Pbd 2 Exam 3 - Week 7

Front 1

What is the term for repetitive tonic-clonic seizures?

Back 1

Status Epilepticus

Front 2

Name 2 types of simple partial seizures.

Back 2

Motor
Autonomic
Psychic
Sensory

Front 3

____________-nergic neurotransmission is probably increased in seizures while ____________-nergic neurotransmission is decreased.

Back 3

Glutamine
GABA

Front 4

A complex absence seizure may be accurately described as:
a. a non-convulsive generalized seizure
b. a convulsive generalized seizure
c. a simple partial seizure
d. a non-evolving complex partial seizure
e. a and d.

Back 4

a. a non-convulsive generalized seizure

Front 5

An electroencephalogram records electrical activity produced by the brain using electrodes placed on the surface of the scalp. Oscillatory activity can be observed at various frequencies, and in particular areas. What type of activity is prominent in frontal areas during intense mental activity?
a. Alpha (8-13 Hz)
b. Beta (13-30 Hz)
c. Delta (5-4 Hz)
d. Theta (4-7 Hz)

Back 5

b. Beta (13-30 Hz)

Front 6

What type of seizure begins and ends abruptly, involves both hemispheres from the outset, and is characterized by brief episodes of staring, lack of responsiveness, and small motor movements such as eye-blinking?
A. Simple Absence
B. Complex Absence
C. Simple Partial
D. Complex Partial
E. Tonic-Clonic

Back 6

B. Complex Absence

Front 7

Which of the following statements regarding an electroencephalogram (EEG) is true?
A. An electroencephalogram records electrical activity produced by the brain using electrodes placed on the surface of the scalp.
B. Oscillatory activity can be observed at various frequencies AND can be discerned in specific areas of the brain (e.g. frontal vs. occipital lobes).
C. Distinct excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials can be identified.
D. A and B are correct.
E. A and C are correct.

Back 7

D. A and B are correct.

Front 8

True/False
Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by transient but recurrent seizures.

Back 8

True

Front 9

True/False
Some forms of seizures experienced by patients with epilepsy are initiated by abnormal activity in the peripheral nervous system, while others begin in the central nervous system.

Back 9

False. in the central nervous system only.

Front 10

True/False
A person who has one seizure induced by high temperature at 6 months of age has epilepsy.

Back 10

False. has several seizures

Front 11

According to the modern classification of seizures, all seizures can be broadly divided into two main categories: (a)___________ seizures which by definition originate in a small group of neurons which constitute the ‘seizure focus’, and (b)____________ seizures which do not have an obvious focal point, but rather involve both hemispheres from the outset.

Back 11

Partial
Generalized

Front 12

A seizure is characterized by an/a (increase/decrease) in synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

Back 12

increase

Front 13

True/False
Absence seizures represent a subtype of generalized seizures.

Back 13

True

Front 14

True/False
The terms ‘evolving complex partial seizure’ and ‘secondarily generalized seizure’ are synonyms.

Back 14

True

Front 15

True/False
Anyone who has a seizure is an epileptic.

Back 15

False. is not an epileptic.

Front 16

True/False
John Hughlings Jackson is most famous for having invented the electroencephalogram.

Back 16

False. Hans Berger

Front 17

True/False
Atonic seizures are generalized seizures characterized by a sudden loss of postural muscle tone.

Back 17

True

Front 18

True/False
Toxins that block the chloride channel associated with GABA receptors can cause seizures.

Back 18

True

Front 19

True/False
A seizure is characterized by a decrease in synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

Back 19

False. an increase

Front 20

True/False
Status epilepticus is the status of having epilepsy.

Back 20

False. is having several repetitive tonic-clonic seizures.

Front 21

True/False
Secondarily generalized seizures involve both cerebral hemispheres simultaneously from the outset.

Back 21

False. do not involve

Front 22

Which of the following statements are true?
A. Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by transient but recurrent seizures.
B. A seizure is a sudden, excessive and highly synchronous discharge of neurons in the central nervous system
C. A person who has a single seizure has epilepsy.
D. The condition of having epilepsy is described as ‘status epilepticus’.
E. A and B are true.

Back 22

E. A and B are true.

Front 23

The progression of partial seizure to a generalized seizure is sometimes referred to as:
A. A Tissot Tremor.
B. A Jacksonian March.
C. Status Epilepticus.
D. An aberrant absence seizure.
E. Nocturnal epilepsy.

Back 23

B. A Jacksonian March.

Front 24

Febrile seizures in children most often present as:
A. Tonic-clonic seizures.
B. Clonic seizures.
C. Tonic seizures.
D. Absence seizures.
E. Simple partial seizures with random focal points.

Back 24

A. Tonic-clonic seizures.

Front 25

Which of the following statements regarding tonic-clonic seizures is true:
A. They are among the most common forms of seizures observed in people with epilepsy.
B. They are secondarily generalized seizures.
C. They are convulsive seizures.
D. A and C are true.
E. All of the above are true.

Back 25

D. A and C are true.

Front 26

A typical electroencephalogram involves recording small electrical potentials from 16 distinct sites on a patient’s scalp. This activity is generally reported as the activity of one site relative to another. For example, the first line of all the EEG’s we studied in class was reported as 1->2 indicating the activity of site 1 relative to site 2. What type of change in activity would indicate an increase in synchrony between two adjacent recording sites in an EEG, such as 1->2?
A. A decrease in frequency and an increase in amplitude.
B. A decrease in frequency and a decrease in amplitude.
C. A decrease in frequency and no change in amplitude.
D. An increase in frequency and an increase in amplitude.
E. An increase in frequency and a decrease in amplitude.

Back 26

A. A decrease in frequency and an increase in amplitude.

Front 27

Electrical activity recorded from an EEG is classified by frequency. The frequency of activity can be indicative of the mental state of the patient. Which type of activity would be likely to be observed during relaxed wakefulness, particularly over parietal and occipital areas?
A. Alpha : 8 - 13 Hz
B. Beta : 13 - 30Hz
C. Delta : .5 - 4 Hz
D. Theta : 4 - 7 Hz

Back 27

A. Alpha : 8 - 13 Hz

Front 28

Regarding our current understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms related to generation of a partial seizure, which of the following appear to be true?
A. Partial seizures have a seizure focus, i.e. begin in a discrete area.
B. Each neuron in the seizure focus experiences a synchronized response called a paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS).
C. The depolarizing phase of a PDS is mediated by activation of glutamate receptors and opening of voltage gated calcium channels.
D. The hyperpolarizing phase is mediated by activation of GABA receptors, and calcium activated potassium channels.
E. All of the above are true.

Back 28

E. All of the above are true.

Front 29

True/False
All brain tissue that participates in a seizure is diseased.

Back 29

False. Not all

Front 30

True/False
Localized partial seizures are seizures that involve both hemispheres from the outset, but then narrow to a discrete focal point of intense neuronal activity.

Back 30

False. that involve a narrow discrete focal point of intense neuronal activity.

Front 31

True/False
Atonic seizures involve loss of muscle tone.

Back 31

True

Front 32

True/False
Clonic seizures consist of rhythmic jerking movements of the arms and legs, sometimes on both sides of the body.

Back 32

True

Front 33

True/False
Breakdown of surround inhibition plays a bigger role in the spread of generalized seizures than partial seizures.

Back 33

False. spread of partial seizures than generalized seizures.

Front 34

True/False
Symptomatic epilepsies are epilepsies with known causes, while idiopathic epilepsies are those with unknown causes.

Back 34

True

Front 35

Which of the following symptoms are ESSENTIAL to the modern clinical diagnosis of epilepsy?
a. The experience of transient but recurrent seizures
b. Loss of consciousness associated with seizures
c. Abnormal motor movements associated with seizures
d. A and B are correct
e. A and C are correct

Back 35

a. The experience of transient but recurrent seizures

Front 36

Which of the following statements regarding epileptic seizures is false?
a. Some seizures originate in the brain, while others are produced by abnormalities in the periphery.
b. Normal brain tissue (with normal excitability) may be recruited during seizure, and thus contribute to the symptomatology
c. The highest incidence of seizures is observed in adolescents and young adults
d. A and C are false
e. B and C are false

Back 36

d. A and C are false

Front 37

Who is credited with the first formal identification of what we now call partial seizures?
a. Hippocrates
b. Samuel Auguste Tissot
c. John Hughlings Jackson
d. Hans Berger
e. Victor Horsley

Back 37

c. John Hughlings Jackson

Front 38

Which of the following statements regarding partial seizures is true?
a. They originate in a small group of neurons called a seizure focus
b. They can produce a wide variety of symptoms depending on the location of the seizure focus
c. All forms of partial seizures involve some impairment of consciousness
d. All of the abouve are true
e. A and B are true

Back 38

e. A and B are true

Front 39

Which of the following terms best describes a seizure that begins with a discrete focal point, but later spreads to involve both hemispheres simultaneously
a. Simple partial seizure
b. Complex partial seizure
c. Secondarily generalized seizure
d. Evolving complex partial seizure
e. Both C and D are appropriate

Back 39

e. Both C and D are appropriate

Front 40

What type of seizure consists of rhythmic jerking movements of the arms and legs, sometimes on both sides of the body?
a. Tonic
b. Clonic
c. Tonic-Clonic
d. Myoclonic
e. Absence

Back 40

b. Clonic

Front 41

What type of seizure involves a large increase in muscle tone, and corresponding sudden stiffening movement of the body, arms or legs
a. Tonic
b. Clonic
c. Tonic-Clonic
d. Myoclonic
e. Absence

Back 41

a. Tonic

Front 42

In many partial seizures, each neuron in the seizure focus experiences a synchronized response called a paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS). Which of the following statements are true regarding the features and mechanism of the PDS?
a. PDS consists of a hyperpolarization of the neuron followed by a large depolarization (an afterdepolarization) of the neuron
b. Activation of glutamate receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels may contribute to the depolarizing phase
c. Activation of GABAergic receptors and calcium-activated potassium channels may contribute to the hyperpolarizing phase
d. B and C are true
e. A and B are true

Back 42

d. B and C are true

Front 43

Which of the following statements are true about seizures?
a. Most persons experiencing a gran mal seizure will probably develop epilepsy at some point later in life
b. One potential question raised by a first seizure is whether the patient is taking medications that might cause or increase the risks of a seizure
c. When brain circuits are repeatedly activated by excitatory inputs that result in a seizure it is less likely that another seizure arising from the same epileptogenic focus will activate this circuit again
d. The state that immediately follows a seizure is referred to as the prodromal state
e. A and B are true

Back 43

b. One potential question raised by a first seizure is whether the patient is taking medications that might cause or increase the risks of a seizure

Front 44

The following statement(s) is/are true regarding absence seizures
a. Absence seizures often do not progress to more serious seizure disorders later in life
b. Usually involves an epileptic focus in parietal lobe
c. They involve abnormal firing of low threshold "T type" calcium channels
d. Myoclonic seizures often occur during absence seizures
e. B, C and D are true

Back 44

c. They involve abnormal firing of low threshold "T type" calcium channels

Front 45

In partial simple seizures
a. There is no memory of the event
b. Both cortical and subcortical regions are involved
c. There is no apparent loss of consciousness
d. There is both a prodromal and post-ictal phase
e. A, B and C are true

Back 45

c. There is no apparent loss of consciousness

Front 46

In gran mal seizures,
a. There is no memory of the event
b. Both cortical and subcortical regions are involved
c. There is a loss of consciousness
d. There is both a prodromal and post-ictal phase
e. All of the above are true

Back 46

e. All of the above are true

Front 47

Which of the following ionic changes might explain increased excitability at an epileptic focus?
a. Too much potassium channel activation
b. Too little sodium channel activation
c. Too little chloride and calcium channel activation
d. Too little chloride and too much calcium channel activation
e. A, B and C are true

Back 47

d. Too little chloride and too much calcium channel activation

Front 48

Which of the following are some proposed mechanisms of effective antiepileptic agents?
a. Block voltage-dependent sodium channels
b. Blocks T-type calcium channels
c. Increase GABA-mediated chloride channels
d. Antagonizes glutamate receptor subtypes
e. All of the above are true

Back 48

e. All of the above are true

Front 49

Which of the following conditions is not a seizure precipitant?
a. Low blood glucose
b. Low magnesium
c. Stimulant or proconvulsant intoxication
d. Sedative intoxication
e. Severe sleep deprivation

Back 49

d. Sedative intoxication

Front 50

True/False
Absence seizures are a subset of partial seizures.

Back 50

False. of generalized seizures.

Front 51

True/False
A seizure is characterized by a decrease in synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

Back 51

False. increase

Front 52

True/False
Status epilepticus is the status of having epilepsy.

Back 52

False. is having several repetitive tonic-clonic seizures.

Front 53

True/False
Secondarily generalized seizures involve both cerebral hemispheres simultaneously from the outset.

Back 53

False. does not involve

Front 54

True/False
The electroencephalogram is an excellent tool for measuring synchronous activity in the CNS, but a poor tool for revealing the specific nature of that activity (e.g. glutamatergic vs. GABAergic).

Back 54

True

Front 55

True/False
During a generalized seizure, voltages traces as observed on an EEG will show an increase in frequency and a decrease in amplitude.

Back 55

False. decrease in frequency and an increase in amplitude.

Front 56

One mechanism the brain uses to contain spread of excitability in neuronal circuits is called surround ____________.

Back 56

inhibition