Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cancer is the number _ cause of death in US, and number _ COD for those under 85
|
2, 1
|
|
|
Top five causes of death in order of occurrence
|
heart disease (27%), cancer (23%), cerebrovascular (stroke)(6%). chronic lower respiratory disease (5%), accidents (4.6%)
|
|
|
Cancer causes over ___ deaths in US/ year
|
half million
|
|
|
Top 4 cancer killers
|
lung/bronchus (161,840)
cholorectal (49,960) breast (40,930) prostate (26,660) |
|
|
males have higher/lower incidence of lung/bronchus cancer than females
Cholerectal? |
higher
lower |
|
|
___% of cancer deaths occur after age 65
|
67%
|
|
|
Cancer of pancreas, bladder, and uterus associated with ___
|
smoking
|
|
|
Highest number of deaths per 100,000 occured in what year, now diminishing
|
1991
|
|
|
T/F Cancer persists in the absence of a stimulus
|
True
|
|
|
parenchymal ___ can only occur in tissues that retain the capacity to replicate
|
parenchymal regeneration
|
|
|
__ cells continue to multiply throughout life
|
labile
|
|
|
__ cells retain the capacity to regenerate
|
stable
|
|
|
__ cells cannot generate
|
permanent
|
|
|
1st phase of stromal repair is proliferation of fibroblast and __ __
|
capillary buds
|
|
|
Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, may be physiologic (breasts) or pathologic (BPH)
|
hyperplasia
|
|
|
T/F Cells with hyperplasia are essentially normal
|
true
|
|
|
An adaptive substitution of one cell type for another
|
metaplasia
|
|
|
T/F Metaplasia often involves some loss of specialized function but is usually reversible
|
True
|
|
|
Metaplasia occurs in __ and __ tissue
|
epitheleal connective
|
|
|
Transition between metaplasia and dysplasia
|
atypical metaplasia
|
|
|
Kidney tubules are an example of a:
a. labile cell b. stable cell c. permanent cell |
stable cell
|
|
|
Smoker's cough is an example of:
a. hyperplasia b. metaplasia c. dysplasia d. anaplasia |
b. metaplasia
|
|
|
loss in the uniformity and architectural orientation of individual cells
|
dysplasia
|
|
|
dysplasia mainly encountered in
a. epitheleal cells b. duct cells d. connective tissue |
epithelium
|
|
|
pleomorphism (variation is size and shape) and hyperchromatic nuclei, are 2 characteristics of
a.hyperplasia b.anaplasia c.metaplasia d. dysplasia |
dysplasia
|
|
|
T/F dysplasia is usually not reversible
|
F
|
|
|
marked ___, found in anaplasia, is a hallmark of cancer
|
pleomorphism
|
|
|
T/F Dysplasia is associated with chronic inflammation
|
T
|
|
|
Failure of differentiation of reserve or stem cells
|
anaplasia
|
|
|
abnormal mass of tissue
|
neoplasia
|
|
|
T/F Neoplasia is usually reversible
|
F
|
|
|
In ___ neoplasm, cells remain localized and tend to become enclosed in a fibrous capsule
|
benign
|
|
|
In __ neoplasm, cells invade and destroy adjacent structures, spread to distant sites to cause death
|
malignant
|
|
|
Component of neoplasia: supporting connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics
|
stroma
|
|
|
Component of neoplasia: proliferating neoplasitc cells
|
parenchyma
|
|
|
T/F Malignant tumors do not develop capsules
|
T
|
|
|
Metastatis is a:
a. primary tumor b.secondary tumor c. tertiary tumor |
secondary
|
|
|
4 pathways of dissemination of metastasis
|
1. seeding throughout body cavities
2. direct transplantation 3. lymphatic permeation 4. transport through blood vessels |
|
|
the extent to which cells resemble their normal forebears & achieve fully mature, specialized characteristics
|
differentiation
|
|
|
T/F -OMA suffix is always indicative of benign tumors
|
F, can also be malignant
|
|
|
synovioma is a:
a.benign tumor b. malignant tumor |
malignant
|
|
|
chondroma is a:
a. benign tumor b. malignant tumor |
benign
|
|
|
adenoma is a:
a. benign tumor b. malignant tumor |
benign
|
|
|
T/F Sarcomas arise from epitheleal cells
|
F, arise from mesenchymal (connective) tissue
|
|
|
T/F Carcinomas arise from epitheleal tissue
|
T
|
|
|
Apoptosis is the activation of the __ gene
|
p53
|
|
|
T/F Apoptosis is common in embryonic development
|
True
|
|
|
Which grade of differentiation would be considered very poorly differentiated?
|
4
|
|
|
TNM system of staging (matching)
T0-T3, N0-N3, M0-M2 metastasis, tumor size, lymph node involvement |
T- tumor size
N- lymph node involvement M- metastasis |
|
|
Gap between mitosis and the S phase
|
G1
|
|
|
intermitotic time of DNA synthesis
|
S phase
|
|
|
Gap between end of S phase and mitosis
|
G2
|
|
|
T/F G2 phase usually takes 24-48 hours
|
F, brief (1 hour)
|
|
|
During the __ phase, cells do not respond to signals that normally prompt initiation of DNA synthesis. Serve as reserve and can reenter pool of proliferating cells.
|
G0
|
|
|
M phase takes __ hour(s)
|
1
|
|
|
T/F Malignant cells typically take longer to divide (Tc) than normal cells
|
T (2-3 days vs. 1-2 days)
|
|
|
Tumors arise from a single pluripotent cells and is monoclonal is characteristic of the ___ model
|
stem cell
|
|
|
More differentiated cells have a high/low rate of proliferation
|
low
|
|
|
More anaplastic tumors have higher/lower growth fractions
|
higher
|
|
|
T/F Destroying the proliferating cells (chemo) is effective at eradicating a tumor
|
F- critical population is G0, radiation therapy is often more effective
|
|
|
Time required to reach 10^9 cells for most tumors is __
|
< 2 years
|
|
|
T/F Each dose of chemo kills the same number of cells
|
F - kills same proportion
|
|
|
Term for "wasting"
|
cachexia
|
|
|
___ contributes to wasting in humans
|
TNF
|
|
|
10^6 = _ doublings = _ mm
10^9 = _ doublings = _ cm = __ g 10^12 = _ doublings = _ cm = __ Kg |
10^6 = 20 doublings = 1 mm
10^9 = 30 doublings = 1.24 cm = 1 g 10^12 = 40 doublings = 20 cm = 1 Kg |
|
|
T/F Oncogenes function in the regulation of normal cell growth and/or differentiation
|
F, proto-oncogenes do
|
|
|
T/F Mutations in tumor suppressor genes will inhibit growth of tumor
|
F, will enhance growth
|
|
|
Tumor suppressor genes are a dominant/recessive trait
|
recessive
|
|
|
Referred to as malignant transformation.
|
multiple cell accidents
|
