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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Leading cause of death in US adults since the 1940's
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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
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What is the most prevalent CVD disease?
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Hypertension
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How many people in the US are effected by hypertension?
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65 million
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Two-thirds of the individuals suffering from hypertension are over what age?
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Over the age of 60
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What is the most common chronic medial illness for which patients seek medical attention?
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Hypertension
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What is mandatory in the treatment of hypertensive patients?
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Life style changes
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List the lifestyle modifications for hypertensive patients in order of effectiveness.
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Weight reduction
Adopt DASH eating plan Physical activity Dietary sodium reduction Moderation of alcohol consumption |
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How many hypertensive patients in the US have their blood pressure adequately controlled?
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34-35%
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What is the range of blood pressure that falls into the adequately controlled category?
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< 140/90 mmHg
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What are the two main reasons we (the US0 have such poor control of high blood pressure?
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Follow-Up care
Compliance of patient |
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What is the primary goal for the therapy of hypertension?
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Not only a reduction in BP but a reduction in all end-organ damage
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What is the target for control of BP in patient with added risk factors?
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130/85 mmHg
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What are considered added risk factors for hypertensive patients?
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Diabetes
Renal insufficiency CAD |
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What blood pressure values classify a patient as "pre-hypertensive"?
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systolic BP: 120-139
diastolic BP: 80-89 |
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Most patients with hypertension will require how many antihypertensive drugs?
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two or more
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A disease characterized by abnormallly high blood pressures either systolic diastolic or both
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Hypertension
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Force of contraction and elastic properties of vessel
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Systolic pressure
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After load
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Diastolic pressure
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Criteria for diagnosis of hypertension
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> 140/90 mmHg
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Name some hypertension risk factors
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age, obesity, sedentary life style, family history, smoking, alcohol, sodium intake
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Hypertension can be regarded as what type of disorder?
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quantitative disorder of BP regulation
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Classification of Hypertension
BP is characterized by its variability (daily and random) and reactivity |
Labile
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Increased BP caused by the presence of medical personnel
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White coat hypertension
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Classification of Hypertension
Around 140/90 mmHg |
Boarderline
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Classification of Hypertension
"silent killer" results in premature death and disability if BP remains untreated |
Chronic (Benign)
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Death from chronic hypertension is usually resultant of what?
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atherosclerotic compilcations
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Classification of Hypertension
Rapid and sever increase in BP If untreated 80-90% die within 1yr. |
Malignant
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Most deaths from malignant hypertension is associated with what?
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Target organ damage
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How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate blood flow?
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Through a negative feedback system of the baroreceptors in the blood vessels
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Catecholeamines effect what aspects of the cardiovascular system?
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Cardiac Output (CO)
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) |
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The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system effects what aspects of the cardiovascular system?
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Cardiac Output (CO)
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin or ADH) effects what aspects of the cardiovascular system?
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Cardiac Output (CO)
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) |
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How does Insulin-hyperinsulinemia-insulin resistance effect hypertension?
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Antinuatriuretic: body tries to increase aldosterno which causes an increase in the RAS system including ACE which repress bradiokines causing vasoconstriction.
Stimulates SNS: baroreceptors- vasoconstriction Increase vascular responsiveness: constriction Effects many transport systems on vascular smooth muscle: CO and TPR |
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Name the local hormone factors that act against the agents causing hypertension.
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Kinins: release EDRF, NO, and PG
PG:inhibit catecholamine release EDRF, NO: relaxes VSM via cGMP which also inhibits renin release EDCF: Most cause vasodilation |
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The kidney act as what in reguards to control of hypertension?
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Acts as long term control through pressure diuresis
Infinite negative feedback system |
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A few mmHg pressure change can get what sort of change in urinary output is system is operating normally
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50-100% change
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Classification of Hypertension by type
90-95% of cases |
Essential or Primary or Idiopathic
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Classification of Hypertension by type
5-10% of cases a result of other disease process |
Secondary
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What percentage of essential hypertensives are salt sensitive
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60%
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How much sodium do we need in our diet?
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500mg
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