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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From what constituent monomers are proteins composed?
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amino acids
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What is a missense mutation?
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Missense mutations occur when a point mutation results in substituting one amino acid for another.
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What is a nonsense mutation?
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Nonsense mutations occur when a codon is changed to "stop", resulting in an abbreviated protein.
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Describe a neutral mutation and give an example.
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A neutral mutation may not affect a protein because of genetic code redundancy where several codons code for the same amino acid.
An example of a neutral mutation would be a non-substative change in a protein resulting in different colored eyes in a cat. |
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Recent research suggests that humans have about how many genes?
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20,000 to 25,000<br /><br />As with all information of this type, it is subject to drastic change when new technologies develop. These kinds of estimates are scientists best estimation based on current technology.
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What is a map of all the chromosomes called?
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a karyotype
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What functional groups are on either side of an amino acid molecule?
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amine group and an acid group
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What are the two main types of proteins?
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structural and functional
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What are functional proteins?
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enzymes
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When two amino acids link in dehydration synthesis what is formed?
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dipeptide
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The food that we consume was made from a myriad of non-human genetic codes. So what must our bodies do to these macromolecules to make them useable to us?
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When we consume meat or vegetation of any kind, we must use enzymes to break the macromolecules into monomers that can be transported throughout the body.
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The word C A U T I O N is an easy way to remember the warning signs of cancer. What are these signs?
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C = change in bowel or bladder habits
A = a sore that does not heal U = unusual bleeding or discharge T = thickening or lump I = ingestion or difficulty swallowing O = obvious change in wart or mole N = nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Different versions of the same gene are called what?
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alleles
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What contribution to science did Gregor Mendel make?
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Gregor Mendel is often called the "Father of Genetics" because he was able to deduce some of the fundamental laws of inheritance by growing sweet peas in a monastery garden.
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What is genotype?
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Genotype is the actual genetic makeup expressed in letters.
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What is phenotype?
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Phenotype is the physical expression of genotype. For example: If a genotype is Ww (where "w" represents widow's peak hairline) - Ww is the genotype, and widow's peak is the phenotype.
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What does heterozygous mean?
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A genotype Ww is heterozygous because the letters are different - a capital W and a small case w.
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What does homozygous mean?
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A homozygous genotype is when both letters are the same. E.g. "WW" or "ww".
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What is a Punnett square?
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The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
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How many squares are in a Punnett square?
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That would depend on how many traits are being analyzed.
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What is an allele?
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Alleles are now understood to be alternative DNA sequences at the same physical locus, which may or may not result in different phenotypic traits.
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What is a locus?
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A locus (plural loci) is the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome.
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If two alleles are co-dominant what will result?
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an intermediate or blended phenotype will occur
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In order for a recessive allele's effect to be seen, what has to happen?
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no dominant allele can be present
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What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?
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occurs in people with two copies of an allele that codes for a nonfunctional protein that normally helps transport chloride ions into and out of cells, including those of the lung and intestine are absent
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Why are people who carry only one copy of the normal allele and one copy of the nonfunctional allele not affected by cystic fibrosis?
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because the normal protein functions as an effective chloride transporter. You must have homozygous recessive for the trait to be expressed.
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Curly, wavy, and straight hair traits are examples of what type of inheritance?
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incomplete dominance - where wavy hair is mid way between curly and straight hair
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What kind of hair would children have if one parent was homozygous dominant for wavy hair, and the other was homozygous recessive for straight hair?
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wavy hair - heterozygous
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What kind of dominance is found in the inheritance of blood type?
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co-dominance - where two genes can express shared dominance
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How many squares would there be on a Punnett square dealing with a single trait?
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2 squared (2 letters) = 4 squares
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How many squares would there be on a Punnett square dealing with two traits?
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4 squared (4 letters) = 16 squares
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The FOIL system is used to easily determine gametes. What does "FOIL" stand for?
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First, Outside, Inside, Last
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Using the FOIL method what would the gametes be for a male with the genotype WwRr, and a female with wwrr?
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Male gametes = WR, Wr, wR, wr
Female gametes = wr, wr, wr, wr |
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What are autosomes?
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non-sex chromosomes
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What is the genotype of the sex chromosomes of a normal human male?
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XY
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What is the genotype of the sex chromosomes of a normal human female?
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XX
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What are sex-linked genes?
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genes for traits that are found only on sex chromosomes
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On which human sex chromosomes are most sex-linked traits found - and why?
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female or X chromosome because it is much larger than the male Y chromosome
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What is hemophilia?
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A genetically caused blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly.
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What causes hemophilia?
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Hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic trait which is carried on the X chromosome; which, when combined with the Y will produce a male with hemophilia.
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What would the genetic makeup have to be of the female to cause of female hemophiliac (very rare)?
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The mother would have to be a carrier and the father would have to be a hemophiliac to get a female hemophiliac.
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How is colorblindness passed from one generation to the next?
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Colorblindness is a sex linked trait carried on the X chromosome.
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The lack of what causes color blindness?
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opsins
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What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
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a female sex-linked trait which causes muscle wasting in 1 out of 3500 males
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How are Y-linked sex-linked traits passed from one generation to the next?
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Y-linked genes are passed from fathers to sons.
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Why is the SRY gene important to males.
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This gene is what caused male characteristics to develop. Rarely the SRY gene is missing on the Y chromosome
Such individuals will appear female despite having most of the Y chromosome in tact. |
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How is it possible for a genetic XX female to turn into a male?
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There may be a portion of Y chromosome present carrying the SRY gene. This is extremely rare.
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Who was the discoverer or nucleic acids in 1869?
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Fredrick Miescher, a Swiss scientist
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For what is Thomas Hunt Morgan, the American scientist, known?
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The theory of the gene proposed in 1911
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What seminal discovery did Norton Zinder and Joshua Lederberg, both Americans, discover in 1952?
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They discovered that DNA is the genetic material that links generations.
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Who were the two scientists to receive Nobel prizes for their discovery of the structure of DNA?
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Francis Crick and James Watson
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Who was the woman who died before she could be awarded a Nobel prize for her help in discovering the structure of DNA?
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Rosalind Franklin
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