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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diabetes Mellitus is a.....characterized by.....due to....
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a systemic metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to a decrease in secretion or activity of insulin.
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How many Americans have DM?
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12 million - 15 million
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Describe the "lock and key" of insulin
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insulin is the key that unlocks cell walls to glucose.
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where is insulin made?
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In the pancreas' beta cells (islets of Langerhans)
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What percent of DM is type 1? Type 2?
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10% for type 1. 85-90% for type two.
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Age of onset for DM type 1?
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Usually before 30
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What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
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Age, obesity, heredity.
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Pathophys of type 2 diabetes:
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Cell membrane receptors slowly build up a resistance to insulin over time, or simply decrease in number of receptors
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Pathophys of type 1 diabetes
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(theory): Beta cells are destroyed by an inappropriate autoimmune response (theory supported by 85% type 1 DM patients presenting islet cell antibodies)
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What could trigger the immune response thought to cause type 1 diabetes?
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A virus could either trigger an immune response or inflammation which leads to beta cell destruction.
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Type 1 DM onset is usually
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abrupt
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type 2 DM onset is usually
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insidious
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Body type usually seen for type 1? Type 2?
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IBW or thin for 1. Obese for 2.
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which type of diabetes is characterized by little or no insulin production?
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type 1
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which type of diabetes is characterized by the presence of insulin not being used by cells?
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type 2
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What are the clinical manifestations of diabetes?
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Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
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Why is weight loss often seen in newly diabetics?
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Body breaks down glycogen stores from liver because cells aren't getting glucose.
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Weakness and fatigue in an undiagnosed diabetic is caused by?
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cells not being able to use glucose.
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What type of diabetic MUST take insulin?
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Type 1
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What would hyperglycemia of 300-800 mg/dl with ketonuria be indicative of?
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Diabetic ketoacidosis
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6 clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis are:
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1. hyperglycemia. 2. Ketonuria. 3. polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. 4. nausea vomitting, abdominal pain, 5. Kussmaus respirations. 6. possibly hypotension, tachycardia, shock, cardiac arythmia.
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What are Kussmaus respirations?
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fast hard deep breaths associated with ketoacidosis
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What are the managements for diabetic ketoacidosis?
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a. shift fat catabolism to glucose gatabolism by giving insulin to get glucose inside the cells. B. correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance. C. correct the cause (what caused the ketoacidosis? Diet? Infection?)
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Define Hypoglycemia
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Blood sugar less than 60 mg/dl
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Why does Hypoglycemia happen?
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excessive insulin (possibly an overdose), inadequate food intake, increased amounts of excercize.
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