atelectasis

Front 277

Tonsils and adenoids located in the upper airways contain concentrations of ______________ tissue and function as a defense mechanism.

Back 277

Lymphoid

Front 278

Swirling of the inhaled air tends to sling the larger particles out of the air and is referred to as _____________________.

Back 278

Turbulent Precipitation

Front 279

The ________________________ is the primary means for removing paniculate matters trapped on the surface of the upper part of the tracheobronchial tree.

Back 279

Mucuciliary Escalator

Front 280

The last generation of the tracheobronchial tree that functions in a purely conducting role is called the ____________________.

Back 280

Terminal Bronchioles

Front 281

_____________ are named for the maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid bones that they are associated with.

Back 281

Sinuses

Front 282

The structures that protrude into the nasal cavities and increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa are the _____________

Back 282

conchae.

Front 283

The ______________ cells of the mucosa of the conducting airways are paralyzed by cigarette smoke.

Back 283

ciliated

Front 284

_______________________ are cuboidal cells that have microvilli and lamellar inclusion bodies.

Back 284

Type II Pneumocytes

Front 285

A/an _________________ is the result of a blood clot traveling from a distant site
to become lodged in the pulmonary circulation.

Back 285

pulmonary embolism

Front 286

The term for accumulation of liquid in the alveoli of part of the lung is __________________.

Back 286

consolidation

Front 287

Collapse or loss of air from the alveoli due to blockage of the airways supplying those alveoli is referred to as _______________________

Back 287

absorption atelectasis

Front 288

The formation of carbonic acid is greatly accelerated by the enzyme _________________.

Back 288

carbonic anhydrase.

Front 289

The multi-organ autosomal recessive inherited disorder that produces a defect in the secretory process of all forms of exocrine glands is ______________________.

Back 289

Cystic Fibrosis

Front 290

During respiratory failure, as Pco2 rises, plasma pH would (increase / decrease).

Back 290

decrease

Front 291

The condition producing structural changes in the vessels of the lungs associated with pulmonary hypertension is referred to as ___________________.

Back 291

Pulmonary Vascular Sclerosis

Front 292

The correct medical term for insufficient oxygenation of the blood is _________________.

Back 292

Hypoxemia.

Front 293

A sample of expired air has a higher oxygen content then alveolar air because oxygen is added to it from the __________________________ of the tracheobronchial tree.

Back 293

Anatomical Dead Space or Conducting Airway Volume

Front 294

In an individual at rest, a RBC spends about _________ sec. in a pulmonary capillary.

Back 294

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