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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Pathophysiology?
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Study of the cellular and organ changes associated with disease
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Disease
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"not comfortable"
Normal physiological and possibly anatomical characteristics are disrupted |
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Etiology
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Cause. Study of the cause of homeostatic disruptions that lead to disease
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Etiologic factors
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1. Biological agents
2. Trauma 3. Chemical reagents 4. Nutritional changes 5. Genetic disruption |
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Congenital
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factors present at birth
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Acquired effects
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Caused by events that occur after birth
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Idiopathic diseases
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Arising spontaneously or from an unknown cause
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Pathogenesis
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Process of disease development
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Clinical Manifestations
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Early or new recognizable changes, described as:
Symptoms - subjective (by patient) Signs - objective observed physical changes Sequelae - impairment or problems caused by disease (complication) |
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Diagnosis
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Determining what the disease is and its underlying causes
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What are evidence based guidelines?
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Diagnosis is based on clinicians expertise in the field; best evidence available in scientific and clinical research areas.
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What are practice guidelines?
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Published guidelines offering step by step procedures for diagnosis, evidence based, reviewed by experts in the field.
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Clinical Coruse
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Progression of the disease
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Acute
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Severe but limited time frame - immediate problem
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Chronic
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Slow developing, long lasting time frame, may follow an acute insult
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Subacute
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Between acute and chronic in character
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What is cellular adaptation?
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Cells adapt to persistent stress by changing their size, number and/or shape; storing molecules in abnormal amounts.
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in size of cells due to increased workload, either normal or pathologic.
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Hyperplasia
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Increase in number of cells due to increased workload, hormonal changes or tissue changes
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Metaplasia
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Replacement of one adult cell with another adult cell to better endure change, stress or chronic irritation.
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Dysplasia
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Deranged cell growth of specific tissue; abnormal size, shape and/or appearance. Can precede cancerous changes
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Homeostasis
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Dynamic, steady state
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Name four causes of cellular Injury.
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Mechanical/physical - trauma
Chemical - toxins disrupt function Biologic - viruses Nutritional - lack or excess of building block molecules |
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Mechanical/physical trauma injury
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Mechanical force - fractures
Extreme temps - denatures proteins in cell membranes and blood plasma - enzymatic breakdown; causes vascular injury Electrical forces - electrocution |
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Radiation Injury
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Ionizing radiation: frequency high enough to knock molecules off electrons; above visible & UV
Disrupts cellular molecular structure Mutates DNA or interrupts replication Can cause fibrosis & scarring UV radiation: lower frequency, disrupts DNA |
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Chemical injury
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Chemicals can:
Block ion transport sites Destroy cell membrane and cell integrity Interfere with cellular metabolism Upset ionic and osmotic balances Interfere with cell division Causes: carbon monoxide, alcohol, coal dust, lead, mercury |
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Biological injury
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Viruses: take over genetic reproduction of cell
Bacteria: make endotoxins that disrupt cellular metabolism Parasites: take away energy and nutrients from host |
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Nutritional injury
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Lack of vitamins and nutrients cause breakdown of biological function
Overabundance of fats, glucose and some vitamins can contribute to disease |
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What are Free Radicals?
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Molecules with an unpaired electron in the outer electron shell
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Hypoxia
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Inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue that is below physiologic levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood.
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