Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
221 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is |
Left-sided heart disease |
|
|
Front (Term) What is a neoplasm |
Back (Definition) A new tumor growth |
|
|
Front (Term) Benign versus malignant tumor |
Back (Definition) Benign tumors are encapsulated and do not move. Malignant tumors are not encapsulated and are invasive. |
|
|
What is anaplasia |
Loss of cellular differentiation |
|
|
What does pleomorphic mean |
Variability and size and shape of cell or tumor |
|
|
Carcinoma is cancer of the _____________ tissue |
Epithelial |
|
|
Sarcoma is cancer of the what? |
Connective tissue including muscle and bone |
|
|
What is carcinoma in situ |
Precancer localized to epithelium |
|
|
What are the three outcomes of carcinoma in situ |
Progress to cancer, remain stable, or regress. |
|
|
What are tumor markers |
Substances produced by both benign and malignant cells. |
|
|
Where are tomorrow markers tested? |
Blood, spinal fluid, urine. |
|
|
What three things make cancer cells different? |
They lack contact inhibition, there Anchorage independent, do not undergo apoptosis. |
|
|
Oncogenes in normal non-mutant are known as what? |
Proto-oncogenes |
|
|
Mutant gene's causing direct synthesis of proteins that support pro-liferation are known as what? |
Oncogenes |
|
|
_______________________ encode proteins to inhibit pro-liferation and regulates growth by slowing it down – "breaks" |
Tumor suppressor genes |
|
|
Small DNA changes are known as |
Point mutations "hits" |
|
|
The four large DNA changes for cancer are: |
Chromosome translocation, copy number variation, gene amplification, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes |
|
|
What are the six things that have to happen for cancer to occur |
Sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis, evading apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signal, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, limitless replicative potential. |
|
|
What are telomeres? |
Specialized ends or caps on chromosomes or DNA. Telomeres are formed by the enzyme telomerase. |
|
|
Telomeres sustain length creating immortality in__________ __________. |
Cancer cells |
|
|
________ ____________ predisposes to cancer. |
Chronic inflammation |
|
|
What are the four viruses known to be cancerous links? |
Epstein Barr Herpes HPV HEP B |
|
|
Spread of cancer cells from site of original tumor to distant tissues and organs is called ________________. |
Meta-stasis |
|
|
What are the 9 symptoms/complications of cancer? |
Pain Fatigue Cachexia (malnutrition--wasting) Anemia Leukopenia ( ⬇️ WBC) Thrombocytopenia (⬇️ platelets) Infection GI effects - nausea Effects on hair and skin - hair loss |
|
|
When cancer is still in organ of origin it is in which stage? |
Stage one |
|
|
When cancer is locally invasive it is in which stage |
Stage two |
|
|
When cancer is spread to regional structures – lymph nodes it is in which stage? |
Stage 3 |
|
|
When cancer has spread to a distant site it is in which stage? |
Stage 4 |
|
|
Therapy unique for each individual & cancer type is known as what? |
Personalized medicine |
|
|
Expression of the gene or phenotype that is heritable but does not involve DNA mutation is ___________. |
Epigenetics |
|
|
Name the 8 most common cancer causing exposures. |
Use of tobacco, alcohol consumption, diet and obesity, radiation, electromagnetic exposure, air pollution, radon. |
|
|
High risk types of sexually transmitted ______ required for development of most cervical cancers. |
HPV |
|
|
Delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism, removal of wastes, defense against microorganisms and injury, and maintenance of acid-base balance are all functions of which system? |
Hematologic system |
|
|
This plasma protein functions as carriers in regulation of water and solutes through capillaries |
Albumin |
|
|
This plasma protein carries proteins & antibodies |
Globulins |
|
|
This hormone is the main regulator of platelets |
Thrombopoietin |
|
|
Granulocytes include which three 'phils' |
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. |
|
|
Agranulocytes include which two 'cytes' |
Monocytes, lymphocytes |
|
|
This white blood cell stimulates the immune system. |
Immunocyte |
|
|
This white blood cell eats debris and waste. |
Phagocyte |
|
|
Phagocytes include what? |
Monocytes and all granulocytes. |
|
|
This phagocyte is present in early inflammation and most numerous white blood cell. |
Neutrophil |
|
|
This granulocyte is present in allergic reactions and asthma |
Eosinophil |
|
|
This granulocyte contains histamine and heparin |
Basophil |
|
|
__________ __________ _________ main function is to destroy microorganisms and defend against bacteria in the bloodstream. |
Mononuclear phagocyte system |
|
|
This is the PROCESS of blood cell production. |
Hematopoesis |
|
|
This is the actual DEVELOPMENT of blood cells. |
Erythropoiesis |
|
|
67% of total body ______ is bound to heme in red blood cell and muscle cells |
Iron |
|
|
Iron transported in blood is bound to ___________. |
Transferrin |
|
|
A glycoprotein made by liver and tissue macrophages, submaxillary and mammary glands and ovaries/testes. |
Transferrin |
|
|
Aged RBCs are destroyed by macrophages in the _________. If the _________ is absent, the liver takes over. |
Spleen |
|
|
Leukocytes arise from stem cells in the ________ _______. |
Bone marrow |
|
|
A granulocytes and monocytes are released into the ______________ before they fully mature. |
Bloodstream |
|
|
Platelets are made from _______ ________ and are also destroyed in the _______. |
Stem cells Spleen |
|
|
The arrest of bleeding is known as ________. |
Hemostasis |
|
|
_________ is a reduction in the total number of red blood cells in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin. |
Anemia |
|
|
4 causes of anemia? |
Impaired erythrocyte production Acute or chronic blood loss Increased erythrocyte destruction Combination of the above |
|
|
Three classic anemia symptoms are: |
Weakness, fatigue, hypoxia. |
|
|
Self size is identified by terms that end in _______. |
-cytic |
|
|
Hemoglobin content is identified by terms that end in _______. |
Chromic |
|
|
Macrocytic normochromic anemia is characterized by unusually ______stem cells in the marrow creating unusually _______ RBC. Does not change % of hemoglobin. |
Large, large |
|
|
The two types of macrocytic normochromic anemia are: |
Pernicious Anemia - ⬇️ VB12 Folate Deficiency Anemj - ⬇️ Folic acid |
|
|
Pernicious Anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells due to ______________ destruction. |
Autoimmune |
|
|
Which form of anemia develops slowly (20-30 years) |
Pernicious Anemia |
|
|
What is the treatment for pernicious anemia? |
Parenteral or high doses of vitamin b12. |
|
|
Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia is characterized by abnormally _________ erythrocytes that contain abnormally reduced amounts of _________. |
Small, hemoglobin |
|
|
Hemoglobin percent is reduced in which anemia. |
Microcytic Hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Iron deficiency anemia (most common) belongs to what group? |
Microcytic hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include: |
Spoon shaped brittle nails, sore red tongue, dry sore corners of mouth. |
|
|
What are the two treatments of iron deficiency anemia? |
Eliminate blood loss, 100–200 mg of iron a day. |
|
|
Define normocytic normochromic anemia. |
Red cells that are relatively normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficient in number. |
|
|
5 types of normocytic normochromic anemias? |
Aplastic anemia Posthemmoragic anemia Hemolytic anemia Sickle cell anemia Anemia of chronic inflammation |
|
|
________ ________ anemia is sickle shaped red blood cell and a genetic mutation. |
Sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Polycythemia |
Overproduction of red blood cells |
|
|
What are the two forms of polycythemia? |
Relative and absolute polycythemia. |
|
|
What are the two causes of relative polycythemia? |
Dehydration and fluid loss resulting in increased red blood cell count. |
|
|
What is absolute polycythemia? |
And abnormality of stem cells in the bone marrow. |
|
|
Defined quantitative alterations of leukocytes. |
Increase or decrease in number of leukocytes in blood. |
|
|
Define leukocytosis. |
White blood cell count is higher than normal. |
|
|
Define leukopenia. |
White blood cell count is lower than normal and not beneficial. A low white blood count predisposes a patient to infection. |
|
|
_________ is evident in the first stages of an infection or inflammation. |
Neutrophilia. |
|
|
Neutropenia (reduction in circulating neutrophils) is caused by what? (4 causes) |
Prolonged severe infection, decreased production, reduced survival, abnormal neutrophil distribution and sequestration. |
|
|
An increase in the number of lymphocytes is known as: |
Lymphocytosis. |
|
|
_____________ is caused by acute viral infections. |
Lymphocytosis. |
|
|
Lymphocytopenia is what? |
Decrease in number of lymphocytes. |
|
|
Lymphocytopenia is caused by what? (3 causes) |
Immune deficiencies, drug destruction (cancer), viral destruction (AIDS) |
|
|
Malignant disorder of the blood and blood forming organs causing excessive accumulation of leukemic cells is known as what? |
Leukemia |
|
|
_________ ________ is characterized by the presence of alien looking cells in the lymph nodes. |
Hodgkin lymphoma |
|
|
Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma include: |
Enlarged lymph nodes, itchy skin, fatigue, night sweats. |
|
|
______-____________ lymphoma is linked to chromosome translocations, viral and bacterial infections, environmental agents, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune disorders. |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
|
|
Treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma includes: |
Chemotherapy and sometimes with radiation. |
|
|
Splenomegaly: |
Enlargement of the spleen |
|
|
Thrombocythemia is defined as: |
A high platelet count |
|
|
Splenectomy this can cause __________ due to lack of storage. |
Thrombocythemia |
|
|
Impaired hemostasis is defined as: |
Inability to promote coagulation |
|
|
_______ _________ causes a broad range of hemostasis disorders. |
Liver disease |
|
|
Define a thrombus |
Clot attached to blood vessel wall in an artery or vein that eventually reduces blood flow. |
|
|
Define embolus. |
A detached clot that may become lodged in blood vessel wall. |
|
|
What is the function of the right side of the heart? (Pulmonary circulation) |
Pumps blood through the lungs and back to the heart |
|
|
What is the function of the left side of the heart? (Systemic circulation) |
Pumps blood through the body and back to the heart. |
|
|
The heart wall is known as the: |
Pericardium |
|
|
What is the function of the pericardium? |
Prevents displacement of the heart, physical barrier against infection and inflammation, contains receptors to change blood pressure and heart rate. |
|
|
What is the anatomy of the atriums? |
Thinner walls and smaller space. |
|
|
What is the anatomy of the heart ventricles? |
Thicker walls and larger space, left ventricle has thickest walls. |
|
|
_______ is when the heart is at rest _______ is when the heart is contracting. |
diastole, systole BP: systolic/diastolic |
|
|
Cardiac preload is defined as |
Left ventricular end diastolic volume |
|
|
__________ _________ is the force of contraction |
Myocardial contractility |
|
|
What are the three factors of myocardial contractility? |
Changes and stretching of myocardium, alterations in the chemicals affecting stimuli of the ventricles, adequacy of myocardial oxygen supply. |
|
|
What are the five factors affecting blood flow? |
Pressure, resistance, velocity, laminar vs. turbulent flow, vascular compliance. |
|
|
Arterial pressure is influenced by: |
Mean arterial pressure, effects of cardiac output, effects of total peripheral resistance, effective hyperemia, effects of hormones. |
|
|
What is the function of the lymphatic system? |
Vascular system that picks up excess fluid and returns it to the bloodstream. |
|
|
________ _______ is primarily water and dissolved proteins. |
Lymphatic fluid |
|
|
Define a varicose vein. |
A vein in which blood has pooled that is distended and palpable, caused by trauma or gradual venous distention. |
|
|
Age, female gender, family history, obesity, pregnancy, deep vein thrombosis, And leg injury are all risk factors of _______ ________. |
Varicose veins |
|
|
Chronic venous insufficiency |
Inadequate venous return over a long period due to varicose veins or valvular incompetence. |
|
|
Progressive occlusion of the superior vina cava that leads to venous distention of upper extremities and head: |
Superior vena cava syndrome |
|
|
Deep vein thrombosis |
Obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure (affects primarily lower extremities) |
|
|
Factors causing deep vein thrombosis: |
Cancer, orthopedic surgery/trauma, heart failure and immobility. |
|
|
Define primary hypertension |
And extremely complicated interaction of genetics and it affects 92 to 95% of individuals with hypertension. |
|
|
Risk factors of hypertension |
Hi sodium intake, obesity, insulin resistance |
|
|
Complications of hypertension |
Affects heart, kidneys and retina. Can result in transient ischemic attack/stroke, cerebral thrombosis, aneurysm, dementia. |
|
|
Define malignant hypertension |
Rapidly progressive hypertension, diastolic pressure is usually greater than 140, life-threatening organ damage. |
|
|
What causes orthostatic hypotension? |
A lack of normal blood pressure compensation in response to gravitational changes in circulation. (dizziness, blurring, loss of vision) |
|
|
Define aneurysm |
Local dilation or outpouching of the vessel wall or cardiac chamber |
|
|
______ ___________ involve all 3 layers of arterial walls |
True aneurysms |
|
|
Define arteriosclerosis |
Chronic disease of the arterial system, abnormal thickening in the hardening of the vessel walls. |
|
|
Define atherosclerosis |
A form of arteriosclerosis, thickening and hardening of vessel walls caused by accumulation of plaque |
|
|
Any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries leading to myocardial Ischemia |
Coronary artery disease |
|
|
Risk factors of coronary artery disease |
Old age, family Astrea, male gender or female post menopause |
|
|
Local, temporary deprivation of the coronary blood supply |
Myocardial ischemia |
|
|
Inflammation of the pericardium is known as |
Acute pericarditis |
|
|
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity |
Pericardial effusion |
|
|
Cardiomyopathies |
Diseases that affect the myocardium |
|
|
Ventricular dilation, impaired systolic function |
Dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
Thickening of myocardium |
|
|
Restrictive filling and increased diastolic pressure of ventricles |
Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Valve is constructed and narrowed causing proximal chamber and increased workload |
Valvular stenosis |
|
|
Cusps failed to close permitting blood flow to continue while some blood leaking back into proximal chamber |
Valvular regurgitation |
|
|
This disorder develops gradually with a slow heart rate and delayed pulses. |
Aortic stenosis |
|
|
Results in incomplete emptying of the left atrium causing atrial hyper trophy |
Mitral stenosis |
|
|
During diastolic, blood flows back into the left ventricle causing volume overload |
Aortic regurgitation |
|
|
Blood flows back into the left atrium from left ventricle, let ventricle hypertrophy's, left atrium enlarges |
Mitral regurgitation |
|
|
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome |
One or both of the cusps billow upward into left atrium |
|
|
Rheumatic fever |
Systemic, inflammatory disease caused by a delayed immune response to a pharyngeal infection, if left untreated, rheumatic fever causes rheumatic heart disease |
|
|
Systolic heart failure |
Inability of the heart to generate adequate cardiac output to perfuse tissues |
|
|
Diastolic heart failure or |
Pulmonary congestion despite normal stroke volume and cardiac output |
|
|
Dyspnea, orthopnea, cough with sputum, fatigue, decreased urine output and edema are all symptoms of ______________. |
Left heart failure |
|
|
Inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation that is commonly associated with COPD is _________. |
Right heart failure |
|
|
When the cardiovascular system fails to perfuse the tissues adequately it is known as |
Shock |
|
|
Symptoms of shock are |
Hypotension, tachycardia & increased respiratory rate |
|
|
What are the five types of shock |
Cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, septic. |
|
|
Cardiogenic shock |
Tissue hypoxia and decreased cardiac output and |
|
|
Cardiogenic shock |
Tissue hypoxia and decreased cardiac output and |
|
|
Hypovolemic shock |
Loss of whole blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid |
|
|
Cardiogenic shock |
Tissue hypoxia and decreased cardiac output and |
|
|
Hypovolemic shock |
Loss of whole blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid |
|
|
Neurogenic shock |
Widespread vasodilation from overstimulation of parasympathetic and understimulation of sympathetic's |
|
|
Cardiogenic shock |
Tissue hypoxia and decreased cardiac output and |
|
|
Hypovolemic shock |
Loss of whole blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid |
|
|
Neurogenic shock |
Widespread vasodilation from overstimulation of parasympathetic and understimulation of sympathetic's |
|
|
Anaphylactic shock |
Widespread vasodilation and hypovolemia |
|
|
Cardiogenic shock |
Tissue hypoxia and decreased cardiac output and |
|
|
Hypovolemic shock |
Loss of whole blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid |
|
|
Neurogenic shock |
Widespread vasodilation from overstimulation of parasympathetic and understimulation of sympathetic's |
|
|
Anaphylactic shock |
Widespread vasodilation and hypovolemia |
|
|
Septic shock |
Infection that progresses to bacteremia |
|
|
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome |
Progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to severe illness or injury |
|
|
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome |
Progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to severe illness or injury |
|
|
Sepsis, septic shock, severe injury are all causes of _______. |
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome |
|
|
Conducting airways consist of |
Nasal cavity, pharynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngeaopharynx, larynx, trachea or, bronchi, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac |
|
|
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and the larynx are all part of the |
Upper airway |
|
|
The function of the larynx is to |
Connect the upper and lower airways |
|
|
The function of the larynx is to |
Connect the upper and lower airways |
|
|
Lower airways consist of |
Left and right pulmonary bronchi, trachea, bronchioles |
|
|
_______ are primary gas exchange units |
Alveoli |
|
|
What is the function of type one alveolar cells |
Provide structure |
|
|
What is the function of type one alveolar cells |
Provide structure |
|
|
What is the function of type two alveolar cells |
Secrete surfactant that coats the inner surface preventing lung collapsed |
|
|
The _______ is made up of skin, ribs and the intercostal muscles – thoracic cavity |
chest wall |
|
|
Membrane that covers lungs |
Visceral pleura |
|
|
Lining of thoracic cavity |
Parieta pleura |
|
|
Area between cavity |
Pleural space |
|
|
Gas exchange occurs across which membrane |
Alveolocapillary membrane |
|
This facilitates gas exchange |
Pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Function of the pulmonary system |
Refuses lungs so organs and tissues receive blood Rich and oxygen and low and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Oxyhemoglobin association and dissociation |
Measurement is shifted to the right by acidosis (low pH) |
|
|
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease |
Dyspnea, cough, abnormal sputum, hemoptysis, abnormal breathing patterns, hypoventilation, hyperventilation, cyanosis, clubbing. |
|
|
What are kussmaul respirations |
Slightly elevated respiratory rate no pause during exhale |
|
|
What are Chyene-Stokes respirations |
Periods of deep shallow breathing with apnea 15 to 60 seconds |
|
|
Increased carbon dioxide in the arterial blood caused by hypoventilation is known as |
Hypercapnia |
|
|
Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood is known as |
Hypoexmia |
|
|
Compromise chest wall due to D formation, and mobilization, and obesity is known as |
Chestwall restriction |
|
|
Fracture of several ribs leading to instability of a portion of the chest wall is known as |
Flail chest |
|
|
Pneumothorax |
Presence of air or gas in the plural space caused by a rupture in the visceral pleura or the parietal pleura and chest wall |
|
|
Pleural effusion |
Presence of fluid in the plural space |
|
|
Function of surfactant |
To lower surface tension by coating the air – liquid interface in the alveoli |
|
|
Pertaining to pleural effusion what is transudative and exudative fluid |
Transudative- watery fluid Exudative – white blood cells and plasma |
|
|
Empyema |
Micro organisms and plural space – infected pleural effusion |
|
|
Inhalation disorders are caused by which toxic gases |
Smoke, ammonia, sulfur, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide |
|
|
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is |
Left-sided heart disease |
|
|
Acute respiratory distress syndrome |
Form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation in diffuse alveolar capillary injury |
|
|
Characteristics of acute respiratory distress syndrome |
Dyspnea, low ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen, respiratory alkalosis |
|
|
Obstructive lung disease is where airway obstruction is worse with expiration signs and symptoms are |
Dyspnea and wheezing |
|
|
Common obstructive lung diseases are |
Asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema |
|
|
Chronic inflammatory disorder of bronchial mucosae that causes hyper responsiveness and airway constriction is known as |
Asthma |
|
|
Symptoms of asthma |
Wheezing on expiration, dyspnea, tachypnea |
|
|
If __________ does not occur, decreased lung expansion, increased work of breathing, and severe gas exchange abnormalities |
Surfactant |
|
|
Treatment of asthma |
Peak flow meters, oral corticosteroids, anti-inflammatories |
|
|
Hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that last for at least three months of the year and for at least two consecutive years is known as |
Chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis |
Mucus is thicker than normal, productive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, smoking history, barrel chest, cyanosis |
|
|
Definition of emphysema |
Abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis |
|
|
Treatment of emphysema |
Pulmonary rehab, improve nutrition and breathing techniques |
|
|
Pneumonia is infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by what |
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites. Bacterial form tends to be worse |
|
|
Acute bronchitis |
Commonly follows a viral illness and is self-limiting, acute infection or inflammation of the airways or bronchi |
|
|
When lungs return to resting after inspiration it is termed as |
Elastic recoil |
|
|
The measure of long and chest wall distensibility is termed as |
Compliance |
|
|
Compliance increases |
Abnormally easy to inflate |
|
|
Compliance decreases |
Chestwall stiff – hard to inflate |
|
|
Gas transport |
Delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and removal of carbon dioxide |
|
|
What are the four steps of gas transport |
Ventilation of lungs, diffusion of oxygen into capillary blood, perfusion of capillaries with oxygenated blood, oxygen into cells. |
|
|
Carbon dioxide transport occurs in reverse order then oxygen gas transport; what are the four steps? |
Diffusion of carbon dioxide from the cells into the systemic capillaries, perfusion of the pulmonary capillary bed by venous blood, diffusion of carbon dioxide into the alveoli, removal of carbon dioxide from the lung by ventilation. |
