Pathopys 4 Disorders Of Male Reproductive System

Front 1

T/F Wolffian and Mullerian ducts are present in all embyros both male(xy) and female(xx) ?

Back 1

True- M/F have both ducts but differentiate during gestation

Wolffian ducts create male genitalia

Mullerian ducts- female genitalia

Front 2

upon development of the testes which 2 hormones are released and what is their function?

Back 2

Antimullerian H- inhibits dvlpment of mullerian ducts

Testosteron- stim dvlpmnt of Wolffian ducts to male genitalia

Front 3

where do the testes originate?

Back 3

originate in abdmn

Front 4

when do the testes descend into the scrotum?

what happens if they do not descend?

Back 4

7-9 month of gestation

Cryptorchidism- must descnd after birth via hormonal therapy (testosterone) or orchiopexy

Front 5

where is the dartos muscle and what is its purpose?

Back 5

located in scrotum
separates the 2 testes and responds to temp- cold constricts, heat relaxes

Front 6

list all of the components of the spermatic cord

Back 6

testicular artery
pampiniform plexus (reg temp)
nerve (sensory & autonomic)
ductus/vas deferens
cremaster muscle (raise/lower testes due to temp changes)

Front 7

which layer of the testes creates the actual shape?

Back 7

tunica albuginea

Front 8

where are the seminiferous tubules located? what do they form?

Back 8

located in each of the hundreds of lobules created by the tunica albuginea
form the rete testis

Front 9

rete testis join _____ which then gives rise to the _____

Back 9

rete testis joins the epididymis
which creates the vas deferens (which then terminates in the ampulla)

Front 10

where does the vas deferens terminate?

Back 10

ampulla- which holds sperm cells where they wait for ejaculation

Front 11

where are sperm cells formed?

what hormone initiates spermatogenesis?

Back 11

Seminiferous Tubules
Pituitary->FSH->Sertoli Cells

Front 12

Which accessory organ stores fructose, and prostaglandins?

Back 12

Seminal Vesicles (2)

Front 13

there are 2 of this particular accessory organ, while all other accessory organs are singular

Back 13

2 seminal vesicles- secrete fluid w food and prostaglandin
1 Prostate-secrete alkaline fluid
1 Cowpers/Bulbourethral Gland-secrete alkaline fluid

Front 14

Describe the structure of the penis

Back 14

3 erectile tissues:
->2 Lateral Corpora Cavernosa w artery in the middle
->1 Ventral Corpus Spongiosum w urethra in the middle

Front 15

Describe the process of hormonal control related to the release of LH

Back 15

Hypothal->GnRH->Pituitary
->Interstisial Leydig Cells
->LH
->Testosterone
->dvlpmnt of Sex Organs, Anabolic Effect, Maturation of Spermatozoa

Front 16

describe the process of spermatogenesis

Back 16

Spermatogonia->2 primary spermatocytes via mitosis (46 chrom/e)

->4 secondary Spermatocytes via meiosis (23 chrom/e)

->8 spermatids (23 chrom/e)

Front 17

where do you find acrosome enzyme and what is its purpose?

Back 17

found in head of sperm
needed for penetration/fertilization of ovum

Front 18

how long can sperm survive in female genital tract?

a) few hours
b) 1-2 days
c) 2-3 days
d) up to 5 days
e) none of the above?

Back 18

1-2 days

Front 19

which male structures produce fluid(s) used to neutralize the vagina for optimal sperm survival

Back 19

prostate- alkaline phosphate
Cowper/Bulbourethral Gland

Front 20

what are the 4 phases of male sexual function

which are parasymp/sympathetically controlled?

Back 20

erection-parasymp (S2-4)
emission-symp (L1-L2)
ejaculation-symp (L1-L2)
detumescence

Front 21

what causes the dilation of BVs in the Erectile Tissue of the Penis?

Back 21

Local Stim/Sexual Thoughts triggering the parasymp response (S2-S4)

Release of Nitric Oxide

Front 22

Explain the difference between hypospadias and epispadias

Back 22

Hypospadias-termination of urethra on ventral surface of penis

Epispadias- termination of urethra on dorsal surface of penis

Front 23

explain the difference between phimosis and paraphimosis

Back 23

phimosis- foreskin is so tight that it cannot retract over the glans

Paraphimosis- foreskin/prepuce is so tight/constricted that it cannot cover the glans and may cause ischemia

Front 24

static blood flow in the corpus cavernosum causes ischemia, fibrosis, and impotence is the pathology of ____

Back 24

Lo Flow Priapism

Front 25

What is the pathology of Priapism and when is this pathology most likely to occur?

Back 25

prolonged/painful erection not related to sexual excitement

5-10yrs
20-50yrs

Front 26

what is hi flow priapism

Back 26

prolonged/painful erection due to persistent arterial blood flow into corpus cavernosum

Front 27

tumor, infection, and trauma can cause the primary classification of _____
what are some secondary causes?

Back 27

Priapism
blood disorder, stroke, drugs, antidepressants, antihypertension, intracavernous injections

Front 28

what is the pathology of Peyronie's Disease

Back 28

localized/progressive fibrosis of the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum->calcification
->prevents lengthening of affected area during erection
->pain/difficult intercourse

Front 29

painful/swollen glans penis, and prepuce with malodorous discharge is the manifestations of _____

Back 29

Balanitis- swollen glans
Balanoposthitis- glans and prepuce

Front 30

what is the pathology of balanitis?
what is the pathology of balanoposthitis?

Back 30

acute/chronic inflammation of glans

inflammation of glans and prepuce

Front 31

the main causes of balanitis or balanoposthitis are...

Back 31

overgrowth of bacteria on accumulation of secretions in males w phimosis -> infection
trauma
irritation

Front 32

what is the pathology of cryptorchidism?
what is the common tx?

Back 32

failure of 1 or both testes to descend from the abdmn into the scrotal sac often elated to birth weight and gestational age

tx- hormonal therapy or orchiopexy

Front 33

what is the pathology of a hydrocele?

Back 33

fluid collectiob between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis

Front 34

how does a hydrocele manifest

Back 34

palpable cystic mass was water between the visceral/parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis detected via ultrasound or transillumination

Front 35

what are some causes of a hydrocele?

Back 35

congenital
local injury, inflammation, infection, lymph obstruction, testicular tumor, radiation

Front 36

what is the pathology of a hematocele?

Back 36

accumulation of blood in the tunica vaginalis due to abdmnl surgery, scrotal trauma, or bleeding disorder

Front 37

what is the pathology of a spermatocele?

Back 37

cyst containing sperm located at the end of the epididymis

painless - rarley a problem

Front 38

varicoceles are most common at what ages?

Back 38

15-35 yrs

Front 39

what is the pathology of varicocele?

Back 39

varicosities of the pampiniform plexus due to incompetent valves- more common on the left- and may cause infertility due to increased scrotal temperature

Front 40

your px feels heaviness in their scrotal area and upon palpation it feels like worms - what is the likely diagnosis?

Back 40

varicocele

Front 41

extravaginal torsion is _____

intravaginal torsion is _____

Back 41

testicular torsion- twisting of spermatic cord
extra- torsion of testicle and tunica albuingea
intra-torsion of testes and tunica vaginalis

Front 42

what are some manifestations of epidiymitis?

Back 42

edema of overlying scrotal skin
pain, swelling, erythema
fever, dysuria
bacteriura, pyuria
increase white blood cell count

Front 43

what is orchitis and what are some manifestations

Back 43

inflammation of testicle
sudden onset w fever
painful enlargement of testes w acute inflammation (Fever, Pain, Swelling, Warm sensation)
atrophy of testes causing impaired spermatogenesis and sterility

Front 44

list some causes of scrotal cancer
who does it usually affect?

Back 44

Soot, tar, oil, poor hygeine, chronic inflammation, UV, HPV

60yr olds w 20-30 years of chronic irritation prior

Front 45

your px has an ulcerating wart on his scrotum. what is the pathology?

Back 45

scrotal cancer

Front 46

hi levels of alpha fetoprotein, HCG, LDH are indicative of ____

Back 46

cancer
(testicular- used to monitor)

Front 47

what are the manifestations of testicular cancer?

Back 47

enlarged testicle with aching

Front 48

List some manifestations of Acute Prostatitis

Back 48

hi fever, chills, myalgia, arthralgia
frquent/urgent urination
dysuria, urethral discharge
dull aching in perineum/rectum
discharge upon massage to the prostate

Front 49

your px is experiencing painful and frequent urination. they have a hi fever and also have a dull aching pain in the rectum. what is the likely diagnosis?

Back 49

acute bacterial prostatitis
fever/chills
myalgia, arthralgia
dysuria, urethral discharge
dull aching perineum/rectum
prostate massage -> discharge

TX= antibiotic

Front 50

this pathology is often caused by pseudomonas, streptococcus or staphylococcus

Back 50

acute bacterial prostatits

Front 51

testicular cancer is ____% of all male cancers and is most common among which age group?

Back 51

1% of all male cancers

15-35 yrs

Front 52

your px has sl enlargment of the testicle with a mild aching sensation. lab test show that the px has high levels of LDH.
what is the likely diagnosis?
what will you do to confirm your diagnosis?

Back 52

Testicular cancer
biopsy to confirm

Front 53

this pathology require ________ for a diagnosis bc the manifestations are mild and it is difficult to treat

Back 53

biopsy
chronic bacterial prostatitis

Front 54

What pathology will show creatinine and PSA in the blood?

Back 54

BHP- benign prostatic hyperplasia

Front 55

Your px has recurrent UTIs and a residual urine measurement shows hi readings greater than 100ml. PSA is also found in the blood.
what is the diagnosis?

Back 55

BHP -benign prostatic hyperplasia

Front 56

A normal uroflowometry reading will be _____

what is a posible diagnosis if the reading is low?

Back 56

normal >14ml

lo <10ml - BHP

Front 57

BHP is most common in which groups?

Back 57

men 60-69yrs

Front 58

what is the pathology of BHP- benign prostatic hyperplasia?

how does it manifest?

Back 58

hyperplasia - increased number of prostate cells causing enlarged prostate

manifests as compression on urethra - often causing UTIs, Hypertrophy of UB, KD infection, Hydronephrosis

Front 59

though the causes of theses pathologies are unknown it is possible that _____ is due to hi estrogen levels while ____is due to hi testosterone levels.

Back 59

BHP- hi estrogen

Prostate cancer - hi testosterone
also linked to
hi fat diet
exposure to cadnium, alkaline battery production

Front 60

upon digital rectal exam the prostate appears to be nodular and fixed. what is the likely diagnosis?

Back 60

prostate cancer