Pathophysiology Of The Respiratory System

Front 1

What are the 4 preconditions for normal respiration?

Back 1

1. The airways must be patent.
2. The lungs must be able to expand rhythmically during each respiratory movement.
3. The alveolar resiratory membrane must be intact.
4. The action of the control centers of the CNS, as well as of the thoracic muscles and the diaphragm, must be properly coordinated.

Front 2

Where do most lung cancers originate?

Back 2

Most lung cancers originate from the bronchial epithelium.

Front 3

Where is pulmonary surfactant produced?

Back 3

Surfactant is produced by Type II pneumocytes, which are cuboidal cells, lining the alveoli.

Front 4

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?

Back 4

Surfactant coats the alveoli with a very thin film that, because of its surface tension, keeps the alveoli open and prevents them from collapsing.

Front 5

What is the function of
Type I pneumocytes?

Back 5

Type I pneumocytes are very thin cells designed to allow the passage of air from the alveoli into the blood.

Front 6

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

Back 6

The pulmonary artery brings venous blood from the right ventricle into the lungs to be oxygenated in the alveolar septa.

Front 7

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

Back 7

The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Front 8

Which vessels provide nutrients to the lung parenchyma?

Back 8

The bronchial arteries, which originate in the thoracic aorta, provide oxygen and nutrients to the lung parenchyma.

Front 9

What is the major metabolic function of the lungs?

Back 9

The major metabolic function of the lungs is the maintenance of acid-base balance.

Front 10

What is the cause of most Upper Respiratory Infections
(URI's)?

Back 10

Most URI's are caused by viruses.

Front 11

What is MALT?

Back 11

MALT is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

Front 12

Where is MALT located?

Back 12

MALT is in the mucosa of the respiratory system as tonsils in the nasopharynx and pharynx, and lymphoid follicles in the wall of the bronchi.

Front 13

What is the function of MALT?

Back 13

MALT provides protection against infections.

Front 14

What is Croup?

Back 14

Croup is an acute, possibly life-threatening infection that involves the larynx, most common in children younger than 3 years.

Front 15

What are 2 types of pneumonia?

Back 15

1. Alveolar pneumonia, marked by intra-alveolar inflammation
2. Interstitial pneumonia, primarily involving the alveolar septa.

Front 16

What is hypostatic pneumonia?

Back 16

Hypostatic pneumonia is focal intra-alveolar inflammation representing bacterial infection superimposed on the pulmonary edema of chronic heart failure.

Front 17

Which form of pneumonia is usually diffuse and often bilateral?

Back 17

Interstitial Pneumonia

Front 18

What is most often the causative agent of bacterial pneumonia?

Back 18

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 19

What is bronchiectasis?

Back 19

Bronchiectasis is irreversible dilatation of bronchi secondary to chronic inflammation.

Front 20

What is Legionnaires' Disease?

Back 20

Legionnaires' Disease is an atypical bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila which if untreated causes massive consolidation and necrosis of lung parenchyma and is associated with high mortality.

Front 21

What condition is defined by enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the alveolar walls, and which affects chronic smokers?

Back 21

Emphysema

Front 22

What is a term used for a spectrum of lung diseases characterized by chronic airway obstruction?

Back 22

COPD:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Front 23

What is a term used to denote incomplete expansion, or collapse, of alveoli?

Back 23

Atelectasis

Front 24

What is a chronic bacterial infectious disease which elicits formation of granulomas containing a necrotic central portion?

Back 24

TB:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Front 25

What disease is characterized by increased responsiveness of the bronchial tree to a variety of stimuli?

Back 25

Asthma

Front 26

What is a condition in which the right ventricle is working against increased pulmonary resistance, such as occurs with left ventricular failure or with massive pulmonary thromboembolism?

Back 26

Chronic Cor Pulmonale

Front 27

What is the common disease representing a typical type I hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa to exogenous allergens?

Back 27

Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)

Front 28

What is a multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, presumably mediated by cell-mediated immunity, with a predilection for the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes, and affects blacks 10 times more often than others?

Back 28

Sarcoidosis

Front 29

An immune disorder caused by repeated inhalation of foreign antigens, such as molds or fungi, hay or tree bark, contaminated fluid or air conditioning equipment, bird droppings, animal fur dust, or wood dust.

Back 29

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
(extrinsic allergic alveolitis)

Front 30

Mostly occupational lung diseases, a consequence of long-term exposure to and inhalation of mineral dusts, fumes, and various organic and inorganic particulate matter.

Back 30

Pneumoconioses

Front 31

Lung Carcinoma may metastasize to what areas of the body?

Back 31

Distant metastases of lung carcinoma may be found in the liver, brain, bones, and adrenal glands.

Front 32

In Pulmonary TB, the primary lesion, together with the draining and affected lymph nodes caused by initial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Back 32

Ghon complex

Front 33

A clininal term used to describe changes that occur in the lungs under a variety of conditions, all of which cause acute respiratory failure.

Back 33

ARDS:
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Front 34

A condition where inhaled fibers enter the alveoli and are taken up by macrophages, which are then stimulated to release various fibrogenic cytokines and growth factors, resulting in extensive pulmonary fibrosis; fibrosis of the pleura leads to the formation of fibrous plaques; this condition is carcinogenic; it stimulates the formation of mesotheliomas of the pleura and lung cancer.

Back 34

Asbestosis

Front 35

What are the typical features of a tuberculous granuloma?

Back 35

A tuberculous granuloma consists of central caseous necrosis surrounded by epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells, and lymphocytes.

Front 36

How many lobes do the lungs have?

Back 36

The right lung has 3 lobes; the left lung has 2 lobes.