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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the two definitions of culture? |
1. Any information that is socially transmitted between members of a species that can influence their behaviours. 2. A group who share a temporal, special and linguistic context and therefore share socially transmitted information. |
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What are some culturally similar ideas, emotions and behaviours? |
Shared Norms - peer pressure Institutions - interactions that are organisationally structured Identity - who we are or aren’t |
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Is culture unique to humans? |
No, but human knowledge transmission is faster and more robust to enable for accurate transmission and so the group can accumulate knowledge and improve over time. |
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What are the mechanisms of cumulative culture learning? |
Sociality - motivation to bond, interact and fit in. Social Cognitive Skills - Understanding others thoughts (theory of mind) Sharing to collaborate - (joint attention) Mimicing and Language use. |
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What is mentalising? |
Relating to Theory of Mind it is imagining another’s internal state. |
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What is perspective taking? |
Relating to Theory of Mind, perceiving a situation from another’s point of view. |
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What is joint attention? |
Coordinating focus of attention with another person. Emerges before 12 months old. |
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What is the Ratchet Effect? |
Social cognitive skills permit knowledge transmission, accumulation and improvement over time. |
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What is the social brain hypothesis? |
The large prefrontal cortex is adaptive of community living, facilitated by motivations to bond and share. |
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How is cultural accumulation facilitated? |
By the volume of social interconnection. |
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What factors are affecting the accelerating speed of cultural accumulation. |
1. Growing population 2. Globalisation 3. The internet 4. Social Media 5. Increased numbers in higher education. 6. COVID. |
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How do cultures differ ? |
Ecology Geography Historical incidences / accidents Between group conflicts Religion Government - laws |
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What is the Out of Africa hypothesis? |
Homo sapiens arose from Africa 150k years ago and spread across the globe. 20k years ago people began to spread in a more diverse way. |
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What are the six cultural dimensions? |
Collectivism - group goals and holistic thinking. Individualism - less collaborative and more autónomos Cultural Tightness - tight = more rules and harsh penalties. loose = more freedom to behave as you like. Honour Culture - reputation dignity and social standing. Often found in religion. Confucian Culture - filial piety is a fundamental virtue. 2000 yo. High vs Low Relational Mobility High RM = greater freedom to choose friends and partners. Low RM = emphasises traditional norms and expectations. |
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What three things are required for the development of self? |
Neurocognitive Maturation Social influences Cultural influences. |
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What types of self did William James propose ? |
I self - Self as subject Me self - self as object |
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Where did Ulric Nesser propose that self begins? |
Self begins in the body 1. Ecological self 2. Physical existence 3. Interpersonal self. |
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What can having an imaginary friend help a child with? |
To understand they have a private inner self. |
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What are the different types of SELF? 6 |
The physical Self - our body The extended self - autobiographical memory. Possible Self - who I might be in the future. Independent Self - attributes and qualities. Interdependent Self - relationship to others. Conceptual Self - knowledge about our bodies and minds traits and roles. Our conceptual self influences our other selves. |
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What does Distal parenting foster? |
Autonomy and independence. |
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What does proximal parenting foster ? |
Better self regulation |
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When can kids recognise themselves in a mirror? |
The second half of the second year. |
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What are some self conscious emotions ? |
Pride, shame, guilt and embarrassment. |
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What is MRO? |
Mutually Responsive Orientation |
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From what age can children begin to project them selves forward in time? |
4 years old |
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What is independent self and what is interdependent self? |
Independent = personal characteristics, traits, attributes and abilities. Interdependent = social identity, roles and memberships. |
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Which group is better at identifying the emotions of strangers? |
Independent. |
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Is interdependent more characteristic of men or women? |
Women. |
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What characteristics are more typically western? |
Agency and assertiveness. |
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What characteristics are more typically Eastern? |
Collectivism and relatedness. |
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What is Dissonance Reduction? |
Changing attitudes to not appear inconsistent. |
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When does rationalisation happen? |
After a choice has been made. |
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How long is the juvenile period in humans? |
14 years. Weaning at 3 Reproduction 17-20. |
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When does the Theory of Mind develop? |
13 - 15 months |
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What is dual inheritance theory? |
Genes and culture coevolve to influence human behaviour. |
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What two factors influence child development? |
Biological maturation The environment. |
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Who developed the Theory of Mind? |
Jean Piaget. |
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How many families co sleep? |
2/3 |
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What is ideal affect? |
Ideal affect refers to the emotions people desire to have. High arousal positive Low arousal positive. |
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What is the goal of socialisation? |
To become a competent member of society. |
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What is cultural socialisation? |
Explicit (verbal) and implicit (non verbal) ways parents teach their children knowledge and practices. |
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What are two styles of parenting and socialisation? |
1. One to one teaching 2. Observation and participation. |
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What is the looking glass self? |
How we imagine others see us How they judge us This forms self evaluation. |
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What are the five facets of self? |
1. Ecological self - the world around us. 2. Interpersonal self - relation to the social world. 3. Private self - inner thoughts and internal world. 4. Extended Self - autobiographical memory and future possible self. 5. Conceptual self - belief about who we are, bodies, minds traits. |
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Women are related to COMMUNION. What does this include? |
Caring Relatedness Concerned with others. |
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Which type of culture shows larger gender differences? |
Individualistic. |
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What is Self Construal? |
How individuals define themselves. As independent from others or as interdependent with others. |
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Men are defined with AGENCY. What does this include? |
Dominance Ambitious ness Self concerned. |
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Which type of culture shows larger gender differences? |
Individualistic. |
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What are the two main theoretical perspectives on gender? |
Evolutionary psychology Social Role Theory. |
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What is self concept? |
Belief perceptions and ideas about self Pos and neg and evolves with experience. Ecological, interpersonal, private and extended. |
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What is Identity? |
A sense of attachment to particular groups categories and communities. Influenced by profession, knowledge, religion and gender. |
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Which type of culture shows larger gender differences? |
Individualistic. |
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Who coined Social Identity Theory? |
Henry Tajfel |
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What are the two dimensions of cultural identity? |
Bidimensional Unidimensional. |
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How many people are intersex? |
1-2% |
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What is gender diversity? |
When gender does not match what is perceived as the gender norm. |
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How many people are transgender ? |
0.7% |
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How many people are LGBT? |
11% |
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What are the two aspects of sexual orientation ? |
Romantic Attraction Sexual attraction |
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What is sexual identity? |
A self label about own orientation. |
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What is intersectionality? |
Multiple social category memberships Multiple minority memberships. |
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What is a bio social perspective ? |
Gender differences are constructed from an interaction between nature and nurture. |
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Nature is ___________? Nurture is ___________? |
Biological Cultural socialisation. |
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Gender differences are larger in societies where gender equality is higher or lower? |
Higher. |
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What are the types of identity named in Social Identity Theory? 5 |
Cultural Identity Bicultural identity Gender Identity Sexual Orientation Intersectionality. |
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What is biological essentialism? |
Something that is unchangeable because it is biological. |
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What is sexism? |
An attitude towards gender equality. It’s about women. One sex is superior May involve ambivalence. |
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What are some predictors of attitudes towards gender equality? |
Religion Geography Urbanisation Individualism. These things are correlational not causal |
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A descriptive norm is _______? An injunctive norm is _______? |
What people do What people MUST do. |
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What is self stigma? |
Internalising negative societal attitudes. - Causing shame. |
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What is psychological androgyny? |
High in both fem and masc traits. More flexible and healthy 23% |
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What is Incremental Theory of self? |
We can easily change. |
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What is Entity Theory of self? |
Self is resistant to change. |
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What are the big five personality traits ? |
Openness to experience Conscientiousness. Extraversión Agreeableness Neuroticism. |
OCEAN |
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What are the five different approaches to understanding personality? |
Psychodynamic - Freud Social Cognitive - conscious thought classical and operant conditioning. Humanistic - Allport and Maslow people are unique and motivated to fulfil potential. Trait Approach - stable internal characteristics. |
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As part of the humanistic approach, what are integrative life stories? |
Narratives of the self Past Present and anticipated future. Provides unity and purpose. |
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How many English words are there for personality traits? |
18000 |
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How many factors did Raymond Cattel describe in 1970? |
16 |
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What ways can we assess personality? |
Self report Observer ratings Life outcomes. Situational tests. |
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What are implicit theories? |
Beliefs we take for granted. They guide our interpretation of the world. |
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Dwecks incremental theory is also known as……… & Entity theory is also known as……….? |
Growth mindset Fixed mindset. |
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What are shared systems of meaning? |
Culture |
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Americans praise ……..? Japanese praise………..? |
Success Effort |
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What is self consistancy? |
A coherent self identity. |
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What is naive dialectism? |
The expectation of change and the tolerance for inconsistency and contradictory beliefs. Commen in East Asians. |
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What are values? |
Ideas and principles that are personally important. |
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What are the Core Social Motives ? BUCET |
Belonging Understanding Controlling Esteem Trusting - the desire to see the world as benevolent. |
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What is Terror Management Theory? |
People cope with death by finding meaning in life. |
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Goals are ………? Values are ………? |
Achievable Continuing |
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What are the three arms of the Theory of Planned Behaviour? |
Attitudes - how you feel Subjective Norm- societal pressure Self efficacy - how much control you have. |
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Where do we learn self regulation? |
Our parents. |
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Who coined Cognitive dissonance theory? |
Leon Festinger |
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What are the two types of control? |
Primary Control - changing one’s environment (internal locus of control) Secondary Control - aligning yourself to fit the environment (external locus of control) |
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What is conformity? |
Changing yourself or your beliefs to fit with others. To be liked. To reduce uncertainty. |
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What is Esteem Motive ? |
The desire for positive regard Being valued by others. |
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Self enhancement is ………….? Self improvement is …………..? |
Independent. Interdependent. |
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What is a situation scape ? |
Social setting that allows different cultural patterns to occur. |
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What are three models explaining how the mind works? |
Information Processing Model - mind works like a computer. Duel Process Models - system one is fast and superficial and system two is slow and systematic Connectionist Model - memory is like a neural network. Stored memory is activated in a new situation and that experience is added to the network again |
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What is the Carpentered World Hypothesis? |
Early exposure to carpentered corners leads to perceiving corners as depth cues. |
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What is the environmental complexity hypothesis? |
Japanese physical environments attract people’s attention to contextual information. |
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What style of thinking is field independent and which is field dependant? |
Analytic = Field independent Holistic = Field dependant (Asians) |
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Taxonomic is ………? Non Taxonomic is ……….? |
Rule based Relationship based |
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Is talking more analytic or holistic? |
Analytic. |
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What is Naive Dialectism ? |
It emphasises the the acceptance of contradiction. Everything is connected and changing. Two things can be true |
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What are the two steps of person perception? |
Step one is first impressions Step two is considered impressions. |
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What is a schema? |
Cognitive structures that tie expectations to past experience. He is clumsy so I expect him to be careless and lazy. |
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What is Fundamental Attribution Error? |
People are more prone to dispositional attribution even when a situational explaination is possible |
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What is the actor observer bias? |
I did it because of my situation, you did it because you are a jerk. |
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Who is less likely to have FAE? |
Asians. |
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What is the Pygmalion Effect? |
High expectations lead to improved performance via teachers own behaviour. |
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