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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the patterns of divorce since the 1950's? |
There has been a great increase in the number of divorces, the number of divorces doubled between 1961 and 1969 and doubled again by 1972. Since then numbers fell but in 2001 were six times higher than in 1961 |
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What percentage of marriages will end in divorce? |
40% |
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How many petitions for divorce come from women? In 1946 what percentage of petitions for divorce came from women? |
7 out of 10 37% |
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What are the reasons for the increase in the divorce rate |
1. changes in the law the grounds for divorce have been equalised between the sexes the grounds for divorce have been widened Divorce is cheaper in 1971 the grounds were widened to irretrievable breakdown |
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What are the reasons for the increase in the divorce rate |
2. Declining stigma, changing attitudes Mitchell and Goody - since the 1960's there has been a rapid decline in the stigma attached to divorce. Divorce is more socially acceptable 3. Secularisation- decline in the influence of religion in society. |
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What are the reasons for the increase in the divorce rate |
Rising expectations of marriage fletcher (1966) - people place higher expectations on marriage and mean people are less willing to stay in an unhappy marriage Allen and Crow (2001)- love, personal commitment and satisfaction are the cornerstones of marriage. the absence of this is a justification for ending the relationship. |
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What are the reasons for the increase in the divorce rate |
Changes in the position of women women today are more likely to be in paid work equal pay and anti discrimination laws have narrowed the pay gap Girls better success in education helps them get better paid jobs welfare benefits mean women don't have to be financially dependent on men |
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What do Allan and Crow say about marriage and money? |
marriage is less embedded in the economic system now. fewer family firms, men and women are more economically dependent, each has their own source of income |
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Arlie Hochschild home and work |
The home compares unfavourably with work for women as men not doing housework causes frustration this then leads to higher divorce rates. |
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Jessie Bernard (1976) radical feminist view |
Many women feel a dissatisfaction towards patriarchal marriage. the rising divorce rate and the fact most petitions for divorce come from women shows that women are accepting feminist ideas |
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What do the New Right say about high divorce rates |
they are undesirable because they undermine the traditional nuclear family, divorce creates an underclass of welfare dependent single mothers and leaves boys without a male role model which they need. |
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What do feminists say about high divorce rates |
They are good because they show that woman are breaking free from the patriarchal oppression of the nuclear family |
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What do postmodernists say about high divorce rates |
high divorce rate gives individuals the choice to end a relationship if it doesn't meet their needs. cause of greater family diversity. |
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What do functionalists say about high divorce rates |
high divorce rates don't necessarily prove that the institution of marriage is under threat, it's just a result of higher expectations of marriage. the high rate of re-marriage shows that people are still committed to marriage. |
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What have been the changes in marriage in recent years? |
Fewer people are marrying People are marrying later average age of first marriage rose by 7 years between 1971 and 2005 There are more re-marriages Couples are less likely to marry in church |
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What are the reasons for the changing patterns of marriage? |
Changing attitudes to marriage- less pressure to marry Secularisation Declining stigma- having children outside marriage is now accepted Women marrying later because they put their career first now because of their better success in education. Fear of divorce - high divorce rates may put people off marrying |
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Cohabitation patterns |
the number of cohabiting couples has increased, there are over 2 million cohabiting couples in Britain. |
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Reasons for the increase in Cohabitation |
Decline in stigma attached to sex outside marriage Young people more likely to accept cohabitation Increased career opportunities for women mean they have less need for the financial security of marriage |
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Robert Chester (1985) cohabitation and marriage |
for most people cohabitation is part of the process of getting married |
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Shelton and John (1993) cohabitation+housework |
women who cohabit do less housework than married women. (more equal relationship) |
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Same sex relationships Stonewall (2008) |
estimates that about 5-7% of the adult population today have a same sex relaationship |
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Jeffrey Weeks (1999) |
increased social acceptance may explain the trend toward same sex cohabitation and stable relationships that resemble those found among heterosexual couples. weeks says that gays creates families based on 'kinship and friendship' |
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One person households patterns |
There has been a big rise in the number of people living in one person households in 2006 almost 3/10 households contained only one person, almost 3 times the figure in 1961 |
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Reasons for the increase in one persons households |
Increase in separation and divorce decline in numbers marrying and people marry ing later peter stein (1976) - 'creative singlehood' too few partners in age group - older widows |
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Patterns of child bearing |
4/10 children born outside marriage women having children later women are having fewer than in the 20th cent more women remaining childless |
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Reasons for the patterns of child bearing |
Decline in stigma about babies outside marriage women now have more option than just motherhood |
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Lone parent families |
Make up 24% of all families 1 in 4 children live in a lone parent families child living with a lone parent is more than twice as likely to be in poverty 90% of lone parent families are headed by women |
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Reasons for the patterns of lone parent families |
Increase in divorce and separation decline in stigma attached to children outside marriage women are believed to be 'naturally suited' to caring for the children so typically lone parent families tend to be women. feminist ideas and greater opportunities for women have encouraged an increase in the number of never married lone mothers. |
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Charles Murray (1984) |
sees the growth of lone parents as resulting from an over generous welfare state giving benefits to single mothers and their kids. Created a 'perverse incentive' rewarding irresponsible behaviour and having kids without being able to provide for them. creates a dependency culture where people assume the state will support them and their children. |
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Stepfamilies |
10% of all families with dependent children ferri and smith (1988) step families are very similar to first families and involvement of stepparents in childcare and childbearing is a positive one. 86% of step families have at least 1 kid from women's previous relationship |
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Reasons for the patterns in stepfamilies |
increase in divorce and separation lead to step families more children in step families are from womens previous relationship because women are seen as the natural carer of kids |
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Black families |
higher proportion of lone parent households high rate o female headed lone parent families can be traced back to slavery; children stayed ith mother (family disorganisation) and high rates of unemployment among black males |
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Asian families |
Tend to be larger than other ethnic groups households sometimes contain 3 generations extended families
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The extended family wilmott (1988) |
numbers of people in extended families has decreased wilmott - continues to exist as a dispersed extended family, relatives are separate but maintain contact
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