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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Leukocytes
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*White Blood Cells
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Where does hematpoiesis of leuokocytes happen?
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*Begin with plurpotential or hemopoetic stem cells.
*Happens in bone marrow |
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Order of hematopoiesis of WBC's
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*Pluripotent Stem Cells
*Myeloid Stem Cell *Either Monocyte CFU or Granulocyte CFU |
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If Myeloid stem cell differentiates into a monocyte CFU what happens next?
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*Turns into a monoblast
*then turns into a Monocyte |
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If Myeloid Stem cell differentiates into a Granulocyte CFU what happens next?
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*It will either turn into an Eosinophil, Neutrophil, or Basophil
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What does the CBC differential show?
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*The different types of WBC's
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Normal WBC
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*5-10 thousand
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Neutrophil in a differential
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*57-67% of CBC differential
*Higher with bacterial infections |
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Neutrophil morphology
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*Segmented nucleus
*Cytoplasm is filled with fine granules |
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Neutrophil function
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*Highly phaygocytic
*Granules contan microbicidial compounds such as lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase which are membrane destabilizers *non-specific (recognizes foreign things but doesn't recognize what they are) * |
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Neutrophil life cycle
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*After release from bone marrow they circulate for 4-8 hours
*When they begin working in the tissue they live for 4-5 days |
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Normal Eosinophils in Differential
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*1-3%
*Increased in allergies, parasitic infections, & collagen vascular dz |
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Eosinophil morphology
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*Bi-lobed nucleus
*Stain with eosin *Stain darker then neutrophils *Shperical |
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Eosinophil function
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*ingests antigen
*antibody complexes induced by IgE (type one allergy |
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Normal basophils in differential
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*0-.75%
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Basophil function
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*House histamine and bradykinin.
*Brings other WBC's to site sto help with inflammatory proccess by vasodilation *Hypersensitivity rxn involving basophils can be mad |
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Basophil structure
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*Dark granules varying in shape and size.
*Granules contain histamine and heparin |
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Normal Monocytes in differential
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*3-8%
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Monocyte structure
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*Large with fine granulation
*Distinctive U-shaped nucleus *Matures into macrophages |
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Monocyte life span
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*1-3 days circulating
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Monocyte function
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*Antigen presenting cells
*Constantly looking for things to kill *Important in chronic inflammation and lymphyocytic activation in the immune response |
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Other names for monocytes
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*Histopcytes in connective tissue
*Kuppfer cells in liver *Microglial cells in brain |
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Hematopoiesis of lymphocytes
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*Pluripotential cell turns into lymphoid stem cell
*Lymphoid stem cell turns into either T or B cell |
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Where do T cells maturate?
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*Thymus
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Where do B cells maturate?
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*Bone marrow
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B cell function
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*Make antibodies
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Normal lymphocytes in differential
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*25-33%
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Lymphocyte structure
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*Small resting cells
*Huge nucleus *High nuclear cytoplasmic ratio *Small amount of blue cytoplasm |
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Lymphocyte function
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*Live in blood or lymph
*they circulate and wait to be activated for specific immunity *Once activated they can pretty much attack anything |
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What is lymph?
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*Lymph actually comes from extra interstial fluid that drains into the lymph nodes
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Non-neoplastic changes in leukocytes
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*Qualitative=normal number of cells produced, but cells are abnormal in some aspect of their function
*Quantitative=Abnormal number of cells. Usually just of one type |
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Quantitative Neutrophil Abnormalities
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*Neutropenia
*Neutropenia |
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Neutropenia
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*Low absolute neutrophil count second to something else such as radiation and chemo
*Susceptible to infections (especially resp) |
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Signs and symptoms of Neutropenia
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Malaise, chills, fever, extreme weakness, fatigue; WBC usually <1,000 and maybe as low as 200-300; Ulcerative, necrotizing lesions of mouth, skin, and GI tract
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Neutrophilia
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*High absolute neutrophil count
*Usually is a response to a bacterial infection *Could have a left shift |
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Left Shift
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*Bone marrow is being promted to make more and more cells
*Marrow gets over worked *Marrow begins to put out non segmented cells which shows that they are newer cells *Not bad, just shows that there is an active process going on. *Neutrophil becoming dark also means that it is being put to work |
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How are viral infections characterized?
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*increase in lymphocyte count
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