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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the levels of structural complexity?
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• Chemical level: atoms & molecules (atoms combine to form molecules)
• Cellular level: cells are made up of molecules • Tissue level: tissue is made up of similar cells • Organ level: an organ is made up of different types of tissue • System level: a system consists of different organs that work together • Organism level: the human body (organism) is made out of many organ systems |
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What type of cells are the cells of the human body?
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Eukaryotic
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What three components are the cells of the human body composed of?
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1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm 3. Organelles |
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What is the process of Specialization?
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• Different cells perform different specialized functions (such as movement or hormone production)
• To be able to perform their certain highly developed functions, cells have to become specialized (structure and function) |
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Cells become specialized through what process?
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Differentiation (maturation)
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What are are seven major cellular functions?
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1. Metabolic absorption *
2. Respiration * 3. Excretion * 4. Reproduction 5. Movement 6. Conductivity 7. Secretion |
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What else is cellular respiration called?
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oxidation
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What is the process of cellular respiration/oxidation?
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• All cells absorb oxygen and use it to transform nutrients into energy in the form of ATP
• Cellular oxidation occurs in organelles called mitochondria |
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What is the function of Lysosomes?
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compose the cell’s digestive system, they break down large molecules have enzymes that break down waste products until they are small enough to leave the cell
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What are the three types of muscle?
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Smooth: GI tract
Cardiac Skeletal: voluntary |
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What cells perform secretion?
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Endocrine glands: hormones
Exocrine glands: salivatory, sweat |
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Cellular components?
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A. Nucleus
B. Plasma membrane C. Cytoplasm An aqueous solution the fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane Contains cytoplasmic organelles D. Cytoplasmic organelles E. Cytoskeleton |
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Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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Smooth & Rough
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Rough has Ribosomes, Why?
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Synthesize Protein, RNA-site
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Function of the golgi apparatus?
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Packaging proteins into secretory
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3 functions of the Mitochondria?
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*Cellular energy metabolism
*Contains electron transport chain *Generates most of the cell’s ATP |
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Functions of Lysosomes?
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*Digest most cellular substances down
to their basic form (amino acids, fatty acids, sugars) *Also causes cellular *self-destruction when necessary |
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Function of cytoskeleton?
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“Bone and muscle” of cell
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The nucleus is surrounded by?
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cytoplasm
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What if the nucleus isn't in the center?
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Indicates disease
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What does the nucleolous do?
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stores and processes RNA
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What binding protein folds the DNA into chromosomes to prevent breakage?
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Histones
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Before it is folded into chromosomes the DNA exists in what easily breakable form?
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Chromatin
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What are the functions of the Nucleous?
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a) Cell division
b) Control of genetic information c) Replication and repair of DNA d) Transcription of genetic information stored in DNA |
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How does the DNA get transcripted?
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• The DNA stays in the nucleus
• The genetic information is transcribed into RNA • RNA mediates the information stored in DNA to rest of the cell in order to make proteins, RNA moves from nucleus to cell • Processing of RNA occurs in the nucleolus • RNA moves into the cytoplasm and directs cellular activities |
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What are the 3 types of RNA?
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1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Transport RNA (tRNA) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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Function of Genes?
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1. the basic unit of inheritance
2. blueprints/codes for making proteins 3. There are 50-100 thousand structural genes! |
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Structure of Gene?
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Composed of sequences of DNA (specifically sequences of nucleotides that make up the total DNA/genetic material a cell possesses)
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How are some genes related to disease?
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An error in a gene leads to genetic disease
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