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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prenatal |
Conception to Birth |
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Neonatal |
Birth to 1 Month |
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• Infancy |
1 Month to 1 Year |
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Toddler |
1-3 Years |
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Preschool |
3-6 Years |
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School age |
6-11 Years |
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Adolescence |
11-21 Years |
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Young and middle adult |
21-65 Years |
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Older adult |
65 Years till Death |
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0-6 months |
respondwell to touch…foodmakes them sleepy.Not fearful ofstrangers. |
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6-15 months |
mostlikely need to beheld or restrained,may haveunpleasantmemories ofmedical personne |
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• Young-old |
65-75 years |
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Old |
75-85 years |
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Old-old |
85-100 years |
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Elite old |
over 100 years |
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Number of People over 65 by 2030 |
over 70 million |
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geriatric patient 1in 8 present time, by 2030 |
1 in 5 |
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Over 85 |
fastest growing portion of population |
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• Heart disease, cancer and strokes cause |
80%of deaths in person’s over age 65 |
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Alzheimer Disease |
50% of those over 85 suffer from Alzheimer talk about their past, usually theyremember that |
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Heart and Lung Changes |
Loss of lung capacity• Defense mechanisms lose effectiveness• Heart changes structurally as ages• calcification, and loss of elasticity• Vessels dilate and elongate, valves thicken• Decline in blood flow• Less sensitive baroreceptors• Many exhibit postural hypotension |
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The GI System |
Decrease in secretions, absorption andmotility• Dry mouth, swallow reflex diminishes• Abs weaken• Anemia due to absorption issues• Edentulous• Medications may not be dissolved andabsorbed |
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Neurologic System |
Brain gets smaller• Short-term memory loss• Sensorimotor function decreases• Reaction time to stimuli decreases• Activity time increases• Eye lens thickens• Decrease in postural stability• Spatial relation problems• Loss of sensitivity to deep pain |
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Normal Body Temperature Adult (14 and over) |
97.8 to 98.6 F |
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Normal Body Temperature Child (4 to 13 ) |
97.8 to 98.6 F |
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Normal Body Temperature • Infant (3 months to 3 yrs): |
99.0 to 99.7 F |
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4 areas of the body to measure temperature |
Mouth (oral) under tongue: 98.6• Ear (tympanic): 97.6• Rectum (anal opening): 99.6• Armpit (axillary): 97.6 to 98 |
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9 Locations to Measure a Pulse |
Apical, radial, carotid, femoral, popliteal, temporal, dorsalis pedis, post tibial, brachial |
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Average Pulse Rates, Adult, Child, Infant |
Adult: 60-90 BPM• Child: 90-100BPM• Infant: 120 BPM |
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Tachycardia |
is an abnormally rapid heart rate(over 100 bpm). |
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• Bradycardia |
is an abnormally slow heart rate(below 60 bpm) |
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Pulse Deficit – |
Apical pulse higher than radial |
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Respiration is controlled by the |
Medulla oblongata |
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breaths per min Infant (under 1 year) |
30 – 60 bpm |
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breaths per minute Child (1 – 10 yrs) |
20 – 30 bpm |
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breaths per minute Adult |
15 – 20 breaths/min |
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Cyanosis |
blueish coloring of skin, lacking oxygen |
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Blood pressure definition |
It is the amount of blood flow ejected fromthe left ventricle of the heart during systoleand the amount of resistance the blood meetsdue to systemic vascular resistance. |
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Maintenance of Blood PressureDepends On |
Peripheral resistance-the force against bloodflow Pumping action of the heart Blood volume Blood viscosity-a measure of the resistance ofblood flow Elasticity of the vessel wall |
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• Systolic Pressure |
ventricles of the heart in astate of contraction |
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• Diastolic Pressure |
ventricles of the heart in astate of relaxation. |
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Normal BP adult |
90-130 : systolic 60-90 : diastolic |
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Normal BP child |
100-120 : systolic 60-80 : diastolic |
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Normal BP adolescent |
85-130 : systolic 45-85 : diastolic |
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Hypertensive |
Systolic blood pressure is consistently over 140– Diastolic blood pressure is consistently over 90– “Silent Killer” never based on one reading |
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Hypotensive |
– Systolic blood pressure is less than 90– Diastolic is less than 50 |
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Reading Blood Pressure |
1st number = Systolic pressure– The highest point reached during contraction ofthe left ventricle of the heart as it pumps bloodinto the aorta.• 2nd number = Diastolic pressureThe lowest point to which the pressure dropsduring relaxation of the ventricles.• |
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Pulse pressure |
difference of the two numbers (30-50 is normal) |
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Pulse Oximetry |
Used to monitor the oxygen saturation in thehemoglobin. |
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• Normal SaO2 |
95-100% |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) and oxygen |
Excessiveamounts of oxygen to patient’s who have COPDmay depress the respiratory drive, and thepatient may stop breathing.– Chemoreceptors no longer respond to CO2 stimulus |
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Hypercapnea |
CO2 build up in blood |
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Nasal Cannula |
Used for patients with normal breathing rate anddepth• 21%-60% concentration of O2 delivered with cannula• 1-4 LPM for adults or ¼-1/2 for children; higher ratesare drying• ALWAYS have O2 running BEFORE placing on patient |
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FACE MASK |
Short term• 30-50% concentration but varies because maskdoesn’t fit tight• Rate no less than 5 LPM; needed to flush CO2 |
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Face mask kinds |
Nonrebreathing mask• Partial rebreathing mask• Venturi mask• Aerosol mask |
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• Medical asepsis |
any practice that reduces thenumber and spread of microorganisms. |
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Surgical asepsis |
complete removal ofmicroorganisms and their spores from thesurface of an object. |
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1st OR zone |
unrestricted, people may enter in streetclothes. |
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2nd OR zone |
semi-restricted, persons who are dressedin scrub clothing, mask, and shoe covers andhair net |
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3rd OR zone |
restricted zone, persons wearing scrubssuits, mask, cap, shoe covers and sterileapplications. Those directly involved on theoperation are dressed in sterile gowns andsterile gloves and are often referred to as“being scrubbed.” |
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Methods of Sterilization |
Steam Under Pressure– Double wrapped and placed in autoclave• Chemical Sterilization– Low-temp sterilization, antimicrobial and sporicidalagent used• Ethylene– Used on items that cannot withstand moisture or hightemperture |
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Chemical Method of Skin Preparation |
The area to be penetrated should be cleanedwith an antiseptic solution.• Once you start to clean the area of interest, dothis in a circular motion beginning in thecenter and working outward.• Do not cross anything over the area that hasbeen prepped. |
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•Infection |
theinvasionof the body bya pathogen(a microorganismcapable ofproducingdisease) |
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Nosocomial Infection |
• Infections acquired in the course of medicalcare.• Most often applied to infections contracted inan acute care hospital.• In the US, there are approximately 2,000,000patients annually who contract this type ofinfection. 90,000 will die from them |
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When it is considered nosocomial |
Clinically active infections occurring inhospitalized patients in whom infection wasnot present or documented at the time ofadmission• Considered nosocomial if they occur 48 hoursor more after admission• Infections in discharged patients will beconsidered nosocomial if they occur within 2weeks after discharge |
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Most common nosocomial infections |
Urinary tract and blood stream most commonsites - indwelling catheters |
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Iatrogenic Infection |
A nosocomial infection that results from aparticular treatment or therapeuticprocedure. |
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Community AcquiredInfection |
A person who entersa health care facilitywith an infection. |
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Elements needed toTransmit Infection |
• Source (Infectious Agent)• Reservoirs of Infection• Portal of Exit• Modes of Transmission• Portal of Entry• Host |
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Pathogens (Infectious Agent) kinds |
Parasites –Protozoa, Helminths• Fungi – yeasts and molds• Bacteria – colorless, minute, one-celledorganisms with a typical nucleus• Viruses- smallest microrganism |
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Viruses |
Influenza• Common cold• Mumps and measles• Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E• AIDS• Chicken Pox/Shingles |
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Infectious Agent Specifications |
• Pathogenicity – ability to cause disease.• Virulence – ability to grow and multiplywith speed.• Invasiveness – ability to enter tissues.• Specificity – organism’s attraction to aparticular host. |
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A Portal Exit - Human |
Nose• Mouth• Urinary tract• Open wound |
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DIRECT transmission |
– Is when body fluids are touched directly from person toperson– Vectors = infected animals or insects |
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INDIRECT transmission |
– Fomites = objects that have been contaminated• ie: syringe or dressing– Vehicle = food, water drugs, blood– Droplet = nose, mouth of an infected host– Airborne = comes from evaporated residue left from droplet. |
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HIV and AIDS |
HIV usually results in AIDS, a disease that is currentlyincurable and has a high mortality rate.• A patient must reach the 5th stage of the disease before it isclassified as having AIDS.• Once reaching this stage, 80-90% die with in 3 years |
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Viral Hepatitis |
Inflammation of the cells of the liver• Hep A and Hep E are transmitted by the fecal-oralroute• Others by blood or body fluids• Hep B , C and D can be chronic• Acute demonstrated as flu-like symptoms then in 1-2weeks becomes jaundiced, liver enlarges, liver cellsdie• Can regenerate unless it turns chronic |
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Airborne Isolation |
Occurs when microbes are spread on evaporated droplets thatremain suspended in air or are carried on dust particles in the airand may be inhaled by persons in that room or air space.• A private room with negative air pressure ventilation• Mask• Standard precautions• A mask for the patient if leaving the room• Airborne disease– TB– Chicken Pox– Measles |
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Droplet Isolation |
When droplets contaminated with pathogenicmicroorganisms are placed in the air from a person infectedwith a droplet-borne infection. This occurs when a patientsneezes, coughs, or talks.• A private room; door may be left open• A mask for any procedure that requires less than 3 feet inproximity to the infected patient• Standard precautions |
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Contact Isolation |
Two types of contact spread of infection:– Direct contact• When a susceptible person actually touches an infectedbody– Indirect contact |
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“ReverseIsolation” or “Protective Isolation” |
Patients that are highly susceptible tobecoming infected because of a particulartreatment or condition; isolation precautionsare used to protect the patient from becominginfected |
