Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Sigh Breath
|
1.5 X Tital volume;10-12 per hour; Stretch elastic properties of lungs with elastin and collegen, increase frequency with stress
|
|
|
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
|
left ventricular failure; fluid builds up in the ling while laying down
|
|
|
Kussmaul Respiration
|
Hyperpnea; increased RR and Tital volume; caused by met acidosis or exercise
|
|
|
labored breathing
|
caused by airway obstruction; increased effort, large TV; Slow RR
EX: barrel chest trapping of air |
|
|
cheyne-stokes breathing
|
deep then shallow breathing
Causes: abnormalty of flow to neural center (MI, Stroke) |
|
|
hypoventilation (define and Paco2 level)
|
inadequate aveolar ventilation to meet demand PaCo2 greater than 44, lack of neuro stimuli or COPD
|
|
|
hyperventilation
|
alveolar ventilation excedes demand, wasted effort. Paco2 less than 36
|
|
|
Cor Pulmonale (ME)
|
RHF secondary to long term pulm HTN, R heart needs to pump against pulm HTN causes failure
Causes:COPD, Cystic fibrosis, apnea |
|
|
Causes of Hypoxemia- reduction in arterial PO2
|
1. Decreased inspired O2- enclosed space/elevation
2. hypoventilation-neuro or COPD 3. diffusion abnormality-emphysema, fibrosis, edema 4. V/Q mismatch- asthma, chronic bronchitis, pnemonia 5. shunting- ARDS, atelectasis |
|
|
Hypercapnia- excess of CO2 in blood (6 causes)
|
Pulmonary edema
Pleural abnormality aspiration atelectasis bronchiectasis bronchiolitis |
|
|
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
|
maximally inhales and maximally exhales
|
|
|
Forced Expiratory Volume 1 sec (FEV1)
|
amount of air forcefully exhaled on one second
Limited in: obstructive diseases such as asthma |
|
|
Obstructive disorders (3)
|
Asthma, emphysema, Bronchitis
|
|
|
Asthma
|
spastic contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, decrease in lumen diameter
Cause- genetic, enviornmental |
Pathway: normal bronchiole muscle-sympathetic- epinephrine- diolation
|
|
emphysema
|
Cause- chronic infection/obstruction of bronchi causes trapping of air.Increase resistance and work, decrease capacity. cannot exhale due to obstruction, loss of crossectional area (diffusion abnormality)
|
|
|
Bronchitis
|
excessive mucus production, increase bronchial smooth muscle edema/hypertrophy. Caused by: inflammation or infection
|
mucus glands hose out mucus, bronchoconstriction
|
|
Restrictive Diseases (4)
|
1. parynchmal disease- diffuse interstitial fibrosis (excessive collagen)2. pleural disease (pnumo)3. chest wall (scoliosis) 4. neuromuscular (Polio, MS) cant move diaphram
|
|
|
Pneumoconiosis (occupational diseases)
|
Cause: glass, asbestos, coal, cigs
Blocks airway in transition from bulk to diffuse flow can be obstructive and restrictive |
|
|
atelectasis-collapse of lung tissue (2 types)
|
Compression- tumor fluid or air in pleural space pushes on lung tissue
Absortion- removal of air from obstructed/hypoventilated alveoli |
absortion- removeal of air causes a decrease in pressure inside the aveolus
|
|
bronchiolitis
|
inflammatory obstruction of small airway
|
results in: less air delivery, decrease in lumen diameter, reduction in V/Q; hypoxemia, hypercapnia
|
|
Pulmonary edema (causes and 3 physio)
|
Causes: ARDS, HF
1. swelling in interstitial space, 2.leads to alveolar edema and fluid crossing into air space, 3.obstructs lumen of alveolus |
|
|
pulmonary edema prevention
|
lymph drainage, balance capilary/interstitial hysrostatic and C/I oncotic pressure and capilary permeability
|
|
|
Name 3 Diffusion abnormalities
|
emphysema- loss of crossectional area (A)
Fibrosis- increase diffusion distance (T) Edema- increases diffusion distance (T) |
|
|
V/Q mismatch (3)
|
asthma- V
chronic bronchitis- V pnemonia- Q |
|
|
What is V/Q and deadspace/ shunting
|
V- air reaching alveoli (no ventilation is termed "shunt."
Q- blood reaches the alveoli An area with no perfusion termed dead space. |
|