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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dehydration causes
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Not consuming water
Hangover |
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Dehydration symptoms
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Tachycardia, weak pulses, and postural hypotension
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Water intoxication causes
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- Increased H2O uptake blood = hypotonic solutes while brain tissue = hypertonic solutes
- H2O will move to brain tissue via osmosis (to dilute out the hypertonic brain) - Causes the brain to swell in response |
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Water intoxication symptoms
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- edema in the brain
- dizziness - unresponsive - headache - hyponatriemia (due to H2O diluting blood) |
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Hyponatremia symptoms
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lethargy, confusion, decreased reflexes, seizures, coma
- hypotension and tachycardia Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps |
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Hypernatriemia symptoms
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- intracellular dehydration, convulsion, pulmonary edema, hypertension, tachycardia
- hypertension and tachycardia - thirst, rough tongue |
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Hypochloremia causes
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- Elevated HCO3- (metabolic alkalosis)
- Vomiting out Cl- - Occurs in pps with cystic fibrosis |
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Hypochloremia symptoms
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- muscle hyperexcitability and tetany
- shallow, depressed breathing - muscle weakness/ twitching |
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Hyperchloremia causes
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- occurs with hypernatremia or bicarbonate deficit (metabolic acidosis)
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Hyperchloremia symptoms
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- deep, rapid breathing
- weakness - lethargy |
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Hypokalemia symptoms
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- decrease in neuromuscular excitability (due to hyperpolarization)
- skeletal muscle weakness - smooth muscle atony (abnormally relaxed) - Cardiac dysrhymthmias - nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea (losing fluids and K+ in them) |
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Hyperkalemia symptoms
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- Mild attacks: Increased neuromuscular irritability
- Tingling of lips and fingers, restlessness, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea - Severe attacks: the cell is not able to establish normal resting state --> muscle weakness, loss or muscle tone, and flaccid paralysis |
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Hypocalcemia symptoms
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- Increased neuromuscular excitability (partial depolarization)
- Muscle cramps - anxiety, irritability, twitching around mouth Hypotension and arrhytmias due to decreased Ca2+ |
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Hypercalcemia symptoms
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- Decreased neuromuscular excitability and muscle weakness
- Cardiac arrest - Kidney stones - Calcification of valves - Constipation - drowsiness, lethargy, headaches, irritability, confisuion |
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Hypophosphatemia symptoms
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Osteomalacia, muscle weakness, bleeding disorders, anemia
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Hyperphosphatemia symptoms
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hypocalcemia symptoms
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Respiratory acidosis causes
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- elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression
- Pulmonary restriction issue: blockage, tumor (blockage), fibrosis, respiratory infection of the pleural space |
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Respiratory alkalosis causes
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- Hyperventilation
- Increased respiration rate - Increase pH (> 7.45) - * pCO2 decrease - HCO3- no change |
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Metabolic acidosis treatment
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Increase respiration rate, hyperactive breathing
Kidneys conserve bicarb |
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Metabolic alkalosis treatment
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Chlorine solution drip so more biacrb will be excreted
hypoventilation |
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Graves Disease symptoms
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Heat intolerance, muscle weakness, preorbital edema, diplopia (double vision), irritation, pain, lacrimation
Adrenergic stimulation (tachycardia, tremor, increased cardiac contraction), warm pulsating goitre |
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Thyrotoxicosis crisis (thyroid storm) symptoms
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Hyperthermia, tachycardia, agitation, vomit, diarrhea,
Atrial tachydysrhtyhmias Delerium, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
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Prolactinoma symptoms
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Amonrrhea, hirsutism, ostepenia
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Hyperpituitaryism symptoms
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Tumor growth – headache, temporary blindness, visual changes, neck pain and fatigue
Could cause decreased libido and menstrual irregularities |
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What does Reynold's number predict and what are its applications?
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Reynold's number predicts when flow through a tube changes from laminar to turbulent.
When flow is turbulent, density, not viscosity, determines flow. Flow is inversely propotional to density. Applications: helium is a gas with low density, helium/oxygen mixtures are used for upper airway obstruction. the obstruction (smaller diameter) causes flow to be turbulent, so a low density gas mixture makes breathing easier (restores laminar flow). |
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Acromegaly cause
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Hypersecretion of Growth hormone
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Acromegaly symptoms
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Hyper glycemia, phosphate reabsorbtion (mild hypophosphatemia), hyperprolactemia, erectile dysfunction, impaired carbohydrate tolerance, increased metabolic rate
Enlarged tongue, overactive sebaceous glands, coarse skin and hair - glucose intolerance; diabetes mellitus |
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Diabetes Insipidus symptoms
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Polyuria, polydipsia, low urine concentration, large bladder, hydronephrosis
* hypotension |
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Sheehan symptoms
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ACTH deficiency with pituitary hypofunction
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness GFR increase, decreased glycogen, hypoglycemia |
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Hypopituitaryism symptoms
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Myxedema (decreasing mental stability), slurred speech, hoarseness, low basal metabolic rate, connective fibers separated by protein and MPS
- decrease cardiac output |
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Hashimoto symptoms
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Myxedema coma, hypothermia without shivering, hypoventilation, general malaise cold sensitivity, swollen joints, reduction in mental acuity, gut motility, metabolic rate, skeletal growth, hair loss, pubertal delay
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Hyperparathyroidism symptoms
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Hypercalcemia symptoms are asymptomatic but there is excessive osteoclatic and osteocytic activity resulting from bone reabsoption:
Pathological fractures, metabolic acidosis, calcium stones, fatigue, headache, depression, anorexia, nausea, vomiting |
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Hypoparathyroidism symptoms
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Hypocalcemia symptoms – muscle spasms, hyperreflexia, clonic-tonic convulsions, laryngeal spasms, dry skin, loss of body hair, hypoplasia, cataracts, basal ganglia calcifications, brachdactyl,
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Cushing Disease/Syndrome symptoms
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Weight gain, “truncal obesity”, polyuria, protein wasting, osteoporisis, loss of collagen, hyperpigmentation, vasoconstriction increased, high blood pressure, hypertension, suppressed immunity
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Conn disease symptoms
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Increased salt and water reabsorption with hypervolemia, hypertension, hypokalemia, tubules insensitive to ADH = hypernatriema from loss of free water
Alkalosis, weakness, muscle cramps, polyuria, polydipsia, hypertensive retinopathy, impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance |
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Addison disease symptoms
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Suppress ACTH production, dehydration will lead to increased bun, hyponatriemia, hypoglycemia, eosinophilia, neutropenia, hypercalcemia
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Pheochromocytosis symptoms
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Persistent hypertension associated with headache, pallor, diaphoresis, increased peripheral vascular resistance, palptatations, tachycardia, warmth, weight loss [hypertension may follow caffeine/exercise
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