Pbd Exam Three (Part Two)

Front 1

What factors increase compliance?

Back 1

emphysema and surfactant

Front 2

What factors are responsible for the elastic recoil of the lungs?

Back 2

Tissue forces (elastin and collagen) and surface forces (intermolecular attraction within the liquid lining the alveolar walls)

Front 3

What is dipalmitoyl lecithin

Back 3

surfactant

Front 4

What are the surface tension properties of surfactant

Back 4

Has a very low surface tension. As surface area decreases the surface tension decreases.

Front 5

What is Laplace's law

Back 5

Wall tension is proportional to the product of pressure and radius. Or ~tension divided by radius

Front 6

How is tension affected by surface area for water

Back 6

Surface tension for water is independent of surface area

Front 7

What breaks Laplace's law

Back 7

surfactants

Front 8

What is fetal lung syndrome

Back 8

immature type II pneumocytes are unable to create enough surfactant to make respiration possible

Front 9

What is airway resistance?

Back 9

smaller airways within the lungs are thin-walled and collapsible

Front 10

What is transmural airway pressure (TAP)

Back 10

the pressure that controls the caliber of the airways = pressure within airways minus pressure surrounding airway.

TAP = P(in) - P(out)

Front 11

What is inhalation

Back 11

Pleural pressure becomes more and more negative as lungs expand. TAP increases, surrounding lung tissue pulls outward on airways, and airways enlarge

Front 12

What is exhalation

Back 12

Pleural pressure becomes less negative (may become positive. TAP decreases, airways become smaller and may collapse.

Front 13

What is the maximum expiratory flow test

Back 13

A plot of air flow (L/min) vs lung volume (L). As airways collapse, airway resistance increases and air flow decreases.

Front 14

What is P(out)

Back 14

The pressure in the pleural space

Front 15

What is P(in)

Back 15

The pressure in the alveoli

Front 16

What is Fick's Law of diffusion?

Back 16

J=kdA(ΔC)

Front 17

What is Kd directly proportional to in Fick's Law?

Back 17

solubility of the gas and temperature

Front 18

What is Kd inversely proportional to in Fick's law?

Back 18

distance (thickness of membrane), square root of molecular weight of molecule, viscosity of medium, and the charge of the diffusing molecule

Front 19

What size are the alveoli at the bottom of the lung relative to the top?

Back 19

Alveoli at the base of the lung are smaller relative to the top due to pressure

Front 20

What are O2 levels higher and CO2 levels lower in expired air?

Back 20

Due to the anatomical deadspace

Front 21

What is the partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2) in the arterial and venous blood?

Back 21

100 mmHG in arterial
40 mmHG in venous

Front 22

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the arterial and venous blood?

Back 22

40 mmHG in arterial
46 mmHG in venous

Front 23

What is the pH in arterial and venous blood?

What is this due to?

Back 23

7.40 in arterial
7.36 in venous

CO2 levels

Front 24

What is the O2 capacity (in ml/100ml) for arterial and venous blood?

Back 24

20.0 in arterial
20.0 in venous

Front 25

What is the hemoglobin saturation % in arterial and venous blood?

Back 25

97.5 in arterial
72.5 in venous

Front 26

What is the O2 content (in ml/100ml) for arterial and venous blood

Back 26

19.80 in arterial
14.62 in venous

Front 27

What is the H2O content in atmospheric air?

Back 27

3.7 mmHg (0.50% of composition)

Front 28

What is the H2O content of humidified air?

Back 28

47.0 mmHg (6.20% of composition)

Front 29

What is the O2 content of alveolar air?

Back 29

104.0 mmHg (13.6% of composition)

Front 30

What is the CO2 content of alveolar air?

Back 30

40.0 mmHg (5.3% of composition)

Front 31

What is the O2 content of expired air?

Back 31

120.0 mmHg (15.7% of composition)

Front 32

What is the CO2 content of expired air?

Back 32

27.0 mmHg (3.6% of composition)

Front 33

What is methemoglobin?

Back 33

a hemoglobin molecule that has been altered by certain molecules, limiting O2 binding

Front 34

What is the oxygen carrying capacity of plasma?

Back 34

very small (0.003 ml/mmHg PO2/dl)

Front 35

How many oxygen or carbon monoxide molecules can each hemoglobin molecule bind?

Back 35

Four

Front 36

How many mL of O2 can one gram of hemoglobin combine with?

Back 36

1.34 mL

Front 37

What is the normal hemoglobin concentration?

Back 37

15 g/dl

Front 38

How much oxygen can blood carry via hemoglobin

Back 38

20 ml/dl

Front 39

What is the hematocrit for a male?

Back 39

45 to 52%

Front 40

What is the hematocrit for a female?

Back 40

37 to 48%

Front 41

What is the formula for hemoglobin saturation?

Back 41

% Saturation = (O2 content-O2 dissolved x 100) / (O2 capacity)

Front 42

What is the RBC count

Back 42

4.2 to 5.9 x 10^6/mm^3 (10^12/L)

Front 43

What is a oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Back 43

graphically illustrates the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen as a function of oxygen concentration (for a given set of conditions)

Front 44

What occurs at the upper part of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Back 44

large increases in the partial pressure of oxygen produce little change in the saturation (content)

Front 45

What is the partial pressure of Oxygen at the tissues?

Back 45

40 mmHg or less

Front 46

How is hemoglobin affinity expressed?

Back 46

the Partial pressures of oxygen at which 50% of the hemoglobin is saturated (P50) under normal conditions.

Front 47

At 37 C and a pH of 7.4 what is the P50 of normal human blood?

Back 47

26.6 mmHg

Front 48

What does a higher P50 (affinity) mean on the dissociation curve?

Back 48

the dissociation curve is shifted to the left.

Front 49

What does a lower P50 (affinity) mean on the dissociation curve?

Back 49

the dissociation curve is shifted to the right.

Front 50

What is the Bohr effect?

Back 50

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is strongly influenced by changes in pH.

Front 51

What chemical reactions occurs when CO2 enters the RBC?

Back 51

CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H + HCO3
(Most common reaction)

CO2 + Hb ⇌ Carbamino Compounds (less common reaction)

These two reactions directly effect [H+] due to the addition or removal of CO2.

Front 52

What is carbonic anhydrase

Back 52

Found in every cell in the body, it catalyzes the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons, a reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst.

Front 53

Which one can handle more H protons: deoxyHb or oxyHb?

Back 53

OxyHb

Front 54

What happens to the products from the carbonic anhydrase catalyzed reaction?

Back 54

1) The H combines with Hb
2) The HCO3 combines with K

Front 55

Which one binds more effectively to CO2: oxyHb or deoxyHb

Back 55

deoxyHb

Front 56

In the lungs, what occurs as CO2 is removed?

Back 56

[H+] falls as CO2 is removed and curve is shifted to the left (increased affinity, decreases P50)

This results in an enhanced O2 uptake.

Front 57

At the tissues, what occurs as CO2 is added?

Back 57

[H+] increases, shifting the curve to the right (decreased affinity, increased P50)

This results in an enhanced release of O2 at the tissues.

Front 58

What are the three forms of CO2 transport in the blood?

Back 58

physical solution, bicarbonate, and carbamino compounds.